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This document defines the Static Context Header Compression and
fragmentation (SCHC) framework, which provides both a header
compression mechanism and an optional fragmentation mechanism. SCHC
has been designed with Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) in mind.
SCHC compression is based on a common static context stored both in
the LPWAN device a...
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Citations
... The goal is to preserve the benefits brought by DoH without the overhead costs, especially in terms of latency. We develop an approach inspired by techniques used in the IoT (Internet of Things), that have successfully reduced the digital footprint, leading to new protocols such as SCHC [9], [10], CoAP/OSCORE [11], [12], etc. Their effectiveness derives from specific encapsulation schemes (cf. ...
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... Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC) is a generic framework that provides compression and fragmentation mechanisms. The framework is standardized in [37], taking into consideration constrained environments and constrained devices, which are typically found in LPWANs. Figure 1 shows the SCHC architecture. ...
... It is also important that the rule specify the direction (uplink, downlink or bidirectional). For more detailed information on SCHC compression, please refer to RFC 8724 [37]. ...
... The exact content of the compression rules is left to the implementer; however, the standards provide some indications and examples of compression rules for IPv6, the UDP and DLMS. In this work, the SCHC compression of a UDP/IPv6 packet follows the example of RFC 8724 [37] with perfect header compression. DLMS header compression follows [39], while DLMS payload compression is based on the analysis of the structure of the real traffic used in the measurements. ...
Smart metering IoT applications are among the most energy-critical in the current panorama. Metering sensors are battery-powered and are expected to have a lifetime exceeding ten years. In order to achieve such long operation duration, a generic header compression mechanism named Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) has been introduced and accepted as a standard by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This paper aims to demonstrate the energy savings enabled by the use of SCHC on a cellular IoT network by the means of real-life implementation and measurements. Experiments are conducted in a controlled environment for different scenarios and considering multiple parameters such as message size and radio conditions. Measurements show the high impact of this header compression mechanism, particularly when the radio conditions are bad and repetitions are used to improve the reliability of the transmission: a reduction of up to 40% in energy consumption is observed. Using SCHC over the non-IP transport mode (NIDD) of NB-IoT compared to the legacy IP mode also enables significant energy savings and allows the latency to be reduced while maintaining the interoperability provided by the IP layer.
... In this context, several existing proposals based on IPv6 adopt Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) as a solution to address the mobility in LPWAN. This is convenient with the adoption of IPv6 over constrained LPWAN networks as stated in the IETF LPWAN workgroup [12]. However, adding Internet Protocol (IP) to LPWAN protocol stack leads to overhead and additional signaling. ...
... For NB-IoT, the protocol stack already contains an adaptation layer named the Protocol Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), which contains the compression/decompression mechanisms along with the ciphering/deciphering mechanisms. For both technologies, we propose SCHC [12] to be the packet compression mechanism. ...
... Regarding the compression/decompression context of the SCHC algorithm [12], the version, differential service, flow label, next header, hop limit and destination address fields are usually static. In addition, the use of PMIPv6 makes the source address quasi-static, except in some cases when the MN obtains a new address, thus the context will be altered slightly. ...
With the advancement and the wide deployment of the Internet of Things, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies will respond to applications requiring low power and long range features. In this context, mobility is an additional requirement needed by several applications including supply chain monitoring and health-care supervision. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) as an extension of Internet Protocol (IP) is used in the LPWAN protocol stack since it provides mobility management. But PMIPv6 does not provide secure access for mobile nodes joining to the network. In this paper, we propose a new mobility solution for LPWAN based on PMIPv6 and we provide a new authentication mechanism to achieve secure access to the network. Thereafter, we evaluate the performance of the proposed solution by simulation using the Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) and by theoretical analysis. Moreover, the security of the proposed authentication mechanism is assessed using an informal security analysis as well as using the AVISPA validation tool. Finally, we compare the performance of our solution with other proposed solutions where we show the improvements made by our solution with respect to several parameters and requirements.
