Fig 6 - uploaded by Irena Bagińska
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The paper deals with the methodology of performing and interpretation of seismic cone penetration test (SCPT). This type of test is used to determine velocity of the seismic wave in the soil medium. This study is focused on shear wave. The wave is triggered on the ground surface by hitting an anvil with a sledgehammer. Then, vibrations induced at d...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... If the seismic module consists of several accelerometers, then it is recom- mended to consider waves recorded by the same one. 3. Before the wave records from consecutive depths are compared, they are filtered with use of Fourier transform. It is admissible to use different filter settings for different depth intervals, but they need to be identical for a pair of waves being compared. Figure 5 presents the frequency spectrum of the sample result from Fig. 2 and the range of frequency to be filtered. A subsequent graph in Fig. 6 presents the filtered wave record. 4. The time difference, in which the wave reaches a given depth level is determined by overlapping the filtered record of vibration at a greater depth over the record obtained at a lower depth and shifting along the time axis. That time is automatically calculated by SEISMIC-pro software once the shifting is completed. The shift should be imposed so that the best fit is obtained (see Fig. 7). 5. Wave velocity is calculated automatically by the program. A sample report of S-wave velocity computation is presented in Fig. ...
Similar publications
Site effects primarily depend on the shear modulus of subsurface layers, and this is generally estimated from the measured shear wave velocity (V
s) and assumed density. Very rarely, densities are measured for amplification estimation because drilling and sampling processes are time consuming and expensive. In this study, an attempt has been made t...
Significant developments have taken place over the past 20 years to evaluate the liquefaction potential of soils using in situ tests. The cone penetration test (CPT) is now commonly used to evaluate liquefaction potential in soils. There have also been significant developments to evaluate liquefaction potential based on in situ shear wave velocity...
The cone penetration testing of MSW by piezocone (CPTU) in combination with the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) provide extensive data about estimated values of physico-mechanical properties of wastes, which are usually unavailable in traditional approaches and which can be directly used in geotechnical stability calculations of the w...
Soil compaction plays an important role in every construction activities to reduce risks of any damage. Traditionally, methods of assessing compaction include field tests and invasive penetration tests for compacted areas have great limitations, which caused time-consuming in evaluating large areas. Thus, this study proposed the possibility of usin...
This article is not available for publication.
Citations
... Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) and Piezocone Penetration Tests (CPTU) containing the measurement of water pressure in the pores have been used in geotechnics for many years [1,12]. These tests allow the determination of various soil properties, such as soil type, strength, and formability levels. ...
Approximately 30 million tons of tailings are being stored each year at the KGHMs Zelazny Most Tailings Storage Facility (TSF). Covering an area of almost 1.6 thousand hectares, and being surrounded by dams of a total length of 14 km and height of over 70 m in some areas, makes it the largest reservoir of post-flotation tailings in Europe and the second-largest in the world. With approximately 2900 monitoring instruments and measuring points surrounding the facility, Zelazny Most is a subject of round-the-clock monitoring, which for safety and economic reasons is crucial not only for the immediate surroundings of the facility but for the entire region. The monitoring network can be divided into four main groups: (a) geotechnical, consisting mostly of inclinometers and VW pore pressure transducers, (b) hydrological with piezometers and water level gauges, (c) geodetic survey with laser and GPS measurements, as well as surface and in-depth benchmarks, (d) seismic network, consisting primarily of accelerometer stations. Separately a variety of different chemical analyses are
... In total, the network consists of around 2900 measuring devices and sensors. Field studies, sampling for laboratory tests, and geophysical research are carried out here in cooperation with many national and global research centres [12]. [13]. ...
The Zelazny Most Tailings Storage Facility (TSF) is the largest reservoir of post–flotation tailings in Europe. The total amount of tailings from the mines in Lubin, Rudna, and Polkowice stored each year at the disposal facility reaches approximately 30 million tons. Accurate monitoring and maintenance of such a huge storage facility are crucial for the safety and economics of the entire region. In general, the monitoring network installed at the Zelazny Most TSF includes four groups of components: (a) geotechnical network (VW pore pressure transducers and inclinometers), (b) hydrological network (open piezometers, water level gauges, drainage discharge measurements, (c) geodetic survey network (e.g. surface and in-depth benchmarks, laser measurements, GPS measurements within GEOMOS network and (d) seismic network (e.g. accelerometer stations, CPT tests). Apart from the above, chemical water analyses, tests of soil samples, monitoring of spigotting processes and monitoring of relief wells’ discharge are also being conducted. In total, approximately 2900 monitoring instruments are installed within the area of the Zelazny Most TSF. Such large amounts of data from the various information sources makes manual data analysis by the engineers almost impossible. In this article, we discuss a machine learning driven approach which should improve the quality of the monitoring and maintenance of such facilities. We focus on the CPT test data analysis. First, we describe thoroughly the collected data, its quality, and availability. Then we discuss possible events, that can occur in the TSF and needed to be predicted using CPT. Based on the information obtained in these two steps the applicability of several machine learning methods is estimated. Some of them are then tested on available historical data. The algorithms described in this article will be further developed in the IlluMINEation project (H2020).
