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A world map visualizing the number of participants in each surveyed country. Note: This heat map shows the number of respondents from each country. The gray areas are the countries that are not covered by the data, and the colour scale shows the size of the sample in accordance with the scale on the lower left side.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public...
Citations
... We used a large published database 4 (Azevedo et al., 2023) but modified it. We combined the published database with Uz's index of cultural tightness and looseness (with a domain-specific index, a domain-general index, and a combination index) (Uz, 2015), and we added Hofstede's scores to assess power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence (Hofstede, 2001 ...
The self-importance of moral identity is about being moral for yourself (internalization) and for others (symbolization). We tested sex, age, and cultural differences in participants from 67 counties. We used Uz’s cultural tightness and looseness index and Hofstede’s dimensions. We found women had higher internalization and symbolization than men. Older individuals cared more about being moral for themselves and others. Symbolization was positively related to power distance, individualism, masculinity, indulgence, and domain general tightness; negatively to long-term orientation and both the domain-specific and combination indexes of tightness and looseness and was unrelated to uncertainty avoidance. Internalization was positively related to indulgence and domain-specific index of tightness and looseness; negatively to power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, domain-general, and combination indices of tightness and looseness; and unrelated to masculinity. We observed country-level differences for all variables, so our results should not be treated as universal.
... It was particularly viewed as antisocial if there was an opportunity to telework and engage in virtual presenteeism instead (Steidelmüller et al., 2020). To this end, engaging in counter-infection measures like social distancing, mask wearing, and self-isolation has been conceptualized as prosocial behaviours that help protect others, especially those vulnerable to the disease (Azevedo et al., 2023;Pfattheicher et al., 2020;Zettler, Thielmann et al., 2021). ...
... All three dependent measures (Generosity, Physical distancing, and Physical hygiene) were administered first, in randomized order, as part of a larger international collaboration run during the early months of COVID-19. This survey also included other measures less relevant to the current question (e.g., relating to morality, national identification, etc.; for full list of measures, see Azevedo et al., 2023). Each participating collaborator was then able to add individual questions of interest, and so the empathy measure was added at the end of the Israeli survey. ...
The present research utilized the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study to explore the motives driving individuals to adhere to recommended health standards. One month into the first lockdown and eight months before the availability of vaccinations, a large sample of 1,263 individuals completed measures of empathic concern and personal distress in response to a person who contracted the virus. In addition, we measured their COVID-related behaviors, relating to benefitting another person (i.e., donation), the self (i.e., physical hygiene), or both self and other (i.e., physical distancing). Consistent with the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis (Batson et al., 2015), we found that individuals who experience higher empathic concern, maintain greater physical distance and physical hygiene and act more generously. We further found that individuals who experienced high personal distress were less likely to act generously, albeit more likely to maintain personal hygiene and physical distance. These findings suggest that compliance with health recommendations can be encouraged by eliciting empathic concern or personal distress. Yet, compliance per se is not prosocial behavior. Any intervention aiming to increase prosocial motivation should focus on enhancing empathic concern while minimizing personal distress.
... We obtained conspiracy belief data in 67 countries from the International Collaboration on Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19; Azevedo et al., 2023), which is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2020. 1 Participants from countries not included in the natural disaster risk datasets, or participants who did not respond to our dependent variable were not retained in the analysis. The final analyzed sample contained 47,816 participants (22,348 males, 24,251 females and 166 others; mean age is 43.05, ...
Natural disasters have threatened human societies throughout history, however, their psychological effects on people are not fully understood. We hypothesized that natural disaster risk and lack of coping capacity are positively related to conspiracy beliefs and tested these relationships across three studies. Study 1 analyzed a global dataset (47,816 participants; 67 countries) and found support for the positive relationships between natural disaster risk, lack of coping capacity, and conspiracy beliefs. Study 2 (preregistered; N = 400) manipulated natural disaster risk, yielding the predicted effect on conspiracy beliefs. Study 3 (preregistered; N = 451) introduced an additional manipulation of coping capacity. The results supported our hypothesis that high natural disaster risk predicted increased conspiracy beliefs especially when coping capacity was low. Overall, the findings suggest that improving coping capacity might be effective for governments to reduce people's conspiracy beliefs in the context of natural disasters.