... If an LPWAN technology does not offer packet Fragmentation and Reassembly (F/R) functionality, such as Sigfox or LoRaWAN, an adaptation layer including F/R support is needed between IPv6 and the underlying LPWAN technology. To this end, the IETF has recently developed a standard called Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC) [4]. ...
... Since the publication of the base SCHC specification [4], the IETF LPWAN WG has been developing SCHC Profiles, which provide configurations of SCHC F/R functionality tailored to specific LPWAN technologies, such as Sigfox [6], LoRaWAN [5], and NB-IoT [7]. Sanchez-Gomez et al. [13] presented an evaluation of the LoRaWAN SCHC Profile in a real testbed. ...
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has standardized a new framework, called Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC), which offers adaptation layer functionality designed to support IPv6 over Low PowerWide Area Networks (LPWANs). The IETF is currently profiling SCHC, and in particular its packet fragmentation and reassembly functionality, for its optimal use over certain LPWAN technologies. Considering the energy constraints of LPWAN devices, it is crucial to determine the energy performance of SCHC packet transfer. In this paper, we present a current and energy consumption model of SCHC packet transfer over Sigfox, a flagship LPWAN technology. The model, which is based on real hardware measurements, allows to determine the impact of several parameters and fragment transmission strategies on the energy performance of SCHC packet transfer over Sigfox. Among other results, we have found that the lifetime of a device powered by a 2000 mAh battery, transmitting packets every 5 days, is 168 days for 2250-byte packets, while it increases to 1464 days for 77-byte packets.
... We instead propose to reduce the packet size by applying a compression function, thus limiting the need for fragmentation. The compression function is based on the Static Context Header Compression (SCHC, [26,27]) framework and executed both on the Client and on the Proxy. SCHC compression relies on a common static context, i.e., a set of rules, stored both in the Proxy and in the Client. ...
... We refer the reader to [26][27][28] for further details on SCHC. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) brings Internet connectivity to devices and everyday objects. This huge volume of connected devices has to be managed taking into account the severe energy, memory, processing, and communication constraints of IoT devices and networks. In this context, the OMA LightweightM2M (LWM2M) protocol is designed for remote management of constrained devices, and related service enablement, through a management server usually deployed in a distant cloud data center. Following the Edge Computing paradigm, we propose in this work the introduction of a LWM2M Proxy that is deployed at the network edge, in between IoT devices and management servers. On one hand, the LWM2M Proxy improves various LWM2M management procedures whereas, on the other hand, it enables the support of QoS-aware services provided by IoT devices by allowing the implementation of advanced policies to efficiently use network, computing, and storage (i.e., cache) resources at the edge, thus providing benefits in terms of reduced and more predictable end-to-end latency. We evaluate the proposed solution both by simulation and experimentally, showing that it can strongly improve the LWM2M performance and the QoS of the system.
... In 2016, the IETF formed the IPv6 over the LPWAN working group considering UDP and CoAP protocols over LPWAN networks. The documents [15,24] propose the Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) to allow the adaptation of IPv6/UDP/CoAP headers for transmission over the restricted links of LPWANs. A detailed exploration of these mechanisms will be presented in the following sections. ...
... In this case, since the SCHC specification states that "in most cases a small Rule identifier is enough to represent the full IPv6/UDP headers", we decided to test SCHC with IPv6. Regarding the CoAP header, SCHC can reduce it to 4 bytes [24]. SCHC Compression works as follows. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) leverages added valued services by the wide spread of connected smart devices. The Swarm Computing paradigm considers a single abstraction layer that connects all kinds of devices globally, from sensors to super computers. In this context, the Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) emerges, spreading out connection to the IoT end devices. With the upsides of long-range, low power and low cost, LPWAN presents major limitations regarding data transmission capacity, throughput, supported packet length and quantity per day limitation. This situation makes LPWAN systems with limited interoperability integrate with systems based on REpresentational State Transfer (REST). This work investigates how to connect web-based IoT applications with LPWANs. The analysis was carried out studying the number of packets generated for a use case of REST-based IoT over LPWAN, specifically the Swarm OS over LoRaWAN. The work also presents an analysis of the impact of using promising schemes for lower communication load. We evaluated Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) and Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) to make transmission over the restricted links of LPWANs possible. The attained results show the reduction of 98.18% packet sizes while using SCHC and CBOR compared to HTTP and JSON by sending fewer packets with smaller sizes.