... With the development of electronics and the miniaturization of various measuring devices, various types of additional measuring equipment began to be attached to the basic piezocone devices [24,28]. Among others, modules equipped with geophones or accelerometers for downhole seismic measurements are used (SCPTU-seismic cone penetration test) [29,30]. It is also possible to attach a camera to locate chemical contaminants in the soil or verify the soil's grain size (VisCPT-Vision Cone Penetrometer) [31], although it should be noted that this technique can be difficult to apply in cohesive soils. ...
The present paper responds to the challenge of modeling uncertainty in soil strength parameters concerning its spatial variability in a situation of limited soil information. Understanding this uncertainty allows for the management of the risk of geotechnical structure failure. In the present work, this uncertainty is identified based on signals from the cone penetration test (CPT) device. Signals are directly transformed using existing interpretation methods (typically used as a source of mean values of parameters for a given range of depths) to obtain depth-varying effective strength parameters of the soil. The process is performed by incorporating data from two case studies from different locations in similar soil materials. First, Keswick clay from Australia, for which the results of both CPT and laboratory tests are available, is examined. Second, to further verify the obtained results, the soil from Poland called Świerzna clay, for which only CPT signals were available, is also tested. As shown, the variability of the transformed signals can be a good source of information for identifying uncertainty in soil strength. It agrees well with literature data and can be used to identify random fields describing soil parameters.
... The use of SCPT provides in situ data of compression wave velocities (V p ) and shear wave velocities (V s ) that were used to improve both the identification of sediment characteristics (Lunne et al., 2002;Baginska et al., 2013;Robertson, 2016) and the evaluation of surfacebased seismic measurements. Seismic CPT sounding was performed 46 m distant from the beginning of seismic profile AGI SEIS 1. Shear (SH) waves were excited at the surface with the same seismic source and polarization used for profile AGI SEIS 1 at 0Á5 m distance to the borehole. ...
The western Peloponnese was repeatedly hit by major tsunami impacts during historical times as reported by historical accounts and recorded in earthquake and tsunami catalogues. Geological signatures of past tsunami impacts have also been found in many coastal geological archives. During the past years, abundant geomorphological and sedimentary evidence of repeated Holocene tsunami landfall was found between Cape Katakolo and the city of Kyparissia. Moreover, neotectonic studies revealed strong crust uplift along regional faults with amounts of uplift between 13 m and 30 m since the mid‐Holocene. This study focuses on the potential of direct push in situ sensing techniques to detect tsunami sediments along the Gulf of Kyparissia. Direct push measurements were conducted on the landward shores of the Kaiafa Lagoon and the former Mouria Lagoon from which sedimentary and microfaunal evidence for tsunami landfall are already known. Direct push methods helped to decipher in situ high‐resolution stratigraphic records of allochthonous sand sheets that are used to document different kinds of sedimentological and geomorphological characteristics of high‐energy inundation, such as abrupt increases in grain size, integration of muddy rip‐up clasts and fining upward sequences which are representative of different tsunami inundation pulses. These investigations were completed by sediment coring as a base for local calibration of geophysical direct push parameters. Surface‐based electrical resistivity tomography and seismic data with highly resolved vertical direct push datasets and sediment core data were all coupled in order to improve the quality of the geophysical models. Details of this methodological approach, new in palaeotsunami research, are presented and discussed, especially with respect to the question how the obtained results may help to facilitate tracing tsunami signatures in the sedimentary record and deciphering geomorphological characteristics of past tsunami inundation. Using direct push techniques and based on sedimentary data, sedimentary signatures of two young tsunami impacts that hit the Kaiafa Lagoon were detected. Radiocarbon age control allowed the identification of these tsunami layers as candidates for the AD 551 and AD 1303 earthquake and tsunami events. For these events, there is reliable historical data on major damage on infrastructure in western Greece and on the Peloponnese. At the former Mouria Lagoon, corroborating tsunami traces were found; however, it is so far impossible to decide whether these signatures were caused by the AD 551 or the AD 1303 event. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Additionally, thanks to the seismic module equipped with accelerometers, accelerations of soil vibrations induced on the ground surface were recorded at various depths (Fig. 9). The measurement and interpretation of performed tests were carried out according to the technique described in the work of Bagińska et al. (2013). Recordings from particular neighbouring depths were "overlapped" onto each other, thus obtaining time differences in the arrival of shear waves. ...
