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... Furthermore, in Models 5 and 6, we rerun regressions using only observations of which relative income measures fall within one standard deviation above and below mean, to exclude potential influences of outliers. The estimated coefficients are qualitatively consistent. The marginal effects of absolute and relative income are plotted in Figs. 2 and 3, ...
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... Ferreira (2020) further expands this notion by incorporating experiential learning theory through the identification of unique HE factors of fear of failure, perceived risk, entrepreneurial competency development, and self-efficacy that may influence transitional decisions. Tong et al. (2020) provide nuances regarding the effect of relative income on HE transitions, and Schulz et al. (2016) highlight the importance and relative absence of public policy within the HE domain. Applying conservation of resources theory, Thorgren et al. (2014) postulate that work experience better equips HEs for the challenges associated with multiple job roles, delineating passion as the main motive for parallel business employment careers (hybrid entrepreneurship). ...
Nearly a quarter of all global start-ups are founded by hybrid entrepreneurs, that is, individuals that engage in self-employment activity while simultaneously holding a primary job in wage or remuneration work. This study is the first of its kind to examine hybrid entrepreneurship in Australia using five pragmatic and embedded hybrid entrepreneur mini case studies. Aligning with human capital and skill variety theory, we adopted an interpretivist philosophical paradigm of emergent enquiry action and exploratory research. The paper explores characteristics and antecedents in the forms of the benefits and challenges associated with this increasingly prevalent form of entrepreneurship, including contextual and theoretical foundations. We provide policy and pragmatic research recommendations to enhance the development of this form of employment not only as a steppingstone to full-time self-employment but also as a driver of economic and social benefit to global societies. Furthermore, we provide inferences for future scientific studies within this domain.
... Prior studies have examined conditions that may inspire employees of incumbent firms to leave their current jobs to engage in entrepreneurship, along with benefits obtained from prior experience at such "parent" firms. Factors such as technological skills and experience (Krabel & Mueller, 2009), knowledge complexity (Ganco, 2013), opportunity recognition influenced by prior experience (Eckhardt & Shane, 2003;Grégoire et al., 2010;Shepherd et al., 2007), organizational identity (Dobrev & Carroll, 2003), relative standing among peers (Di Lorenzo & Almeida, 2017;Tong, Tzabbar, & Park, 2020), and the relationship between performance and compensation (Campbell, Ganco, Franco, & Agarwal, 2012;Carnahan, Agarwal, & Campbell, 2012) have been shown to play a critical role in the decision to engage in entrepreneurship. Other studies have examined the benefits gained by the new venture through the endowment of knowledge carried forward from founders' prior experience at parent firms (Chatterji, 2009;Klepper & Sleeper, 2005;Phillips, 2002), and the effect of knowledge spillovers that occur as some firms fail to convert their own created knowledge to successful commercial applications and other firms successfully bring those technologies to market (Agarwal, Audretsch, & Sarkar, 2007). ...
We consider how inventor- and firm-level knowledge characteristics co-determine an inventor’s propensity of joining another firm. Specifically, we examine the influence of knowledge impact, knowledge specialization, core status within the firm, and knowledge complexity on an inventor’s decision to depart the firm and join either an entrepreneurial venture or another established firm. We then examine how the incumbent firm’s knowledge complexity moderates the relationship between individual knowledge attributes and the inventor’s decision to join another firm. Our study demonstrates that individual knowledge attributes distinctively interact with the inventor’s current firm-knowledge complexity to determine the likelihood of mobility to an entrepreneurial or established firm. The knowledge environment of the incumbent firm may either prepare the inventor for mobility options or further embed the inventor’s work within the incumbent firm. We test our hypotheses using a panel data set of 33,826 inventors in the semiconductor industry.
... To come to these conclusions, we performed an empirical study of 12,686 individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort ( NLSY79). (Tong, Tzabbar & Park, 2020). This study tracked the individuals from 1979, when their average age was 19, through 2012, when the average age was 50. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate how degree-holding secondary school teachers cope in a recessive economy by embracing hybrid entrepreneurship (HE). Specifically, we investigated how comparison with referent others, underemployment and relative deprivation led to HE.
Design/methodology/approach
The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. We used snowball and purposive sampling techniques to recruit 303 bachelor’s degree holders teaching in Nigerian public secondary schools in two states of the federation (Ondo and Ekiti states). We analyzed the data with regression path analysis and controlled for age and gender.
Findings
The results of this study showed the following. First, teachers were high in the feeling of pay underemployment and relative deprivation. Second, pay underemployment and relative deprivation directly led to HE. Third, teachers were indirectly high in HE through either pay underemployment or relative deprivation. Finally, underemployment and relative deprivation serially mediate the relationship between referent others and HE.
Research limitations/implications
Overall, the results suggest that teachers’ involvement in HE is necessity-driven to cope with the recessive Nigerian economy. However, future research should focus on a more experimental approach to determine the cause-effect relationship.
Originality/value
This is the first study to investigate how workers embrace HE to cope with the consequences of a recessive economy.
