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A conventional triboelectric series and an experimentally determined triboelectric series of oxide dielectric materials
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Since the working mechanism of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is based on triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, it is necessary to understand the effects of the inherent properties of dielectric materials on the performance of TENGs. In this study, the relationship between the relative permittivity and the performance of TENGs was...
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The permittivity and loss angle of disc-shaped polymer specimens were measured by using three Split-Post Dielectric Resonators (9.5 GHz, 25 GHz & 34 GHz), a plano-concave open resonator (36 GHz), a bi-concave open resonator (20 GHz to 50 GHz), a helical cavity (10 GHz), and two free-space Gaussian-beam transmission systems (22 – 33 GHz & 60 – 90 GH...
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... Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are renowned for their excellent physical and thermal stability, high permittivity, photocatalytic properties, and tribopositive properties. 29,30 Their large specic surface area and highly reactive unsaturated surface atoms enable strong interactions with the polar components of plasticizers, enhancing the thermal stability of the dielectric gel by preventing plasticizer leakage. 31 By doping TiO 2 NPs into the dielectric gel, it is possible to develop a temperature-independent pressure sensor. ...
By doping TiO 2 nanoparticles into PVC gel, a high-output TENG was fabricated, enabling a temperature-independent pressure sensor. This sensor achieved stable sensitivity of 2.03 V kPa ⁻¹ (10–40 kPa) and 0.97 V kPa ⁻¹ (40–100 kPa) from 25 °C to 55 °C.
... After contact, the Cu film tends to aggregate more electrons due to its negative charge affinity, and more positive charges are released on the surface of the PTFE film. According to the triboelectric series [23], materials tending towards the "positive" direction are more likely to lose electrons, while those tending towards the "negative" side are more likely to gain electrons. Due to the principle of contact electrification, equivalent amounts of opposite surface charges are generated on the surfaces of the two friction layers. ...
Transmission lines and outdoor substations are replete with various forms of micro energy such as wind energy, solar energy, and electromagnetic energy. There exists micro energy in the forms of mechanical vibrations, temperature differences, and humidity in power distribution equipment. Innovative sensor or monitoring methods are needed to maintain the stability and digitisation of the grid. Unfortunately, there is limited study on the power supply of these sensor systems. Triboelectric nanogenerators, which are environmentally friendly and use simple materials, show excellent performance in environmental nano‐energy collection and self‐powered online monitoring. Therefore, environmental energy collection systems based on triboelectric nanogenerators are one of the selected methods to convert magnetic energy in the magnetic field into electrical energy. A model structure was designed using the contact separation mode, which is one of the four working modes of triboelectric nanogenerators, based on the strength of the magnetic field in the environment. This structure mainly consists of the friction layer, electrodes for current conduction, and connected loads. The research includes a comparison of four inherent electrical outputs of the triboelectric nanogenerator: open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, capacitance, and power. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used for all modelling and simulation of the TENG. This software was used for the design, material selection, and static study of the TENG. When the relative dielectric constant was fixed, the output voltage reached 2.75×103V and the energy reached 0.12μJ 0.12\,{\upmu }\mathrm{J}. Overall, ideal reference can be provided for researchers studying power supply issues for sensors in complex magnetic field situations and help them design high‐performance TENGs.
... Structure of the TENG generally comprises a pair of two materials rubbing in different triboelectric properties (or different electron affinity). The material with a smaller electron affinity tends to lose electrons producing a positively-charged surface, while a larger one is different [10][11][12]. ...
... The main triboelectric material of a conventional TENG is typically polymers, which need to pair with another tribo-positive material, e.g. conductor, that obeys the triboelectric series [12]. With the urgent need of green material for a sustainable society, seeking natural-based triboelectric materials is highly essential in replacing non-degradable polymers in the TENG structure. ...
... The neural level of the surface state, m 0 , also is defined for those two materials [28]. In general, the charge affinity of PTFE is higher than that of BC, leading the PTFE film providing negative triboelectric charges after contact with electrification [12] this case, the negative charges from the BC surface are transferred to the PTFE surface. This produces a pair of triboelectric charges on each material surface, with the charge generation obeying the TENG mechanism. ...