The unit weight, as a basic physical feature of soil, is an elementary quantity, and knowledge of this parameter is necessary in each geotechnical and geo-engineering task. Estimation of this quantity can be made with both laboratory and field techniques. The paper comprises a multi-scale evaluation of unit weight of cohesive soil, based on several measurements made in nearby locations using the SCPTu static probe. The procedures used were based on the two classifications and two solutions from literature. The results were referenced to the actual values of unit weight determined with a direct procedure from undisturbed samples. The resulting solutions were the basis for proposing a new formula to determine the soil unit weight from SCPTu measurements, as well as comparative analysis using exemplary values taken from the national Polish standard.
In mine production scheduling problems are well-known, where most are categorised into deterministic and non-deterministic NP-hard problems because of their complexity. Many researchers have attempted to solve the problem by applying various optimization techniques. While using traditional methods they observed extreme difficulty in solving highly complex problems. In the 1990s, many researchers addressed long-term production scheduling (LTPS) by using simulated annealing, the genetic algorithm, the tabu search algorithm, and the ant colony algorithm. These algorithms are known as the meta-heuristic algorithms, and have proved to be the most efficient algorithms for solving LTPS thus far. The firefly algorithm is one of the best methods for visualising problems related to LTPS, and provides the best possible optimisation. It is one of the simplest methods, and easy to apply to any NP-hard problem. The experimental, and comparison with other recently published algorithms shows that the proposed algorithm is feasible, and is an effective approach for long-term production scheduling problems. The results indicated that a better solution is obtained by the proposed method, compared to other methods in terms of cumulative net present value, and average ore grade. Additionally, the CPU time via the proposed model is roughly 2.52% higher than the other method.
This Cahier Technique has been produced under the aegis of the French Association for Earthquake Engineering (AFPS). It is an 'Earthquake Geotechnics' handbook providing an overview of the topic of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction. It follows on from Cahier Technique CT no. 22 describing the application of the PS92 rules (AFPS, 2001) and the Guide Technique on the production of seismic micro-zoning studies (AFPS, 1993). Further information on processes for improvement and reinforcement of soils subject to seismic actions is given in the guide by the AFPS-CFMS (2012). The writing of this Cahier Technique is based on the very rich discussions within the AFPS '2020 Recommendations' Working Group, and more particularly the sub-group concerned by the paragraphs relating to soil liquefaction.
This CT examines the various questions relating to earthquake-induced soil liquefaction, covering post-earthquake observations at impacted sites, responses observed in the laboratory, soil investigations by means of in situ tests, and lastly the main methods for assessing the risk and taking it into account in projects. Particular emphasis is placed on the consistency and the organisation of the geotechnical investigations, the means to be implemented, the analysis and study methods, and the simplified, empirical or numerical calculation methods. The studies are considered at two levels: prediction of soil liquefaction triggering, and prediction of the consequences of liquefaction and design of preventive measures.
The CT has been written with the intention of underlining the progressiveness of the study methods and showing their consistency and the links between them. It forms part of an approach combining education and sharing of best practices, for broad circulation beyond the community of specialists.
This work has been motivated by the determination of the practitioners confronted with soil liquefaction questions to share a common terminology and a structured view of the main study methods, their implementation and their limits. Its objective is to be a practical reference document providing guidance for selecting investigations and the study methods appropriate for the context of a site and a project. To this end, the text is intended to cover the main aspects of soil liquefaction questions, insofar as possible. Nevertheless, for the sake of conciseness, many questions are discussed relatively briefly, with many references cited in the text for further information. Other aspects are covered in greater detail, such as the estimation of the factor of safety against liquefaction using the simplified method of the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER, Youd et al., 2001) based on standard penetration tests (SPT) and cone penetration tests (CPT), leading to earthquake-induced settlement assessment examples.
This Cahier Technique comprises volume 1 on the state of the art, in which the various aspects of soil liquefaction for its applications to projects are presented in a logical and practical sequence, and volume 2 of Annexes in which examples of applications and specific developments are brought together. The two volumes of this Cahier Technique are not intended to be a prescriptive guide: soil liquefaction problems in projects must be solved in compliance with the requirements of the existing regulations.
