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A summary of the known endemic and rare shark species in Indonesia

A summary of the known endemic and rare shark species in Indonesia

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Sharks and rays are increasingly recognized as a priority species group for conservation action. They play critical roles in maintaining functional and productive ecosystems, and contribute directly to human well- being through the fishing industry, tourism industry and role in coastal livelihoods and food security. Sharks are also one of the most...

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... is a hotspot of shark species diversity, and home to at least 25 rare and endemic species with highly restricted ranges (Fahmi and Darmadi 2013). These include several species of whiptail stingray (Dasyatidae) and bamboo shark (Hemiscylliidae), as well as species of guitarfish (Rhinobatidae), catshark (Scyliorhinidae), Houndsharks (Triakidae), Pygmy skates (Gurgesiellidae), Dogfish (Squalidae) and Angelsharks (Squatinidae) ( Table 1) There are considerable knowledge gaps in for ecological and life history characteristics of chimera (Chimeridae), the skates (Anacanthobatidae, Rajidae, Gurgesiellidae) and bullhead sharks (Heterodontidae), meaning they could not be included in this analysis. This makes them priority species groups for further research. ...
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... several international regulatory framework Indonesia is obliged to develop National Plans of Action (NPOA) for sharks as per the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Plan of Action for Sharks (IPOA Sharks). To meet these commitments Indonesia has developed two 5-year NPOAs: The priority programs of the two NPOAs include aspects of applied research, regulations and policy, trade management, sustainable fisheries management, marine spatial planning, law enforcement, community empowerment, awareness-building and institutional capacity building (Table 10). Sustainable management, and strengthening data and statistics to support sustainable management, are priorities for MMAF. ...

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... Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir penangkapan hiu makin berkembang mulai dari perikanan longline berskala kecil menjadi perikanan komersial dengan target beberpa jenis ikan hiu yang bernilai ekonomis tinggi, salah satunya hiu-hiu besar dari Famili Carcharhinidae (Fahmi & Dharmadi, 2013). Booth et al. (2018) menyatakan Carcharhinidae didaratkan di 90% pelabuhan perikanan yang beroperasi di Indonesia. Hiu memiliki siklus hidup yang panjang, pertumbuhan dan kematangan kelamin lambat, serta fekunditas yang rendah (Camhi et al., 2009). ...
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... The decline of shark and ray populations could have significant ecological impacts, as these species play important roles in marine food webs and ecosystems. These species are also a crucial source of livelihood for many coastal communities, providing employment and sustenance for individuals involved in shark fishing, ecotourism, and related industries (Dulvy et al., 2014;Brautigam et al., 2015;Dent & Clarke, 2015;Booth et al., 2018;Martins et al., 2018;Pavitt et al., 2021). ...
... Being a member of the International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (IPOA-SHARKS) and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Malaysia is committed through its 2014 National Plan of Action for Sharks (NPOA-Sharks) to provide accurate, consistent and precise reporting and tracking of the supply chain of shark and ray products to improve management and conservation capacities. However, a deficiency in data collection on the supply chain has been highlighted as one of the issues that contribute to ineffective trade controls of shark and ray products in Malaysia (DOF, 2006;Bräutigam et al., 2015;Dent & Clarke, 2015; Journal of Sustainability Science and Management Volume 19 Number 5, May 2024: 36-62 Booth et al., 2018;Ahmad et al., 2019a;Okes & Sant, 2019;Pavitt et al.,2021). ...
... Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers identify the indicators for implementing a traceability system among all stakeholders, including the intermediaries throughout the supply chain. The participation of intermediaries is crucial as they play a major role in providing traceability information (Lehr, 2015;Mundy & Sant, 2015;Hosch & Blaha, 2017;Lewis & Boyle, 2017;André, 2018;Booth et al., 2018;Friedman et al., 2018;Martins et al., 2018;Okes & Sant, 2019;Borit & Olsen, 2020;Corallo et al., 2020;Pavitt et al., 2021;Virdin et al., 2022 ). ...