... In RFC 8724 [11], SCHC is presented mentioning generic structure for header compression and fragmentation. In [12], the SCHC compresses packets over IEEE 802.15.4 networks technique is presented. ...
... It mentions that both star and mesh topology can be considered for SCHC over IEEE 802.15.4. However, for the IPv6 address compression, it refers to the address compression technique provided in RFC 8724 [11], in section 10. It mentions that the address fields are compressed based on prefix and IID. ...
... As part of HC1 header compression, Source Address (SA) and Destination Address (DA) encoding bits indicates whether the 128 bit address is inline with the packet (00), whether IID is elided as it can be derived from MAC address (01), whether prefix can be elided as the source and destination are part of the same network (10) and whether both prefix and IID can be elided and can be derived from other layers (11). Traffic Class and Flow label (TF) indicates whether the content of this field is zero (TF=1) or not (TF=0). ...
Things in the world can be connected to the Internet through various technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4 etc. Among all IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 looks promising for outdoor environments for connecting a very large number of resource constrained sensor nodes. 6LoWPAN is an adaptation layer to support IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 to overcome the challenge of the physical layer with respect to the limitation of 127 bytes of payload. 6LoWPAN supports header compression as one of its functions to reduce the number of bits in header by using compression techniques. Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) provides RuleID based header compression. This paper proposes further compression of address bits based on compressing leading zeros in IPv6 addresses. The proposed work is analysed with respect to Header compression HC1 of 6LoWPAN and SCHC techniques. The simulation results show compression of address bits are 10% to 40% more compared to traditional address compression of the 6LoWPAN address compression when continuous zeroes are present in the address. The compression of address bits provides sufficient space for sending data payload in one frame during communication.
... One such compression technology is Robust Header Compression (ROHC), which compress data based on redundancy between packets in a given flow. Another is SCHC: Generic Framework for Static Context Header Compression and Fragmentation [3]. SCHC is a recent standard developed by the ...
... The solution the authors of [160] is to prepend context information onto sequential packets using Random Linear Network Coding. Another solution is SCHC [3] which is a framework that provides both compression and fragmentation functionalities. It is being standardized by the lpwan [161] working group at the IETF. ...
... Based on this observation, the lpwan working group designed a framework to reduce the IPv6 header size to embark the IP stack onto LPWAN devices. SCHC [3] is a framework that provides both compression and fragmentation functionalities. It was standardized by the lpwan [161] working group at the IETF. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) evolved from its theoretical possibility to connect anything and everything to an ever-increasing market of goods and services. Its underlying technologies diversified and IoT now encompasses various communication technologies ranging from short-range technologies as Bluetooth, medium-range technologies such as Zigbee and long-range technologies such as Long Range Wide Area Network.IoT systems are usually built around closed, siloed infrastructures. Developing interoperability between these closed silos is crucial for IoT use-cases such as Smart Cities. Working on this subject at the application level is a first step that directly evolved from current practice regarding data collection and analysis in the context of the development of Big Data. However, building bridges at the network level would enable easier interconnection between infrastructures and facilitate seamless transitions between IoT technologies to improve coverage at low cost.The Domain Name System (DNS) basically developed to translate human-friendly computer host-names on a network into their corresponding IP addresses is a known interoperability facilitator on the Internet. It is one of the oldest systems deployed on the Internet and was developed to support the Internet infrastructure's growth at the end of the 80s. Despite its old age, it remains a core service on the Internet and many changes from its initial specifications are still in progress, as proven by the increasing number of new suggestions to modify its standard.DNS relies on simple principles, but its evolution since its first developments allowed to build complex systems using its many configuration possibilities. This thesis investigates possible improvements to IoT services and infrastructures. Our key problem can be formulated as follow: Can the DNS and its infrastructure serve as a good baseline to support IoT evolution as it accompanied the evolution of the Internet?We address this question with three approaches. We begin by experimenting with a federated roaming model IoT networks exploiting the strengths of the DNS infrastructure and its security extensions to improve interoperability, end-to-end security and optimize back-end communications. Its goal is to propose seamless transitions between networks based on information stored on the DNS infrastructure. We explore the issues behind DNS and application response times, and how to limit its impact on constrained exchanges between end devices and radio gateways studying DNS prefetching scenarios in a city mobility context. Our second subject of interest consists of studying how DNS can be used to develop availability, interoperability and scalability in compression protocols for IoT. Furthermore, we experimented around compression paradigms and traffic minimization by implementing machine learning algorithms onto sensors and monitoring important system parameters, particularly transmission performance and energy efficiency.
