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3. A graph depicting the relation between the perceived familiarity of a robot and its human likeness. Reprinted under the GNU free documentation license. Mori’s (1970) uncanny valley reflects the strangeness or eeriness felt when interacting with a robot that not only looks and acts quite human but also exhibits subtle nonhuman characteristics.
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The widespread adoption of personal service robots will likely depend on how well they interact with users. This chapter was motivated by a desire to facilitate the design of usable personal service robots. Toward that end, this chapter reviews the literature concerning people interacting with personal service robots. First, ongoing research relate...
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... suspect that this focus on humanness stems from Mori’s (1970) notion of the “uncanny valley.” Mori hypothesized a nonlinear relation between the robot’s humanness and the user’s perception of its familiarity (Figure 3.3). Initially, increasing a robot’s humanness also increases its perceived familiarity; that is, the more humanlike robot seems less strange. ...
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... Another reason for Gap 8 is that human-robot cooperation is sophisticated [72], and cooperation failures can occur. For example, before a food delivery robot can deliver food, human employees need to put the food in the designated location and enter the correct table number for the customers. ...
The service quality gap model, which identifies the antecedents of SERVQAUL, reveals that service quality depends on the gap between customer perceived and expected service (Gap 5), which can be caused by other gaps in the service process (Gaps 1–4). The emergence of service robots has affected the quality of services provided; however, little is known about how these impacts happen. Thus, this paper aims to explore the impacts of service robots on service quality by revising the original gap model in the context of robot service. This paper reviews and analyzes the literature related to service robots and develops a revised gap model for robot service by integrating the existing research on the impacts of service robots. By introducing the roles of robots and robot manufacturers into the original gap model, the revised gap model adds three new gaps: Gap 6 (manufacturers’ understanding gap), Gap 7 (technical gap), and Gap 8 (service coordination gap). Based on the revised gap model, the impacts of service robots on service quality are expounded (i.e., Gap 5 can be affected by not only Gaps 1–4 but also Gaps 6–8), and several propositions are introduced. This paper is the first to consider robot manufacturers as part of the service quality gap model, and the first to use a dynamic model to explore the impacts of service robots on service quality. This paper not only supplements the service robot and gap model literature but also provides service companies with a meaningful framework to improve service quality when using robots to provide service.
... Further, autonomy is capable of presenting information to humans in several different ways-e.g. visualisations, text, audio alerts, artificial speech and haptic feedback (Jones and Schmidlin 2011;Chhan, Scharine, and Perelman 2020;Perelman et al. 2020)-which enables human-systems interactions that facilitate team coordination and the building of shared knowledge (Sycara and Sukthankar 2006;Demir et al. 2015). These behaviours can facilitate cohesion by encouraging productive, positive interactions with human team members (Lyons and Havig 2014). ...
Cohesion is an important property of teams that can affect individual teammates and team outcomes. However, cohesion in teams that include autonomous systems as teammates is an underexplored topic. We examine the extant literature on cohesion in human teams, then build on that foundation to advance the understanding of cohesion in human–autonomy teams, both similarities and differences. We describe team cohesion, the various definitions, factors, dimensions and associated benefits and detriments. We discuss how that element may be affected when the team includes an autonomous teammate with each description. Finally, we identify specific factors of human–autonomy interaction that may be relevant to cohesion, then articulate future research questions critical to advancing science for effective human–autonomy teams. Relevance Statement: The human team literature has provided a foundation onto which human–autonomy team research can build, but the team dynamics, and subsequent states, established in multi-human teams are expected to differ in human–autonomy teams. This manuscript focuses on cohesion, one such state and synthesises elements of human team cohesion and human–autonomy interaction to detail expectations for cohesion in human–autonomy teams. These expectations can serve as a launch point for future research.