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... 166 hiu telah berevolusi dalam berbagai fungsi ekosistem, sebagai predator puncak dan mesopredator (Heupel et al., 2014), dan spesies tertentu memainkan peran penting dalam memelihara ekosistem laut agar berfungsi dan produktif (Booth et al., 2018). Secara ekonomi, hiu merupakan sumber pendapatan penting dalam sektor perikanan. ...
... Hiu sangat rentan terhadap tekanan tangkap lebih (Jaliadi et al., 2017) karena memiliki siklus hidup yang panjang, pertumbuhan dan kematangan kelaminnya yang lambat dengan fekunditasnya dan jumlah anakan yang rendah (Steven et al., 2000;Stobutzki et al., 2002;Fahmi & Dharmadi, 2013;Cosandey-Godin & Morgan, 2014). Atas dasar hal tersebut, pengelolaan jangka panjang hiu sangat penting bagi manusia dan kesehatan ekosistem di alam (Booth, 2018). ...
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... Indonesia merupakan negara dengan salah satu wilayah yang masuk dalam kawasan segitiga terumbu karang, dimana wilayah tersebut merupakan suatu kawasan dengan megabiodiversty fauna laut yang beragam (Booth et al., 2018). Indonesia merupakan negara maritim dimana indonesia merupakan salah satu negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia dengan luas wilayah 1.904.569 ...
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... Rays have an essential ecological role in marine ecosystems that maintain functional marine ecosystems (Booth et al. 2018). The results of this study indicate that the genetic diversity of wedgefishes and guitarfishes populations is moderate to very high. ...
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Tapilatu ME, Wijayanti DP, Subagiyo, Sembiring A, Yusmalinda NLA, NIngsih EY, Malik MDA, Pertiwi NPD. 2023. Genetic diversity of wedgefishes and guitarfishes at landing sites in east Indonesia using Cytochrome Subunit I (COI). Biodiversitas 24: 3120-3127. Wedgefish and guitarfish are considered endangered and protected by law in Indonesia due to pressure from overexploitation. They are highly exploited because of their economic value. This condition impacts the decline in the number of populations to the value of genetic diversity. This study used mitochondrial DNA to assess the genetic diversity of wedgefishes and guitarfishes which landed in the eastern part of Indonesia. We found Rhynchobatus australiae (Whitley, 1939) to be the most common species (14 out of 26 sequenced samples), with Glaucostegus typus (Bennett, 1830) and Rhinobatos jimbaranensis (Last, White, & Fahmi, 2006) appearing infrequently. COI sequences were obtained from the NCBI database and utilized in the study to compare population differentiation. Among the R. australiae populations, the results showed that the genetic diversity (Hd) values from Papua, Bali, and Lombok were 1.00, 0.67, and 0.75, respectively. In Papua, G.typus populations showed genetic diversity values of 0.90. R. jimbaranensis from Bali showed a genetic diversity of 0.50. Papua populations indicated higher genetic diversity than Bali and Lombok populations. Furthermore, the analyses of pairwise FST values and AMOVA indicated moderate genetic divergence across reference populations of R. australiae and G. typus in this study. Based on this value, a cautious conservation strategy in optimizing fisheries management will be required to limit anthropogenic impacts.
... Sharks are known as apex predators, whose key roles are to maintain a balanced ecosystem, prevent the spread of diseases, improve the gene pool and help create a healthy environment (Camhi et al., 1998;Griffin et al., 2008;Felipe et al., 2019). Sharks have been identified as one of the most endangered species and a priority group for conservation action (Booth et al., 2018). Their population has dwindled mainly due to high demand for human consumption and substantial commercial value (Lehr, 2015). ...