Surface charge density is a key factor that greatly enhances the performance of a natural-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which is essential for future sustainable sensing and harvesting devices. This work introduced a conductive interlayer between a main frictional layer and electrode. This approach can suppress the charge recombination rate and improve the amount of charges produced during the triboelectrification process. Bacterial cellulose (BC) film was selected as a main frictional layer for the TENG. A conductive nanomaterial, i.e., silver flake, was incorporated into the BC film as an intermediate layer for enhancing TENG performance. As firstly reported, the maximum electrical outputs for the multi-layer BC structure could be found when using silver flake/BC composite (ratio 1:5) as an intermediate layer, which has 122 V and 8.2 µA of output voltage and current, respectively. This is higher than the output voltage and current of a single layer BC TENG by approximately 3 and 8 times, respectively. The maximum output power of 440 µW is achieved by connecting with a load resistor of 10 MΩ. This demonstrates an efficient strategy for designing a high performance energy harvester by adding an intermediate layer for the target of practical purposes in sustainable systems.
... The top electrode with the C-TENG plate is connected to an Al electrode using Al tape and copper wire. On the other side of the triboelectric material, we used an Al plate as a triboelectric pair, obtaining a triboelectric series [64]. This material was attached to an acrylic plate with Al tape and copper wires. ...
... Operation of a C-TENG device is depicted in figure 5(c), and the measurement setup is shown in figure 5(d). Based on the triboelectric series, epoxy resin tends to gain a negative charge during contact electrification, while Al plate is the opposite [64]. A demonstration of the measurement process is presented in figure 5(c) showing that at the equilibrium point (Stage I), the TENG devices cannot generate triboelectric charges because there is no friction between the two tribomaterials (composite film and Al). ...
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are crucial for applications such as smart sensors and bio-electronics. In the current work, we aimed for improved performance of TENGs with BaTiO3 powder, which is known for its strong ferroelectric properties, and combined it with epoxy resin to improve the flexibility of our devices. We observed that our TENGs can operate for over 20,000 cycles without any degradation of function. Additionally, we improved the electrical performance of TENGs by incorporating various aluminum concentrations that can change the electronic properties of mixing components of TENGs material between epoxy resin, BaTiO3, and Al nanopowders. To identify the optimum conditions for the best performance, we analyzed the electrical characteristics and material properties by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) characterization techniques. Our findings suggest that this innovative combination of materials and optimization techniques can significantly improve the performance of TENGs, making them ideal for practical applications in various fields, such as low-power electronics, environmental monitoring and healthcare. Additionally, these enhanced TENGs can serve as sustainable and dependable energy sources for various applications.
... The other additives, on the other hand, were found to have lower capacities in debrominating TBP-AE, with debromination efficiencies of only 0.30%, 2.67%, 5.93%, 18.73%, and 2.86% when using Ca(OH) 2 , CaO, MgO, Al 2 O 3 , and a mixture of Fe/SiO 2 , respectively. The observed differences in debromination efficiencies between the different additives may be explained by their triboelectric series, which is closely linked to their ability to generate free electrons during the milling process (Kim et al. 2017). The arrangement of the triboelectric series in the material is dependent upon the polarity of the free charge generated during frictional electrification. ...
Allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (TBP-AE) is a flame retardant that is added to plastics to improve their fire resistance. This kind of additive is hazardous to both human health and the environment. As any other BFRs, TBP-AE resists photo-degradation in the environment and hence materials laden with TBP-AE are to be dibrominated to avoid environmental pollution. Mechanochemical degradation of TBP-AE is a promising approach with potential industrial applications since it does not require high temperatures nor it generates any secondary pollutants. A planetary ball milling simulation experiment was designed to study TBP-AE’s mechanochemical debromination. To report products from the mechanochemical process, a variety of characterization techniques were used. The characterization methods included gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The effects of various co-milling reagent types, co-milling reagent concentrations with raw material, time, and revolution speed on mechanochemical debromination efficiency have been thoroughly investigated. The Fe/Al2O3 mixture entails the highest debromination efficiency of 23%. However, when using a Fe/Al2O3 mixture, neither the reagent concentration nor the revolution speed influenced the debromination efficiency. In case of using only Al2O3, the next viable reagent, it was revealed that while increasing the revolution, speed improved debromination efficiency to a certain point, and increasing it any further left the debromination efficiency unchanged. In addition, the results showed that an equal mass ratio of TBP-AE to Al2O3 promoted degradation more than an increase in the ratio of Al2O3 to TBP-AE. The addition of ABS polymer largely inhibits the reaction between Al2O3 and TBP-AE, which hindered alumina’s ability to capture organic bromine, causing a significant decrease in the debromination efficiency when model of waste printed circuit board (WPCB) is considered.