... Current robots for security services (e.g. security robots [34], police drones [31]) Scientific literature about robotic systems for surveillance [26] and their legal implications [38] Current examples of near future cleaning robots, like Enway and A1A3 [40] Scientific literature about robot cleaning systems for public spaces [42; 43], swarm robotics [45] and photo-catalytic air purification [35] Current examples of delivery robots [39] and technical reports about robot delivery forecasts [24] Scientific literature about robot social role, with a focus on the sociable partner paradigm [7] as a way to facilitate interaction with humans [25] Current forecasts about the spread of autonomous vehicles [57; 19; 18] Scientific literature about different models for autonomous vehicles diffusion in cities [4] Current examples of cars banned in city centres, e.g. Oslo [9] Current devices for wellbeing, i.e. tracking devices, sense-enhancing devices, and bodyenhancing or replacing devices [54]. ...
This chapter, set in Amsterdam in 2040, illustrates what an urban environment may look like in the future based on current technological advancements and forecasts. In fact, as things get smarter and autonomous, they move from being mere tools to becoming agents with performative capabilities. The city becomes even more an assemblage of agents, both human and nonhuman, ideally performing together for a shared goal: the community welfare. The scenery, the diegetic prototypes, and the accompanying story were crafted by mapping forecasts, reviewing relevant academic literature and popular news, and envisioning situations in which intelligence and autonomy of urban things may be controversial. Design fiction is used as a way to set the stage for discussion and identifying relevant questions and controversies that may arise from the coexistence of humans and intelligent and autonomous things in near‐future cities.
... The flip-side is that robots that are very humanlike lead to over-expectation and overdependence on the agent that may go beyond the robot's capabilities [23]. Robins and Dautenhahn [18] showed that children with autism preferred to interact with a plain, featureless robot rather than a humanlike robot; Jones and Schmidlin [24] showed that people confer more humanlike characteristics to robots that are more similar to humans in their appearance and actions. On similar lines, Shen et al. [25] demonstrated that robots that could create a holistic impression as a "social entity" had better chances of "engaging" interactions with their users. ...
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... Unlike industrial robots, in service robots, the Human-Robot Interfaces (HRIs) use many modalities. Jones and Schmidlin [84] carried out a thorough review of HRI for personal service robots to facilitate the design requirements. Böhme [85] studied a multi-modal HRI system that allows the service robot to work in a cluttered and crowded environment [73]. ...
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... Cross-cultural misunderstandings frequently arise when the assumptions of one group are misinterpreted by members of another (Krull et al., 1999). Our central point here is that computational technology is, itself, becoming a specific form of intelligence with its own inherent culture (cf., Jones & Schmidlin, 2011). Here, incorrectly construed cues prove as damaging as anywhere else in the ecosphere. ...
Objective:
To explore the ramifications of attribution errors (AEs), initially in the context of vehicle collisions and then to extend this understanding into the broader and diverse realms of all forms of human-machine interaction.
Background:
This work focuses upon a particular topic that John Senders was examining at the time of his death. He was using the lens of attribution, and its associated errors, to seek to further understand and explore dyadic forms of driver collision.
Method:
We evaluated the utility of the set of Senders' final observations on conjoint AE in two-vehicle collisions. We extended this evaluation to errors of attribution generally, as applicable to all human-human, human-technology, and prospectively technology-technology interactions.
Results:
As with Senders and his many other contributions, we find evident value in this perspective on how humans react to each other and how they react to emerging forms of technology, such as autonomous systems. We illustrate this value through contemporary examples and prospective analyses.
Applications:
The comprehension and mitigation of AEs can help improve all interactions between people, between intelligent machines and between humans and the machines they work with.
... Another question related to flexibility of action representation system is whether humans are capable of understanding robot's affordances [49]. As reviewed in [50], some studies showed that humans are capable of perceiving robot's affordances with respect to moving through an aperture of a certain width [51]. However, as interestingly pointed out in [50], it remains to be examined whether robots with motor repertoire different from that of humans would still allow for correct attribution of affordances. ...
... As reviewed in [50], some studies showed that humans are capable of perceiving robot's affordances with respect to moving through an aperture of a certain width [51]. However, as interestingly pointed out in [50], it remains to be examined whether robots with motor repertoire different from that of humans would still allow for correct attribution of affordances. Human-like shape (implying human-like motor repertoire) might be an important factor for the action perception system, a suggestion in line with the findings in [42]. ...
