Fig 4 - uploaded by Mahesh Adhikari
Content may be subject to copyright.
A colony of Mortierella indohii KNU14-17 grown for 5 days on potato dextrose agar at 28 o C (A) and on malt extract agar at 28 o C (B). Stalks bearing stylospores under a compound microscope and scanning electron microscope (C, D), a stalk with a stylospore (E, arrow indicates swollen tip of the stalk), stylospore (F) (scale bars: C, D = 10 µm, E = 2 µm, F = 20 µm).
Source publication
Three new fungal species of the genus Mortierella, Mortierella zychae, Mortierella ambigua, and Mortierella indohii, have been reported in Korea. The fungi were encountered during a study on the fungal community of soil samples collected from different locations in Korea. The species were identified based on molecular and morphological analyses. Th...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... characterization of the isolate KNU14- 17. Photomicrographs of morphological structures of the isolate KNU14-7 are shown in Fig. 4. Colonies grew fast on PDA, reaching a diameter of 70~73 mm in 5 days at 28 o C. The colonies were snow-white in color and broadly zonate with scanty aerial mycelium. The colonies also grew rapidly on MEA, reaching a diameter of 75~79 mm in 5 days at 28 o C. The reverse side of the colony was yellowish white. The front side of the colony was snow-white in color and narrowly zonate. The surface of the colony appeared mealy because of the large number of stylospores. Sporulation was abundant. Sporangiophores were absent. Stylospore- bearing stalks were erect, delicate, unbranched, and sometimes swelled at the tip. The stalks were 50~160 μm long and 1.5~2.5 μm wide. The stylospores were almost spherical, 12~18 μm in diameter, thick-walled, and covered with delicate ...
Citations
... At the generic level, all five sample plots contained many unidentified fungal genera, with Mortierella being the most abundant of the identified fungal genera and decreasing in abundance in the reclaimed plots from 2017 to 2007. Mortierella strains are the most abundant filamentous fungi in the soils around the world (Domsch et al., 1982;Smit et al., 1999;Stefania et al., 2012;Wu et al., 2013;Raj et al., 2015;Qiao et al., 2018;Grządziel and Gałązka, 2019), and they are the most common soil-adapted fungi that can survive and reproduce at low temperatures or in nutrient-poor environments. Filamentous mycelium stabilizes the soil structure, penetrating soil pores, and solid substrates such as rocks and minerals into cavities, crevices, and fissures, which undergo physical changes related to structure and size. ...
Mining activity has caused serious environmental damage, particularly for soil ecosystems. How the soil fungal community evolves in mine reclamation and what are the succession patterns of molecular ecological networks still needs to be studied in depth. We used high-throughput sequencing to explore the changes in soil fungal communities, molecular ecological networks, and interactions with soil environmental factors in five different ages (the including control group) during 14 years of reclamation in eco-fragile mines. The results showed that the abundance and diversity of soil fungi after 14 years of reclamation were close to, but still lower than, those in the undisturbed control area, but the dominant phylum was Ascomycota. Soil nitrate-N, C/N ratio, pH, and water content significantly affected the fungal community with increasing reclamation ages. Moreover, we found that Mortierellomycota, despite its high relative abundance, had little significant connectivity with other species in the molecular ecological network. Fungal molecular ecological networks evolve with increasing ages of reclamation, with larger modules, more positive connections, and tighter networks, forming large modules of more than 60 nodes by age 9. The large modules were composed mainly of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, which can form mycorrhiza with plant roots, and are not only capable of degrading pollution but are also “encouraged” by most (more than 64%) physicochemical factors in the soil environment. The results can provide a basis for scientific mine ecological restoration, especially for eco-fragile regions.
... The majority of the fungal group (OTUs = 36) in the gut of P. manillensis belonged to some genera from soil or plant root environments, such as Mortierella (phylum: Zygomycota) and Geminibasidium (phylum: Basidiomycota) (Purahong et al., 2016;Tedersoo et al., 2014) (Figure 2B, Table S7). The species of Mortierella are commonly distributed in soil, decaying plants, freshwater or animal faeces (Khalabuda, 1965;Yadav et al., 2015). Gut-derived Mortierella is rare. ...
Aims:
Medicinal leeches (Annelida: Hirudinea) are fresh water ectoparasitic species which have been applied as traditional therapy. However, gut microbiota could bring high risks of opportunistic infections after leeching, and arouses great interests. Here gut bacterial and fungal communities of an Asian prevalent leech Poecilobdella manillensis, were characterized and analyzed through culture-independent sequencing.