... Collective narcissism was at a medium-high level (M = 4.73, SD = 0.55), referring to previous empirical studies focusing on the collective narcissism of Westerners (Golec de Zavala et al., 2009;Golec de Zavala, Cichocka, & Iskra-Golec, 2013;Marchlewska et al., 2020Marchlewska et al., , 2021. Based on the big data research from 69 countries/regions (the International Collaboration on Social and Moral Psychology: COVID-19, Azevedo et al., 2023), the levels of Chinese collective narcissism were higher than those of most European and American countries, which might be related to the collectivistic culture in China or probably due to lower levels of globalization in China . Outgroup threat perceived by participants was close to a moderate level (M = 3.31, SD = 1.39). ...
Intergroup help contributes to the solution of global issues in particular. However, whether to teach an outgroup how to address their problem permanently, or to directly help them solve the current problem? Collective narcissism might play a crucial role in this process. Based on the core characteristics of collective narcissism, this research explored whether and how collective narcissism would affect people's willingness to give different types of intergroup help. Study 1 examined the correlation between collective narcissism and intergroup help. Studies 2 and 3 investigated the impacts of outgroup threat and ingroup image on the relationship between collective narcissism and intergroup help respectively. In Study 4, the interaction between outgroup threat and ingroup image was further examined. The results showed that collective narcissism reduced participants' willingness to offer intergroup help, especially autonomy‐oriented help. For low‐threat outgroups, collective narcissism increased participants' willingness to give dependency‐oriented help. In contrast, collective narcissism increased participants' willingness to give autonomy‐oriented help when refusal to intergroup help tarnished the ingroup image. For high‐threat outgroups, collective narcissism did not predict participants' willingness to give intergroup help. These findings suggest that collective narcissists' preferences for intergroup help change with outgroup threat and ingroup image.
... In particular, this work suggests that a range of individual-level factors, contextual factors, and demographics shape COVID-19 attitudes and behavior. These include knowledge, risk perception, media and information access, peer influence, employment, education, healthcare access, trust, and demographic characteristics, such as age, political orientation, and gender [3][4][5]. ...
As a pharmaceutical intervention, vaccines remain a major public health strategy for mitigating the effects of COVID-19. Yet, vaccine intake has been affected by various cognitive and cultural factors. We examine how a selected set of factors (i.e., knowledge, concern, media, peer influence, and demographics) shaped COVID-19 vaccination intention in the early phase of the pandemic (Fall 2020). Using a survey conducted in three US states (Idaho, Texas, and Vermont) just prior to the rollout of the first vaccines against COVID-19, we find that COVID-19 concern was the primary driver of vaccination intention. Concern was shaped mainly by two factors: political ideology and media sources. Yet, ideology and media were much more important in affecting concern for those who leaned politically conservative, as opposed to those who leaned liberal or remained moderate. The results from our structural equation models affirm that the information politically conservative respondents were receiving reinforced the effects of their ideology, leading to a greater reduction in their concern. We discuss the potential implications of these findings for future pandemic preparedness.
... The repercussions of COVID-19 on society are extensive and enduring, touching on epidemiology [30], psychology [31], environmental concerns [32], and transportation [33]. In the aftermath of the outbreak, Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and remote sensing (RS) technologies have become pivotal in outbreak management, facilitating the monitoring and visualization of outbreak data [34], simulating virus transmission [35], and optimizing the distribution of medical resources [36]. ...
Urban vitality, a multifaceted construct, is influenced by economic conditions and urban structural characteristics, and can significantly be impacted by public health emergencies. While extensive research has been conducted on urban vitality, prevailing studies often rely on singular data sources, limiting the scope for holistic assessment. Moreover, there is a conspicuous absence of longitudinal analyses on urban vitality’s evolution and a dearth of quantitative causal evaluations of the effects of public health emergencies. Addressing these gaps, this study devises a comprehensive framework for evaluating urban vitality, assessing Wuhan’s vitality from 2018 to 2020 across economic, social, spatial, and ecological dimensions. Utilizing a Difference-In-Difference (DID) model, the impact of public health emergencies is quantified. The findings indicate pronounced spatial variations in Wuhan’s urban vitality, with a gradational decline from the city center; public health emergencies exhibit differential impacts across vitality dimensions, detrimentally affecting economic, social, and spatial aspects, while bolstering ecological vitality. Moreover, high population and high public budget revenue are identified as factors enhancing urban vitality and bolstering the city’s resilience against sudden adversities. This study offers valuable insights for geographers and urban planners, contributing to the refinement of urban development strategies.