As the field of social robotics has been dynamically growing and expanding over various areas of research and application, in which robots can be of assistance and companionship for humans, this paper offers a different perspective on a role that social robots can also play, namely the role of informing us about flexibility of human mechanisms of social cognition. The paper focuses on studies in which robots have been used as a new type of “stimuli” in psychological experiments to examine whether similar mechanisms of social cognition would be activated in interaction with a robot, as would be elicited in interaction with another human. Analysing studies in which a direct comparison has been made between a robot and a human agent, the paper examines whether for robot agents, the brain re-uses the same mechanisms that have been developed for interaction with other humans in terms of perception, action representation, attention and higher-order social cognition. Based on this analysis, the paper concludes that the human socio-cognitive mechanisms, in adult brains, are sufficiently flexible to be re-used for robotic agents, at least for those that have some level of resemblance to humans.
... key aspects of experience) are readily attributed to dogs (Konok et al., 2018). This has raised the question of how such nonhuman animals could inspire the design of future zoomorphic robots (Konok et al., 2018), how human-animal interaction might inform building animal-like robotic pets (Miklósi and Gácsi, 2012), and how animal-like robots might help to better understand which robot features and behaviors are specifically tied to the perception of human capabilities (Jones and Schmidlin, 2011). ...
Robots have the potential to transform our existing categorical distinctions between "property" and "persons." Previous research has demonstrated that humans naturally anthropomorphize them, and this tendency may be amplified when a robot is subject to abuse. Simultaneously, robots give rise to hopes and fears about the future and our place in it. However, most available evidence on these mechanisms is either anecdotal, or based on a small number of laboratory studies with limited ecological validity. The present work aims to bridge this gap through examining responses of participants (N = 160) to four popular online videos of a leading robotics company (Boston Dynamics) and one more familiar vacuum cleaning robot (Roomba). Our results suggest that unexpectedly human-like abilities might provide more potent cues to mind perception than appearance, whereas appearance may attract more compassion and protection. Exposure to advanced robots significantly influences attitudes toward future artificial intelligence. We discuss the need for more research examining groundbreaking robotics outside the laboratory.
... Roomba, a robotic vacuum machine, is another product that has been studied relative to human attachment. People treated their Roomba as a family member, assigning it a nickname and a gender (Forlizzi and DiSalvo 2006;Jones and Schmidlin 2011;Sung et al. 2007). Sung et al. (2007) studied Roomba forum postings and conducted interviews with Roomba users and concluded that this human-robot relationship was a form of intimacy because it created feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing. ...
As artificial intelligence and robots increase in popularity, human emotional attachment to technologies has become a salient research topic. However, many studies face the challenges of lacking a clear definition of emotional attachment that is overarching to cover emotional attachment to different entities and of differentiating these types of attachment phenomena. After reviewing the classic and contemporary research on human emotional attachment to people, pets, and possessions, we propose a novel, generalized definition and model of attachment across a person’s lifespan that describes the mechanism of human emotional attachment. Our literature review revealed two distinct but overlapping broad categories of research on human attachment: human–human attachments and human–nonhuman attachments. Our model integrates psychological principles and mechanisms from both classic infant–mother attachment theory and contemporary consumer behaviour research on emotional attachment to nonhuman objects. Emphasis is placed on the central role of the self-concept in all forms of human emotional attachments. We define human emotional attachment as a psychological phenomenon characterized by (a) perceiving the attributes of the attachment object as congruent with the self (supporting the self-concept and self-worth), (b) eliciting emotional reactions, and (c) evoking attachment behaviours. More specifically, the new model may lead to a series of new research on human emotional attachment to technologies and on its relationship to individuals’ self-concept development and well-being.
... A range of other approaches exist, for example, guidance of an electric wheelchair using head movements [2]. Jones & Schmidlin conducted a thorough review of HRI for personal service robots to facilitate the design of usable personal service robots [30]. ...
... Curr Robot Rep (2020) 1:[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ...
Purpose of Review
The review presents an overview of research approaches on human-robot interfaces in industrial and service robotics.
Recent Findings
Research approaches address especially speech and gesture recognition in both fields but are more explored in service robotics. However, the importance of interfaces in industrial robots increases.
Summary
The development of human-robot interfaces is leading towards intuitive interfaces, especially using speech and gesture recognition and combining them to multimodal interfaces.