Methods and results:
With high coverage in 18 samples (>0.999), a more complicated community was apparent after comparing with previous leech studies. A total of 779/939 OTUs of bacteria and fungi were detected from leech guts. The bacterial community was dominated by phylum Bacteroidetes and Synergistetes. Genera Mucinivorans and Fretibacterium accounted mostly at the genus level. And genus Aeromonas showed an extremely low abundance (2.02%) on average. The fungal community was dominated by phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. At the genus level, the dominant OTUs included Mortierella, Geminibasidium and Fusarium. The analysis of core taxa included those above dominant genera and some low-abundance genera (>1%). The functional annotation of bacterial community showed a close correlation with metabolism (34.8 ± 0.6%). Some fungal species were predicted as opportunistic human pathogens including Fusarium and Chaetomiaceae.
Conclusions:
The present study provides fundamental rationales for further studies of such issues as bacteria-fungi-host interactions, host fitness, potential pathogens and infecting risks after leeching. It shall facilitate in-depth explorations on a safe utilization of leech therapy.
Significance and impact of study:
Present paper is the first-ever exploration on microbiota of a prevalent Asian medicinal leech based on culture-independent technical. And it is also the first report of gut fungi community of medicinal leech. The diversity and composition of bacteria in P. manillensis was far different from that of the European leech. The main components and core OTUs indicate a particular gut environment of medicinal leech. Unknown bacterial and fungal species were also recovered from leech gut.
... Instead, sequencing identified the genus Spiromastix, which consists of several fungal species that have been isolated from soil and animal dung worldwide (Rizzo et al., 2014). Moreover, genera representing Byssochlamys, Fusarium, Mortierella, Gymnoascus and Gymnoascoideus, which are also commonly found in soil, were also detected (Houbraken et al., 2006;Sutton et al., 2011;Sharma and Singh, 2013;Yadav et al., 2015). It has been reported that moulds from the two latter genera caused strong degradation of keratin when grown on the hair from a human scalp, using it as a sole source of nutrients (Rajak et al., 1991;Sharma and Singh, 2013). ...
The aim of this study was to characterise the microbial and metabolite diversity in samples of biodeteriorated 18th century silk from the burial crypts of the Church of St Francis of Assisi in Kraków (Poland). Highthroughput Illumina sequencing, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry on a silver nanoparticle enhanced target (¹⁰⁹Ag SALDI), and laser ablation-remote-electrospray ionisation-selected reaction monitoring-ambient mass spectrometry imaging (LARESI MSI) were employed. The use of high throughput Illumina sequencing helped obtain a broader picture of microbiocenosis compared to earlier studies. The ¹⁰⁹Ag SALDI method enabled the qualitative analysis of the entire chemical compound profile of silk. A few hundred metabolites, including peptides, amino acids, urea and organic acids dominated by N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine, decanoylcholine, formiminoalanine and hexacosatrienoic acid were detected in archaeological silk, whereas about 100 metabolites, mainly represented by polymers, were detected in contemporary and restored silk. The novel ambient MS imaging method LARESI MSI, used for the first time for the archaeological silk biodeterioration analysis, allowed the direct detection and mapping of selected amino acids, historical dyes and dihydroxybenzoic acid (decomposition product of tannins) on the silk samples. Based on our results, the suitability of the tested methods should also be considered for other historical objects.
... There are 247 records of Mortierella species in the Species Fungorum, but according to Yadav et al. (2015) nearly 100 of validated species have been described (A. L. C. M. de A. Santiago). ...
... There are 247 records of Mortierella species in the Species Fungorum, but according to Yadav et al. (2015) nearly 100 of validated species have been described (A. L. C. M. de A. Santiago). ...
