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A review of available literature of landfill mining and potential challenges, opportunities and work scope.
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... Biomining is an environmentally acceptable approach to legacy waste segregation (Mohan and Joseph 2020). Some beneficial reasons for adopting LFM are the conservation of landfill space, material recovery and reuse, pollution prevention, mitigation of contaminated sources, optimising the cost of waste management, and site redevelopment (Dhar 2015). Multiple valuable fractions can be obtained from the LFM process by physical sieving (size separation). ...
Landfill Mining (LFM) is the sustainable process of clearing legacy waste from Unscientifically Created Landfills/Dumpsites (UCLDs). The major fractions recovered from LFM are Soil like material (SLM) and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). The physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations in SLM and RDF recovered from the landfill mining process at the Ariyamangalam dumpyard Tiruchirappalli, India, were analysed to understand the seasonal variation in the characteristics over a period of one year. Multivariate Statistical techniques, such as correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were applied to various SLM characteristics, including leachable heavy metals concentration and RDF parameters. Among the twelve months, most of the parameters and heavy metals have a greater concentration in the winter season. Correlation analysis indicates that heavy metals were observed to have a significant correlation among each other, out of which copper and zinc appear to have a stronger correlation. Biodegradability acts as an indicating factor by significantly correlating with nitrogen, phosphate, total organic carbon (TOC) and hexavalent chromium. The cluster analysis for monthly variation was presented as a dendrogram that shows the similarity between two months in each season and found below the Euclidean distance of 50 and 150 for SLM and RDF, respectively. PCA results suggest that Pb, Cu and Zn contribute higher loading among all the heavy metals for SLM and Fixed Carbon (FC) for RDF.
... Many researchers have worked in this field. Some recent studies around this topic involve the research on identifying the primary reasons for improved LFM strategies, LFM functioning in the United States, Europe, India, and China [5], step-wise functioning of LFM in detail incorporating excavation-shredding-screening-refurbishing, importance of landfill site-specific feasibility study and advanced separation techniques [6], employment of customized geological piercing and extraction technologies for LFM [7], despite producing highly precious elements, mining waste rehabilitation has severe environmental effects [8], impact of LFM towards global warming [9] and job options arising due to LFM [10]. The entire steps of landfill mining, along with some biproducts, are shown in Figure 1. ...
Landfill mining (LFM) offers a potential solution to the environmental issues associated with landfilling. The current work aims to develop an efficient optimization framework for LFM that is sustainable, profit-yielding, and time minimizing at the same instance. The proposed framework involves a multi-objective multi-level solid transportation model (MOMLSTM). This model can be adapted by the organization across various geographies as it incorporates uncertainty of all the parameters of time, cost, and emission through pentagonal fuzzy numbers (PFN). The other crucial contribution of this work is the development of a genetic algorithm for offspring refinement (GAOR) that contributes in optimizing multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems. The GAOR’s performance has been verified using the Congress on evolutionary computation (CEC) 2020 multi-objective benchmark test functions. GAOR is assessed against six robust MOO algorithms, including the multi-objective equilibrium optimizer slime mould algorithm (MOEOSMA), enhanced multi-objective particle swarm optimization (EMOPSO), multi-objective gorilla troops optimizer (MOGTO), adaptive crossover strategy enhanced NSGA-II (ASDMSGA-II), multi-objective slime mould algorithm (MOSMA), and multi-objective equilibrium optimizer algorithm (MEOA). GAOR delivered outstanding results across three crucial performance indicators. To rank these algorithms, a Friedman test was conducted, and GAOR achieved the highest ranking among the tested MOO algorithms. A case study is considered for real-life application of the model and solution technique GAOR. The outcomes of MOMLSTM from GAOR are compared to the epsilon-constraint method. The comparison revealed noteworthy improvements: a 0.14% increase in profits, a 1.29% reduction in carbon emissions, and a 3.81% decrease in the time required.
... If they are not properly contained, hazardous substances leak into the nearby environment through leachate and add to the local pollution. Lack of space is another issue with operating landfills, especially in densely populated areas (Dhar, 2015). ...
... The research did not involve human subjects. (Krook et al., 2012;Dhar, 2015;Datta et al., 2016;Widyarsana et al., 2019) Health & Safety ...
... Due to an increase in pore water pressure as a result of rainfall infiltration (Krook et al., 2012;Dhar, 2015;Behera et al., 2016;Datta et al., 2016) Respiratory problems for workers Due to improper respirator selection, protection measures and not testing air quality at the proper time interval. (USEPA, 1997;Dhar, 2015;Johansson et al., 2017) Accident at site Due to poor safety training of staff for equipment use (USEPA, 1997;Dhar, 2015) Confined workspace safety Attracts culprit to seize the valuables of LFM (USEPA, 1997;Dhar, 2015) ...