... Emmanuel et al., [19] presented a sliding mode TENG device for energy harvesting using polymer electrode materials with dispersed triboelectric-polarities namely Polyamide 6,6 (Nylon) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The parameters for the study include the sliding displacement of the electrode surfaces as well as the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit charge density characteristics of the TENG system [20]. ...
By virtue of the growing requirement for miniaturized electronic sensing systems, research attention has been focused on the design and development of efficient self-powered sensors that can convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. Prominent among mechanical energy conversion technologies is the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). In this paper, an analytical study of the output characteristics of a single electrode mode TENG system was carried out. The system's output characteristics considered include open circuit voltage potential and short circuit surface charge density. From the results obtained from the analysis, the open-circuit voltage potential developed between the primary electrode and the reference rose from 0 V to a maximum of 310 V and a short-circuit surface charge transfer value of 70x10-12 C. The suitable application for the presented system is in the development of touchpad technology.
... The study conducted by Kim, et al [17] investigated the effect of the relative permittivity of oxides on the performance of TENG. The devices were fabricated using both pure oxide materials (SiO2, Al2O3, HfO2, Ta2O5 and TiO2) and oxide, that is, Poly (methyl methacrylate) -(PMMA) composites. ...
In contemporary time, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are used for harvesting mechanical energy from the ambient conditions of the environment and this can be converted to generate electricity. A simulation study of a sliding-mode triboelectric generator system for energy harvesting application was carried out using polymer electrode materials with dispersed triboelectric-polarities. This approach of generating electricity from mechanical movements is based on triboelectrification and electrostatic induction coupling. The parameters for the study include the sliding displacement of the electrode surfaces as well as the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit charge density of the TENG system. The triboelectric electrode materials employed include Polyamide 6,6 (Nylon) and Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). As the sliding displacement of the electrode surfaces was varied, the output electrical parameters vary as well. The results obtained for the output parameters include open-circuit voltage up to 2200 V and a short-circuit charge density of up to 65x19-9 C. The resulting mechanical-electrical energy conversion system based on carefully selected triboelectric materials can be deployed as active power sources for miniaturized electronic systems as well as large scale power generation.
... Electrostatic charges can be induced in many dielectric systems and certain metals by various methods including plasma discharge [21], ionization by a beam of charged particles [22] and triboelectric charge injection is a useful method for this. The amount of mechanically induced static charge among two systems will depend on their position in the triboelectric series [23] and further apart in position in this series, the pair of system works better as a triboelectric generator (higher charge and hence potential difference) [23]. Fluorinated polymers represent the highest electronegative systems in this series, and polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon, PTFE) belong to this category. ...
... Electrostatic charges can be induced in many dielectric systems and certain metals by various methods including plasma discharge [21], ionization by a beam of charged particles [22] and triboelectric charge injection is a useful method for this. The amount of mechanically induced static charge among two systems will depend on their position in the triboelectric series [23] and further apart in position in this series, the pair of system works better as a triboelectric generator (higher charge and hence potential difference) [23]. Fluorinated polymers represent the highest electronegative systems in this series, and polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon, PTFE) belong to this category. ...
... Fluorinated polymers represent the highest electronegative systems in this series, and polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon, PTFE) belong to this category. These materials have higher triboelectric negative charge generation capacity than PPY-based on their position in the triboelectric series [23]. Wang et al. have shown that self-powered electrostatic attraction-based separation-assisted face masks can be developed using PVDF-based nonwoven fabrics [24]. ...
