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2: A drawing by John O'Brien, which appeared in The New Yorker Magazine in 1991, illustrating the projection problem. A three-dimensional object with a specific conformation, the bunny rabbit, appears as a hand in a two-dimensional projection image.
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The field of biological electron microcopy (EM) has evolved into a reliable imaging technique for examining the ultrastructure of cells and their constituents at molecular, and, in some cases, atomic1, 2 resolution. Conventional EM techniques are being overshadowed by cryo-techniques, which ensure a more native cellular preparation method. In addit...
Citations
... The shadow image suggests the object is a hand, while the 3D model reveals it is a dancing rabbit. [14,15] the slice-and-view process to ensure high-quality data reconstruction. ...
Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have emerged as promising materials for various separation processes due to their tunable properties, enhanced separation performance and reproducibility. In this review paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the methodologies, challenges, and applications associated with the characterization of MMMs using two advanced imaging techniques: Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB‐SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). We begin by outlining the principles and capabilities of FIB‐SEM and TEM, emphasizing their suitability for studying the microstructure, morphology, and composition of MMMs at nanoscale resolution. Subsequently, we discuss the specific challenges and limitations encountered in the characterization of MMMs using these techniques, including sample preparation, image acquisition, and data interpretation. Furthermore, we review the diverse applications of FIB‐SEM and TEM in elucidating the structure‐property relationships of MMMs. Through illustrative examples, we highlight the valuable insights gained from these imaging techniques in optimizing MMMs for various separation applications. Finally, we propose future directions and emerging trends in MMM characterization, including the integration of lasers into FIB‐SEM and in situ characterization techniques, to address current challenges and push the boundaries of MMM design and performance. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the state‐of‐the‐art methodologies for characterizing MMMs using FIB‐SEM and TEM, identifies key challenges, and offers insights into future research directions aimed at harnessing the full potential of MMMs for sustainable separation technologies.