Landfill mining (LFM) is excavating and processing legacy waste to recover secondary resources. This study reviews the technologies used for excavation and processing of the buried waste, fractions recovered from LFM, their characterization, and environmental and safety issues associated with LFM. The study first explains the process of literature selection by which publications were selected for inclusion in the manuscript. For waste excavation, the study compiles the technologies for excavation and material processing and the safety issues involved. The fractions obtained from LFM may be divided into four broad categories: (i) soil-like material, (ii) combustible fraction (including plastic, paper, wood, and textile), (iii) inert fraction (stone, glass, ceramic, and metal) and (iv) others consisting of the remaining fraction. For material recovery, the manuscript first summarizes the percentage of various fractions obtained, the cut-off diameter for soil-like fractions, and the effect of age on various fractions recovered. The lab analyses for determining the reusability of these fractions have been explained along with the instruments required. Afterwards, the environmental and safety issues associated with LFM have been discussed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for reutilization of materials obtained from LFM have been elaborated upon.
... Since the first LFM plant was operated in 1953, many LFM operations emerged worldwide, with more significant numbers in Europe, the US, China and India (Dhar 2017). Their goals include preserving waste volumes in landfills, eliminating potential sources of contamination, reducing site pollution, energy recovery, reuse of recoverable fraction of landfill materials, and contributing to the funding of the site management and renovation costs (Masi et al. 2014). ...
... In Bavaria, a public support scheme subsidizes efforts to explore old landfills and the materials stored there. The result of such policies and incentives led to an increase in LFM activities in the years 2007 and 2008 (Bockreis and Knapp 2011;Dhar 2017). ...
... Most LFM projects in Asia are located in India and China due to their high population which requires unique solid waste and landfill management (Gaitanarou et al. 2014), welcoming LFM as a golden alternative. LFM projects have been planned or implemented in Bangkok, Thailand, Seoul (Korea) (Dhar 2017). ...
Landfilling has gained worldwide notoriety in solid wastes management and disposal, however, in addition to occupying valuable spaces, traditional old landfills are responsible for greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, water sources pollution by landfill leachate, and major environmental issues. Landfill mining (LFM) can be a solution to the environmental problems caused by landfilling, furthermore, it consists of the recovery of valuable scarce raw materials such as copper, aluminum, gold, or other valuable metals and combustibles, resulting in the conversion of waste to wealth. This book chapter points out the significance and benefits of LFM, mining techniques, and the importance of feasibility studies. LFM practices are growing, especially in European countries, the USA, China, and India, however, some countries are still unfamiliar with the practice. Though LFM as a reuse or reclamation technique, is a promising solid waste management process, some key factors need to be addressed for the acceptance and adequate integration of the process.
... The energy recovery was made using inorganics and organics. In contrast, the fine fraction excavated from the landfills were used in horticulture by utilizing them as compost with a noncombustible portion of the wastes (Dhar, 2015). ...
Mathematical modeling and optimization of wastewater treatment processes have become a powerful tool for process designing in engineering firms throughout the world. The wastewater treatment processes are complex, and their operations pose many challenges. The modeling and optimization of wastewater treatment processes facilitate in predicting the behavior of wastewater treatment processes, the fluctuations in the influent concentrations, flow rate, and concentration of pollutants without disturbing the real system. The mathematical models are extensively used at operating facilities for everyday operating decisions. The increased computer processing power, along with the user-friendly simulation software, has made it easier to model the complexities. This chapter provides a complete and detailed overview of the application of mathematical modeling in the field of wastewater treatment. The modeling approach, implementing the circular economy principles, is also discussed, highlighting the potential of wastewater treatment plants to be more sustainable waste resource recovery facilities.
... The energy recovery was made using inorganics and organics. In contrast, the fine fraction excavated from the landfills were used in horticulture by utilizing them as compost with a noncombustible portion of the wastes (Dhar, 2015). ...
The increased population and water demands have forced the human community to search for new paradigms for supplying and managing water. The water reuse or potable and nonpotable application of reclaimed wastewater is attracting attention. The increased popularity of reclaimed water has raised safety concerns regarding the quality. With suitable treatment techniques (process redundancy, high-level disinfection), technical controls (regular inspections, alarm shutdowns), online monitoring control (residual chlorine concentration, turbidity in effluent), and operational controls (for deviation and variability), a reliable quality of reclaimed water can be accomplished. Monitoring and operational response plans are used to provide quality control in potable reclaimed water projects. Quality is assured by establishing multiple barriers and assessing the reliability of treatment. This chapter discusses the design principles and the important guidelines in water reclamation for better water quality.