This article provides an outline of the classification of the kingdom Fungi (including fossil fungi. i.e. dispersed spores, mycelia, sporophores, mycorrhizas). We treat 19 phyla of fungi. These are Aphelidiomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Entorrhizomycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. The placement of all fungal genera is provided at the class-, order- and family-level. The described number of species per genus is also given. Notes are provided of taxa for which recent changes or disagreements have been presented. Fungus-like taxa that were traditionally treated as fungi are also incorporated in this outline (i.e. Eumycetozoa, Dictyosteliomycetes, Ceratiomyxomycetes and Myxomycetes). Four new taxa are introduced: Amblyosporida ord. nov. Neopereziida ord. nov. and Ovavesiculida ord. nov. in Rozellomycota, and Protosporangiaceae fam. nov. in Dictyosteliomycetes. Two different classifications (in outline section and in discussion) are provided for Glomeromycota and Leotiomycetes based on recent studies. The phylogenetic reconstruction of a four-gene dataset (18S and 28S rRNA, RPB1, RPB2) of 433 taxa is presented, including all currently described orders of fungi.
... Fewer details of metabolism and ecology are available for non-pathogenic fungal indicators. Mortierella, the most common genus among fungal indicators in this study, are known to be a large genus of saprotrophs [55]. Exophiala equina and Didymella sp. have been reported elsewhere to be associated with plant roots [56,57]. ...
Background:
Rhizosphere microbial communities are key regulators of plant performance, yet few studies have assessed the impact of different management approaches on the rhizosphere microbiomes of major crops. Rhizosphere microbial communities are shaped by interactions between agricultural management and host selection processes, but studies often consider these factors individually rather than in combination. We tested the impacts of management (M) and rhizosphere effects (R) on microbial community structure and co-occurrence networks of maize roots collected from long-term conventionally and organically managed maize-tomato agroecosystems. We also explored the interaction between these factors (M × R) and how it impacts rhizosphere microbial diversity and composition, differential abundance, indicator taxa, co-occurrence network structure, and microbial nitrogen-cycling processes.
Results:
Host selection processes moderate the influence of agricultural management on rhizosphere microbial communities, although bacteria and fungi respond differently to plant selection and agricultural management. We found that plants recruit management-system-specific taxa and shift N-cycling pathways in the rhizosphere, distinguishing this soil compartment from bulk soil. Rhizosphere microbiomes from conventional and organic systems were more similar in diversity and network structure than communities from their respective bulk soils, and community composition was affected by both M and R effects. In contrast, fungal community composition was affected only by management, and network structure only by plant selection. Quantification of six nitrogen-cycling genes (nifH, amoA [bacterial and archaeal], nirK, nrfA, and nosZ) revealed that only nosZ abundance was affected by management and was higher in the organic system.
Conclusions:
Plant selection interacts with conventional and organic management practices to shape rhizosphere microbial community composition, co-occurrence patterns, and at least one nitrogen-cycling process. Reframing research priorities to better understand adaptive plant-microbe feedbacks and include roots as a significant moderating influence of management outcomes could help guide plant-oriented strategies to improve productivity and agroecosystem sustainability.
... Nearly 100 taxonomically accepted species belong to the genus Mortierella which are filamentous fungi commonly found in soil as saprotrophs. This genus has been suggested to be treated in its own subphylum Mortierellomycotina and is related to Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina (Yadav et al., 2015;Spatafora et al., 2016). Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed considerable diversity within the Mortierellomycotina (Spatafora et al., 2016). ...
Fungi are one of the most biogeochemically active components of the soil microbiome, becoming particularly important in metal polluted terrestrial environments. There is scant information on the mycobiota of uranium (U) polluted sites and the effect of metallic depleted uranium (DU) stress on fungal communities in soil has not been reported. The present study aimed to establish the effect of DU contamination on a fungal community in soil using a culture-independent approach, fungal ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (F-RISA). Experimental soil microcosms also included variants with plants (Pinus silvestris) and P. silvestris/Rhizopogon rubescens ectomycorrhizal associations. Soil contamination with DU resulted in the appearance of RISA bands of the ITS fragments of fungal metagenomic DNA that were characteristic of the genus Mortierella (Mortierellomycotina: Mucoromycota) in pine-free microcosms and for ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genus Scleroderma (Basidiomycota) in microcosms with mycorrhizal pines. The precise taxonomic affinity of the ITS fragments from the band appearing for non-mycorrhizal pines combined with DU remained uncertain, the most likely being related to the subphylum Zoopagomycotina. Thus, soil contamination by thermodynamically unstable metallic depleted uranium can cause a significant change in a soil fungal community under experimental conditions. These changes were also strongly affected by the presence of pine seedlings and their mycorrhizal status which impacted on DU biocorrosion and the release of bioavailable uranium species.