Respiratory masks having similar standards of ‘N95’, defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, will be highly sought after, post the current COVID-19 pandemic. Here, such a low-cost (∼$1/mask) mask design having electrostatic rechargeability and filtration efficiency of >95% with a quality factor of ∼20 kPa−1 is demonstrated. This filtration efficacy is for particles of size 300 nm. The tri-layer mask, named PPDFGO tri, contains nylon, modified polypropylene (PPY), and cotton nonwoven fabrics as three layers. The melt-spun PPY, available in a conventional N95 mask, modified with graphene oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride mixture containing paste using a simple solution casting method acts as active filtration layer. The efficacy of this tri-layer system toward triboelectric rechargeability using small mechanical agitations is demonstrated here. These triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-assisted membranes have high electrostatic charge retention capacity (∼1 nC/cm2 after 5 days in ambient condition) and high rechargeability even in very humid conditions (>80% RH). A simple but robust permeability measurement set up is also constructed to test these TENG-based membranes, where a flow rate of 30–35 L/min is maintained during the testing. Such a simple modification to the existing mask designs enabling their rechargeability via external mechanical disturbances, with enhanced usability for single use as well as for reuse with decontantamination, will be highly beneficial in the realm of indispensable personal protective equipment.
... The dielectric permittivity of the composite material is tuned by either adding different fillers or by adding different weight percent of the same filler into the polymer matrix. Some studies used different dielectric fillers to tune the permittivity of the composite material and showed an increase in the triboelectric output as the dielectric permittivity increases [12,15]. Other studies however found that increasing the weight percent of the filler resulted in increase in the triboelectric output with increasing permittivity but then the triboelectric output decreased while the permittivity continued to increase [11,12,14,16]. ...
With the increasing demand for small and portable electronic devices, new energy conversion systems that can harvest energy from body motion and ambient environment are needed. Triboelectricity has recently become promising among the various energy conversion mechanisms because triboelectric devices can be small, flexible, and portable. The triboelectric output performance is closely related to the materials ‘properties employed. In this study, the effect of electrical conductivity on the electrical output of a triboelectric device is investigated experimentally. Experiments are conducted using a vertical contact/separation mode with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based material as one of the contacting materials. The electrical conductivity of PDMS is tuned by adding two different weight percent of multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT): 10wt% CNT and 20wt% CNT. The relationship between electrical conductivity and the triboelectric output performance is obtained by correlating the open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) with the different weight percent CNT-PDMS materials. A maximum Voc of 98V and a maximum Isc of 3.2μA were obtained with the 20wt% CNT-PDMS and Teflon pair; this increase is likely due to the combination of enhanced triboelectric polarity difference and electrical conductivity. The optimum external resistance was also measured for the different CNT-PDMS weight percent materials. The maximum triboelectric output power reached 180μW at 80MΩ for the 20wt% CNT-PDMS and Teflon pair.
... Recently, silk fibroin (SF), extracted from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons with specific characteristics of high elasticity, strength, and toughness, as well as biocompatibility and biodegradability has been introduced as a suitable polymer for TENG systems [11]. Silk has a great static charge susceptibility and it has been considered to be at the top of the triboelectric series, as a natural and compatible substance [12,13]. SF consists of two parts of crystalline (generally β-sheet) and amorphous (generally sericin) sections [14]. ...
High demand for green and eco-friendly triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have multiplied the importance of their degradability for biomedical applications. However, the charge generation of the current eco-friendly TENGs is generally limited. In this research, a flexible TENG based on Silk fibroin (SF) fibrous layer and polycaprolactone (PCL)/graphene oxide (GO) fibrous layer was developed. Moreover, PCL/GO layer was surface modified using various concentrations of GO (0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 9 wt%). We demonstrated that surface modification using GO nanosheets significantly improved the output of TENG. Noticeably, the optimized GO modified layer resulted in the voltage of 100 V, current of 3.15 mA/, and power density of 72 mW/. Moreover, a thin PCL layer applied as the encapsulation layer does not significantly modulate the performance of the TENG. Furthermore, during 28 days of soaking in a buffer phosphate solution, the proposed TENG could successfully generate electricity. The TENG was also proposed for electrical stimulation of PC12 cells. Results confirmed that this self-powered electrical stimulator could promote the attachment and proliferation of PC12 cells. Therefore, an eco-friendly and cost-effective TENG based on GO modified PCl/GO and silk fibrous layers shows potential to be used as a power source for biomedical applications.