... À ce titre, plusieurs possibilités peuvent être envisagées pour l'optimisation du déploiement d'architectures de communication. Citons les méthodes de compression des données applicatives redondantes, dont le protocole SCHC (Static Context Header Compression) [148]. Si son utilisation fut originellement pensée pour des infrastructures réseaux longue portée à faible consommation énergtique (LPWAN, Low-Power Wide Area Network ), le protocole représente une couche intermédiaire entre la couche applicative et les couches inférieures (e.g., transport ou même liaison). ...
Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse à l'évaluation de performances des systèmes industriels de type smart grids, dont le rôle est d'assurer la transmission d'électricité depuis la/les source(s) de production jusqu'aux consommateurs. Considérés comme des systèmes distribués à forte criticité, il en résulte une obligation de respect de contraintes temps réel. Le standard IEC 61850, déployé pour l'automatisation et la protection des postes électriques composant ces smart grids, propose une quantification de ces contraintes sous forme de latences minimales à ne pas excéder. L'IEC 61850 ne préconisant aucune approche spécifique pour garantir ces contraintes temporelles, des solutions doivent alors être trouvées pour y répondre. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons en premier lieu un nouvel outil d'aide à la décision fournissant des résultats obtenus par simulation, basés sur le logiciel OMNeT++. Ces modèles intègrent à la fois des outils pour Ethernet classique, la norme Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) et l'IEC 61850. Une seconde contribution est la modélisation analytique des délais de pire cas, basée sur l'agrégation de flux. Cette nouvelle approche permet de simplifier l'analyse du délai pire de cas par une succession d'analyses locales reposant sur des opérations peu coûteuses en temps de calcul, tout en minimisant le pessimisme des bornes de délais. Cette analyse prend en considération des architectures reposant sur Ethernet classique et TSN. Enfin, nous étudions l'apport possible, à notre problématique, de la Multi-Modélisation et de la co-simulation, reconnue comme solution pour l'étude de systèmes complexes (dont les smart grids). Nous contribuons ainsi à l'amélioration des capacités de l'intergiciel de co-simulation MECSYCO, en permettant à ce dernier la possibilité de co-simuler des systèmes smart grids intégrant trois expertises métiers : électrique, contrôle-commande et communication numérique.
... Every flow is distinguished by means of a unique identifier that precedes the payload of the message. This identifier is used by the translating gateway to perform the decompression of the message [10]. ...
New protocols and technologies are continuously competing in the Internet of Things. This has resulted in a fragmented landscape that complicates the integration of different solutions. Standardization efforts try to avoid this problem, however within a certain ecosystem, multiple standards still require integration to enable trans-sector innovation. Moreover, existing devices require transformations to fit in an ecosystem. In this paper, we discuss several integration problems in the field of Low Power Wide Area Networks in the context of the Port of the Future and propose a new distributed platform architecture, called FLINT. FLINT is a framework to program flexible and configurable flows on a per device basis. A flow is constructed from fine-grained components, called adapters. Due to the modularity of an adapter, users can easily integrate existing software. We evaluated FLINT based on five levels of interoperability and show that FLINT can be used to interconnect non-interoperable systems and protocols on every level. We have also implemented FLINT in a container based environment and demonstrated that a basic configuration has a 99% forwarding rate of 17.500 513-byte packets per second, showing that the architecture can deliver good performance.