... A good example is the International Survey on Coronavirus (https://covid19-survey.org/, accessed on 1 April 2024) involving an international team of researchers from 12 different institutions collecting data from 113,362 individuals around the world and making the data accessible to the public and researchers (see osf.io/3sn2k/, accessed on 1 April 2024), which led to various publications (see, e.g., [80,81]). Van Bavel and co-authors also organized large-scale collaborations in the area of social sciences that led to various publications ( [82][83][84]). ...
Science has been an incredibly powerful and revolutionary force. However, it is not clear whether science is suited to performance under pressure; generally, science achieves best in its usual comfort zone of patience, caution, and slowness. But, if science is organized knowledge and acts as a guiding force for making informed decisions, it is important to understand how science and scientists perform as a reliable and valuable institution in a global crisis. This paper provides insights and reflections based on the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and from an analytical perspective. In particular, we analyze aspects such as speed, transparency, trust, data sharing, scientists in the political arena, and the psychology of scientists—all of which are areas inviting more detailed investigations by future studies conducting systematic empirical studies.
... T cell response is crucial for achieving virus clearance and limiting disease severity [17,18]. With the complete liberalization of epidemic prevention measures for COVID-19, numerous individuals are being infected by various strains within the same year [19,20]. The antigenic differences between variants indicate that different variant infections might generate differential immune memory [21,22]. ...
The rapid mutation of SARS-CoV-2 has led to multiple rounds of large-scale breakthrough infection and reinfection worldwide. However, the dynamic changes of humoral and cellular immunity responses to several subvariants after infection remain unclear. In our study, a 6-month longitudinal immune response evaluation was conducted on 118 sera and 50 PBMC samples from 49 healthy individuals who experienced BA.5/BF.7/XBB breakthrough infection or BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection. By studying antibody response, memory B cell, and IFN-γ secreting CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cell response to several SARS-CoV-2 variants, we observed that each component of immune response exhibited distinct kinetics. Either BA.5/BF.7/XBB breakthrough infection or BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection induces relatively high level of binding and neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron subvariants at an early time point, which rapidly decreases over time. Most of the individuals at 6 months post-breakthrough infection completely lost their neutralizing activities against BQ.1.1, CH.1.1, BA.2.86, JN.1 and XBB subvariants. Individuals with BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection exhibit immune imprinting shifting and recall pre-existing BA.5/BF.7 neutralization antibodies. In the BA.5 breakthrough infection group, the frequency of BA.5 and XBB.1.16-RBD specific memory B cells, resting memory B cells, and intermediate memory B cells gradually increased over time. On the other hand, the frequency of IFN-γ secreting CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells induced by WT/BA.5/XBB.1.16 spike trimer remains stable over time. Overall, our research indicates that individuals with breakthrough infection have rapidly declining antibody levels but have a relatively stable cellular immunity that can provide some degree of protection from future exposure to new antigens.
... It is not possible to say that any experience will not be associated with worldviews and ideologies based on our results though. For instance, it has already been shown that events such as the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center (Bonanno and Jost, 2006), terrorist attacks against railways in Madrid (Echebarria-Echabe and Fernández-Guede, 2006), the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic (Azevedo et al., 2023;Zubielevitch et al., 2023), and even national elections changing the political party in power (Liu et al., 2008;Vilanova et al., 2019) significantly change worldviews and ideologies. These events have in common the fact that they are collective, contrary to the experiences we assessed, which are individual. ...
The impact of adverse experiences on clinical symptoms has been consistently
demonstrated, but their impact on ideologies and worldviews has been rarely
tested empirically. It has been long assumed that threatening experiences
increase Dangerous World Beliefs (DWB) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism
(RWA), whereas scarcity experiences increase Competitive World Beliefs (CWB)
and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Here we assess whether self-
reports of these adverse experiences are associated with clinical symptoms,
worldviews and ideologies across two distinct studies (Ntotal = 1,108). Study
1 comprised Brazilian youth (13–17 years old) and results indicated that
adverse experiences are consistently associated with depression, anxiety and
stress but only marginally associated with DWB, RWA, CWB and SDO. Study
2 comprised male prisoners with a higher degree of adverse experiences and
similar results were observed, as adverse experiences were mostly unrelated
to worldviews and ideologies. Comprehensively, this research challenges the
theoretical foundations of worldviews and ideological development, posing
questions to the existing models and advocating for new frameworks that
promote a shift from models grounded in clinical assumptions to frameworks
focusing on social influences.