... In addition to Penicillium and Aspergillus genera, Mortierella are very common filamentous fungi isolated from the environment [1,2]. The studies on soil ecology describing fungal diversity reported an occurrence of Mortierella strains in soil, rhizosphere, rivers, and lakes on different continents [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. ...
The endogenous pool of phytoregulators in plant tissues supplied with microbial secondary metabolites may be crucial for the development of winter wheat seedlings during cool springs. The phytohormones may be synthesized by psychrotrophic microorganisms in lower temperatures occurring in a temperate climate. Two fungal isolates from the Spitzbergen soils after the microscopic observations and “the internal transcribed spacer” (ITS) region molecular characterization were identified as Mortierella antarctica (MA DEM7) and Mortierella verticillata (MV DEM32). In order to study the synthesis of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), Mortierella strains were grown on media supplemented with precursor of phytohormones tryptophan at 9, 15 °C, and 20 °C for nine days. The highest amount of IAA synthesis was identified in MV DEM32 nine-day-culture at 15 °C with 1.5 mM of tryptophan. At the same temperature (15 °C), the significant promoting effect (about 40% root and shoot fresh weight) of this strain on seedlings was observed. However, only MA DEM-7 had the ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase activity with the highest efficiency at 9 °C and synthesized IAA without tryptophan. Moreover, at the same conditions, the strain was confirmed to possess the strong promoting effect (about 40% root and 24% shoot fresh weight) on seedlings. Both strains synthesized GA in all tested terms and temperatures. The studied Mortierella strains had some important traits that led them to be considered as microbial biofertilizers components, improving plant growth in difficult temperate climates.
... Like Fusarium and Chaeotomium, Mortierella spp. are saprotrophic fungi (Cannon & Kirk 2007) that show moderate to fast growth abilities (Yadav et al. 2015). Therefore, columns appear to clearly favor fungi with a fast-growing life style (Allison et al. 2009;Brabcová et al. 2016). ...
Soils are complex ecosystems in which fungi and bacteria co-exist and interact. Fungal highways are a kind of interaction by which bacteria use fungal hyphae to disperse in soils. Despite the fact that fungal highways have been studied in laboratory models, the diversity of fungi and bacteria interacting in this way in soils is still unknown. Fungal highway columns containing two different culture media were used as a selective method to study the identity of fungi and bacteria able to migrate along their hyphae in three forest soils. Regardless of the soil type, fungi of the genus Mortierella (phylum Zygomycota) were selected inside the columns. In contrast, a diverse community of bacteria dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria was observed. The results confirm the importance of bacteria affiliated to Burkholderia as potentially associated migrating bacteria in soils and indicate that other groups such as Bacillus or Clostridium are also highly enriched in the co-colonization of a new habitat (columns) associated to Mortierella. The diversity of potentially associated migrating bacteria brings a novel perspective on the indirect metabolic capabilities that could be favored by r-strategists fungi and supports the fact that these fungi should be considered as crucial actors in soil functioning.
The use of green manure and biofumigant crops within cropping rotations is a common practice for increasing soil fertility, organic carbon levels, improving soil aggregation and preventing erosion. These practices aim to increase the resilience of agricultural soils to degradation and protect important ecosystem services. However, knowledge of how soil microbial communities respond to biofumigation and green manuring at fine time scales is lacking, and this information is required to determine when organic amendments produce their maximum effect and how long their effects last.
This study compared how a winter-grown ryegrass green manure (Lolium multiflorum, var. Tetila) and brassica biofumigant (Brassica juncea, var. Caliente 199) affected the bacterial, fungal and non-fungal eukaryote communities of an intensively cropped temperate vegetable production soil. The aim was to determine the timing, magnitude and duration of ryegrass green manuring and brassica biofumigation's effects on the microbial community dynamics of the bulk soil. We analysed the soil microbial communities with high throughput amplicon sequencing of soil DNA extracts at key times within one growing season, focussing on the period around incorporation, to determine how the communities changed in response to the treatments.
Ryegrass and biofumigant green manure crops both had significant effects on the soil microbial ecosystem, and the fungal and non-fungal eukaryote communities were more responsive than the bacteria. Community change in the biofumigant and ryegrass treated plots was greatest in the weeks immediately after incorporation and slowly receded with time. However, the fungal and non-fungal eukaryote communities of all treatments remained significantly different to each other at the end of the experiment 35 weeks post-incorporation. We also found that soil pH was variable across the site and strongly related to differences in bacterial, fungal and eukaryote community structure.