... The energy recovery was made using inorganics and organics. In contrast, the fine fraction excavated from the landfills were used in horticulture by utilizing them as compost with a noncombustible portion of the wastes (Dhar, 2015). ...
The untreated water may lead to an excessive disposal of wastes which may reduce the water quality of water bodies and damage water ecosystems. Wastewater treatment systems are widely implemented in industries and municipalities to decrease toxic wastewater release into aquatic ecosystems. Wastewater recycling, reclamation, recovery, and reuse can be used as tools for the control of water resources and can attract researchers and stakeholders. Currently microbial fuel cells and microalgae are intensively studied as a cost-effective technology to complete sustainable wastewater treatment. These technologies have potential benefits for energy, and environmental and economic sustainability. This chapter will review the challenges, barriers, and opportunities associated with improving wastewater treatment systems.
A global issue that affects every region of the world today is the generation and efficient management of waste. In India, the outskirts of every city have become the site where a huge amount of waste is disposed. This study aims to use landfill mining techniques to reduce and reuse landfill waste. The current study presents the physical and chemical properties of landfill waste collected at various depths (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 m) of the landfill located at Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. The objective of the current study is to demonstrate the application of collected waste material for geotechnical purposes such as backfilling and embankment construction. Using landfill waste as a filling material increases the economy and capacity of the landfill. The geotechnical properties such as water content, specific gravity, void ratio, particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, compaction, California bearing ratio test (CBR), shear strength, hydraulic conductivity, and consolidation are determined at the specified depths. Chemical properties such as pH, organic content, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, sulphate, heavy metals, and elemental analysis are also determined to evaluate the impact of landfill waste on the soil. Based on the experimental results, the material is suitable for backfilling (retaining wall, embankment construction, etc.). The experimental results are collated with various Indian cities such as Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kadapa, and Varanasi, showing similar ranges with Raipur city. In addition, the capacity of the landfill was also calculated based on per capita for different landfills. The current study provides insight into the use of the existing landfill material for various civil engineering applications.
With the rapid urbanization in the last few decades, more than two billion tons of solid waste is generated annually. Recently, there has been a paradigm shift in the perception of managing landfills, i.e., from waste disposal to waste treatment for reuse and recovery of resources. Bioreactor landfills are capable of degrading the waste at a much faster rate in comparison to conventional dry tomb type landfills, and therefore, reduces the decomposition process to less than 10 years. This study emphasizes on the utility of end-products generated from bioreactor landfills and their conversion into potential valuable resources. The influence of addition of various moisture supplementation liquids and biosolids on the performance of bioreactor landfills have been reviewed. The landfill gas, which is composed of about 40–60% of methane, can be utilized for the generation of electricity, upgradation of landfill to renewable natural gas and for medium-Btu gas. This paper discusses the governing factors that will improve the landfill gas production. The waste management technologies have been continuously evolving and landfill mining has been realized as an optimum solution for the reduction of landfill footprint and reclamation of valuable materials for revenue generation from waste. The utilization of mined residues has also been reviewed and their applications in the geotechnical field have also been discussed. The goal of the paper is to encourage the environmentalists to develop sustainable solutions and adopt policies based on Waste-to Product concept so that the impact of waste on the environment can be minimized.
Landfill Mining (LFM) aims to recover resources by partially or completely excavating waste stored in landfills. Research on Enhanced Landfill Mining (ELFM) has been advanced to include the combined valuation of waste as both materials and energy carriers. In this article we present an overview of the literature on the global development of landfill mining based on domestic waste. Here we analyze the existing information on the chronological and geographic distribution in countries that publish in the area, and to describe the dynamics of the conceptual and scientific knowledge. The analyzed articles were retrieved from Scopus, using the “Landfill* Mining” search term. The LFM research on co-occurrence network (1990-2022) found 29 terms in the first decade, increasing to 52 terms in the second decade and, finally, 234 terms in the third decade, indicating the importance of the LFM research field in present days. Four prominent aspects of LFM research can be observed: a. LFM provides an efficient contribution to waste management strategy, b. the objectives of LFM are similar to those of Circular Economy, c. LFM uses advanced techniques for identifying metals and chemical elements; and d. there is a need for ecological and ecotoxicological assessment, and determination of microorganisms and microplastics in the mined material.
