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The ever-advancing miniaturisation and low-power consumption of electronic devices led to the emergence of wireless body area networks. This revolutionary technology provides new possibilities for high-quality medical and healthcare services. In this paper, we expose an overview of the main standards adopted for WBANs particularly: ANT, Bluetooth l...
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... shown in Figure 1, ANT protocol handles data link, network, transport and low level security layers. The light ANT stacks provide a simple solution easily integrable into small devices like mobile phones (ANT protocol website; Khsibi et al., 2013). ...
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... the transmission type in such a network can be pre-defined in an ANT+ managed network. As shown in Figure 1, the additional layers defined by ANT+ allow not only the network management but also the definition of device profiles according to the nature of the target application. The determination of ANT+ device profiles is meant to specify data formats and different channel parameters. ...
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... depicted in Figure 10, all nodes and hubs incorporate both PHY and MAC layers. For transmission, MAC frames are sent by the MAC client (higher layer) to the MAC sub-layer through the MAC service access point (SAP). ...
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... specification of this standard defines two modes of operation: default mode and high QoS mode ( Li and Zhuang, 2012). The default mode is used in medical and non-medical applications whereas the high QoS mode is dedicated for high priority medical applications (Hernandez, 2014). ...
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... to 802.15.6, time axis is divided, as illustrated in Figure 11, into beacon periods (superframes) of equal length and each beacon period (superframe) is composed of allocation slots of equal length and numbered from 0 to s, where s < 255. ...
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... the beacon mode, a hub shall divide each active beacon period into applicable access phases. It may also instantly define some superframes (beacon periods) as inactive superframes when it transmits no beacons and provides no access phases (just in case there are no allocation intervals scheduled in those superframes) (Hur et al., 2013). The channel access coordination within a coordinated network is provided by the coordinator through one of the following three access modes. ...
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... this channel access mode, the hub transmits beacon frames in active superframes which may be followed by several inactive superframes whenever there is no scheduled transmission. As illustrated in Figure 12, the superframe structure is divided into a Beacon, transmitted in the first slot of each superframe. In this way, it identifies the coordinator, allows power management and devices synchronisation and establishes a common time-base, to enable time referenced allocations. ...
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... a type-1 access phase, type-1 polled allocation is conveyed in terms of its time duration. The allocation intervals and access methods in a type-1 access phase are presented in Figure 13 ( Astrin et al., 2012;Bradai et al., 2013). Type-2 access phase: the type-2 access phase is used for bilink and delayed bilink allocation intervals. ...
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... can improvise type-2 polled and posted allocation intervals anywhere outside the scheduled and delayed bilink allocation intervals. The allocation intervals and access methods in a type-2 access phase are shown in Figure 14 ( Bradai et al., 2013). ...
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... this mode, superframe and allocation slot boundaries are not established because there is no time reference involved in accessing the medium. As shown in Figure 15, the non-beacon mode without superframe medium access is based on unscheduled access with type-2 polled uplink and post allocation for downlink by using CSMA/CA mechanism (Alam and Hamida, 2014). ...
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Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) services and applications have emerged as one of the most attractive research areas and have become more and more widespread especially for healthcare use. Lots of researches have been carried out to specify innovative services and applications using healthcare monitoring systems (HMS). However, the WBAN requirem...
Citations
... There are three major challenges in the incredible growth of world population such as demographic increase of baby boomer, increasing number of aging population and expensive healthcare system. Therefore, a smart healthcare system is required to provide proactive modes etc. [2,5,6]. This standard has flexibility to implement any one of the access modes from beacon mode with superframe, beacon mode without superframe and non-beacon mode without superframe. ...
The evolution of wireless body area network (WBAN) has changed the human life for its applications in the field of healthcare, fitness, entertainment and sports etc. However, two of the major challenges in the design of WBAN are energy efficiency and guaranteeing QoS. The load balance of different packet queues in a WBAN plays important role in design of energy efficient and reliable system. In this paper, we propose a Traffic Prioritized Load Balanced Scheduling (TPLBS) algorithm for load balancing in different priority queues in wireless body area networks based on IEEE 802.15.6 model. The main objective of this paper is to minimize packet drop in the queues so that throughput of WBAN can be improved. In this case we consider both priority and location from which the packet received, so that no packet should wait for a long time in the assigned queue to be transmitted to Access Point. The proposed method is simulated using Castalia to study and compare its performance with its counterparts. The simulation results reveal that the proposed protocol works better than the existing methods in terms of delay, throughput and energy efficiency.
... The hub transfers then the received data to a wider-ranging external network for an eventual medical diagnostic [4] . A variety of existing wireless communication standards have been used for WBANs such as ANT [5] , BLE [6] and IEEE 802.15.4 [7] until IEEE 802.15.6 [8] has been specifically designed for WBANs [9] . IEEE 802.15.6 is distinguished from other standards by a wide variety of highly flexible features such as the support of service differentiation, short range (the vicinity of human body), various frequency bands, support of high data rates, low power consump-tion, various access modes, periods and methods, etc [4,9,10] . ...
... A variety of existing wireless communication standards have been used for WBANs such as ANT [5] , BLE [6] and IEEE 802.15.4 [7] until IEEE 802.15.6 [8] has been specifically designed for WBANs [9] . IEEE 802.15.6 is distinguished from other standards by a wide variety of highly flexible features such as the support of service differentiation, short range (the vicinity of human body), various frequency bands, support of high data rates, low power consump-tion, various access modes, periods and methods, etc [4,9,10] . IEEE 802.15.6 can be implemented under one of three channel access modes: beacon mode with superframes, beacon mode without superframes and non-beacon mode without superframes. ...
eHealth applications have become essential in everyday life healthcare especially for elderly and sick individuals. To provide efficiency to such applications, many standards emerged for WBANs. However, WBANs standards showed their limits in terms of QoS and priorities differentiation depending on applications need. In this paper, we investigate IEEE 802.15.6 MAC performance efficiency and we define TA-802.15.6, an enhanced IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA channel access mechanism. We aim to differentiate all IEEE 802.15.6 priorities traffics and to improve IEEE 802.15.6 based networks performances. Our main contribution is the enhancement of IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA retransmission and packet drop processes. We also defined a new algorithm for dynamic backoff bounds assignment according to IEEE 802.15.6 priorities and to the network traffic state. We make an analytical evaluation through a new 4D Markov chain and by simulation based on Castalia. Results validate that the enhanced IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA version provides a better service differentiation through accentuating priority differentiation and a better QoS in terms of reliability, throughput and energy consumption.
Download link : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570870518300179
