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A comparison of CO 2 emission changes between developed and developing countries for 1997-2015. Data source: IEA, 2017a. et al. (2018) for Austria, De Freitas and Kaneko (2011a, b) and Lenzen et al. (2013) for Brazil, Song et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2018b), and Zhang et al. (2013) for China, Hatzigeorgiou et al. (2008) and Roinioti and Koroneos (2017) for Greece, Mousavi et al. (2017) for the Islamic Republic of Iran, O'Mahony et al. (2012) and O'Mahony (2013) for Ireland, Huang et al. (2019), Matsumoto et al. (2019), Shigetomi et al. (2018), and Shiraki et al. (2020) for Japan, Kim (2019) and Oh et al. (2010) for the Republic of Korea, Chong et al. (2019) for Malaysia, Cansino et al. (2015) and O'Mahony and Dufour (2015) for Spain, Löfgren and Muller (2010) for Sweden, Akbostancı et al. (2018) and Tunç et al. (2009) for Turkey, and Feng et al. (2015), Jiang and Li (2017), and Jiang et al. (2019) for the United States (US). At the regional level, studies that decomposed CO 2 include Ang and Goh (2016) for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Branger and Quirion (2015) for 27 European countries, Chen et al. (2018) for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), De Oliveira-De Jesus (2019) for the Latin American and Caribbean countries, González et al. (2014) and Karstensen et al. (2018) for the European Union (EU), and Moutinho et al. (2015) for Eastern, Western, Northern, and Southern Europe. In addition to country and regional levels, some scholars have decomposed CO 2 at the global level, including Bacon et al. (2007), Le Quéré et al. (2019), Peters et al. (2017), Wagner (2008), Wang et al. (2018a), and Wang and Ang (2018). Notably, significant differences exist in CO 2 emission and its determinants among countries with different income levels (Dong et al., 2019a). Although the changes in CO 2 emissions have been extensively decomposed into various driving forces at the country, regional, and global levels, to the best of our knowledge, the vast majority of studies on global CO 2 emissions decomposition has ignored differences across countries with different income-based groups. This study aims to investigate the factors behind the global growth in CO 2 emissions for the 1997-2015 period with consideration of the differences across countries with different income-based groups. Two main features distinguish this study from the existing literature. First, unlike many existing studies that determine the drivers of CO 2 growth at the national or regional level, this paper uses global data

A comparison of CO 2 emission changes between developed and developing countries for 1997-2015. Data source: IEA, 2017a. et al. (2018) for Austria, De Freitas and Kaneko (2011a, b) and Lenzen et al. (2013) for Brazil, Song et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2018b), and Zhang et al. (2013) for China, Hatzigeorgiou et al. (2008) and Roinioti and Koroneos (2017) for Greece, Mousavi et al. (2017) for the Islamic Republic of Iran, O'Mahony et al. (2012) and O'Mahony (2013) for Ireland, Huang et al. (2019), Matsumoto et al. (2019), Shigetomi et al. (2018), and Shiraki et al. (2020) for Japan, Kim (2019) and Oh et al. (2010) for the Republic of Korea, Chong et al. (2019) for Malaysia, Cansino et al. (2015) and O'Mahony and Dufour (2015) for Spain, Löfgren and Muller (2010) for Sweden, Akbostancı et al. (2018) and Tunç et al. (2009) for Turkey, and Feng et al. (2015), Jiang and Li (2017), and Jiang et al. (2019) for the United States (US). At the regional level, studies that decomposed CO 2 include Ang and Goh (2016) for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Branger and Quirion (2015) for 27 European countries, Chen et al. (2018) for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), De Oliveira-De Jesus (2019) for the Latin American and Caribbean countries, González et al. (2014) and Karstensen et al. (2018) for the European Union (EU), and Moutinho et al. (2015) for Eastern, Western, Northern, and Southern Europe. In addition to country and regional levels, some scholars have decomposed CO 2 at the global level, including Bacon et al. (2007), Le Quéré et al. (2019), Peters et al. (2017), Wagner (2008), Wang et al. (2018a), and Wang and Ang (2018). Notably, significant differences exist in CO 2 emission and its determinants among countries with different income levels (Dong et al., 2019a). Although the changes in CO 2 emissions have been extensively decomposed into various driving forces at the country, regional, and global levels, to the best of our knowledge, the vast majority of studies on global CO 2 emissions decomposition has ignored differences across countries with different income-based groups. This study aims to investigate the factors behind the global growth in CO 2 emissions for the 1997-2015 period with consideration of the differences across countries with different income-based groups. Two main features distinguish this study from the existing literature. First, unlike many existing studies that determine the drivers of CO 2 growth at the national or regional level, this paper uses global data

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The rapid increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in recent decades is a major concern because CO 2 emissions are the main precursor of global warming. Thus, a clear understanding of the factors behind this increase is crucial for the design of policies that limit or at least stabilize global concentrations of CO 2. In this study,...

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... 2 ) have increased steadily in most countries. In fact, according to statistics from the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2017a, b), global energy consumption and CO 2 emissions increased 2.0% annually from 1997 to 2015. While the growth in CO 2 emissions in recent decades has been much faster in developing countries than in developed ones (see Fig. 1; also see IEA, 2017a), the historical flow of emissions from developed countries is mainly responsible for the stock of global concentration of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. However, limiting the growth of CO 2 emissions, especially in those developing countries where the current volume and speed of ...
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... we separately analyze the effect of the US and China on the LMDI results; the results are reported in Fig. 10. Fig. 10a shows the decomposition results of the global CO 2 emission changes between 1997 and 2015 before and after dropping China, indicating that after dropping China, the increase in global CO 2 emissions will be significantly reduced as the effect of economic growth on promoting global CO 2 emissions is weakened. Fig. 10b suggests that, ...
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... are reported in Fig. 10. Fig. 10a shows the decomposition results of the global CO 2 emission changes between 1997 and 2015 before and after dropping China, indicating that after dropping China, the increase in global CO 2 emissions will be significantly reduced as the effect of economic growth on promoting global CO 2 emissions is weakened. Fig. 10b suggests that, different from China, the increase in global CO 2 emissions after dropping the US will be significantly reduced as the effect of energy intensity reduction on inhibiting global CO 2 emissions is weakened. In addition, the comparison between the US and China also implies that China's effect on the LMDI decomposition ...

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