... Risk assessments will aid in identification of priority species and fisheries for conservation and management in India (Dulvy et al., 2017;Jabado et al., 2018). For instance, an adapted productivity-sensitivity analysis was conducted in Indonesia to identify at-risk shark and ray species; priority sites for conservation were also identified (Booth et al., 2018). Similar assessments would be highly valuable in India. ...
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... This makes elasmobranch conservation and management in Indonesia problematic, due to diverse and unregulated small-scale fisheries, high incidences of illegal fishing, and unsystematic data collection. Moreover, [20] reported that 86% of all Indonesian fisheries surveyed catch elasmobranchs incidentally or as by-catch. This occurs in both commercial and artisanal fisheries using various types of fishing gear, such as gillnets, longlines, seine-nets and trawlers. ...
... Most sharks caught as bycatch are from tuna longlines from commercial fishing fleets. In addition, whole fishing communities also exist that target elasmobranchs exclusively, and in some cases even certain species in particular, using tailored gear [20,21]. Between 2007 and 2017, Indonesia was the largest reported contributor to global elasmobranch landings, with a mean catch of 110,737 mt per year [22,23]. ...
... As the top shark landing country, shark and ray landings are mainly caught as bycatch, particularly from commercial fishing gear such as tuna longline and gillnet/trammel-net [20]. Since the reported export volume of sharks and rays is almost negligible (4%) compared to the total landing volume, difficulties remain with the partitioning of landings into domestic consumption and international components [13], while the poor taxonomic granularity of catch (and trade) compositions represents a big obstacle to accurately monitor population trends for most species. ...
Article
Indonesian marine resources are among the richest on the planet, sustaining highly diverse fisheries. These fisheries include the largest shark and ray landings in the world, making Indonesia one of the world’s largest exporters of elasmobranch products. Socio-economic and food security considerations pertaining to Indonesian communities add further layers of complexity to the management and conservation of these vulnerable species. This study investigates the elasmobranch trade flows in and out of Indonesia and attempts to examine patterns and drivers of the current scenario. We identify substantial discrepancies between reported landings and declared exports, and between Indonesian exports in elasmobranch fin and meat products and the corresponding figures reported by importing countries. These mismatches are estimated to amount to over 43.6Mand43.6 M and 20.9 M for fins and meat, respectively, for the period between 2012 and 2018. Although the declared exports are likely to be an underestimation because of significant unreported or illegal trading activities, we note that domestic consumption of shark and ray products may also explain these discrepancies. The study also unearths a general scenario of unsystematic data collection and lack of granularity of product terminology, which is inadequate to meet the challenges of over-exploitation, illegal trade and food security in Indonesia. We discuss how to improve data transparency to support trade regulations and governance actions, by improving inspection measures, and conserving elasmobranch populations without neglecting the socio-economic dimension of this complex system.
... Although C. leucas are not normally targeted, they are commonly taken in commercial and recreational fisheries for their fin meat, fins, and oil (Dulvy et al. 2014;Davidson et al. 2016). The Malaysian Government needs to strictly prohibit the practice of catching sharks, including C. leucas (Compagno & Cook 1995;Booth et al. 2018). At least, the exploitation of sharks in the Southeast Asian Region should be restricted to a sustainable level. ...
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A single specimen of a bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle 1839) with c. 102 cm of total length was landed and photographed on 25 March 2019 in Sungai Mawai Lama, about 25 km inland, Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. This rare finding represents only the second record of C. leucas in inland Peninsular Malaysia. This shark was identified as C. leucas by the snout much shorter than the width of mouth and bluntly rounded, first dorsal fin triangular, rearward sloping, originating over or slightly behind pectoral insertion, second dorsal fin much smaller than the first dorsal fin (< 3.1:1), and lack of an interdorsal ridge. The coloration of fresh specimen: greyish back and white belly, the dark coloration on the tip of the caudal fins and second dorsal fin. This species is currently listed as a vulnerable species based on the IUCN Red List Status. Further study and monitoring are needed to assess the possibility of the importance of Sungai Mawai Lama as critical habitat of C. leucas.