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A. R. Wallace handwritten notes covering bird specimens collected on Semau. Writing on covers reads “Register Birds. 1858” and “Register Insects. 1858” pages are dated from 1858 to 1866. ©A. R. Wallace Literary Estate (Source: .)
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The avifauna of Semau, a small island (261 km 2) near southwest Timor in the Nusa Tengarra region of Indonesia, is reviewed, based on a series of visits comprising some 18 days between October 1989 and May 1991 and a further two days in August 2012. The birdlife present is a species poor subset of that on Timor (30720 km 2), with all resident breed...
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Context 1
... of the early European visitors indicate that it has long been used as a source of firewood for Kupang. As such, de- forestation has been underway for many years. Historical Reviews There have been few attempts to document the avifauna of Semau, and knowledge has accumulated slowly (Figure 7). The monograph by Hellmayr (1914) briefly notes collections of past workers on the island. Early collectors included S. Müller and H. C. Macklot in 1828–1829 (at least 4 birds collected): A.R. Wallace recorded at least 24 bird species in May 1859 (Wallace 1861ab, Figure 8): L. Loria collected 25 specimens (18 bird species) during 20–22 April 1889 (Salvadori 1890): H. ten Kate collected 10 bird species in July 1891 (Büettikofer 1892): and C.B. Haniel collected specimens of 19 bird species in 1911 (Hellmayr 1914). Although some of these early Semau records were overlooked by White and Bruce (1986), most were noted or acknowledged in a subsequent update (Bruce 1987). Since this date there have been no further published accounts of the avifauna of Semau. The late Derek Holmes, did however, prepare a manuscript (dated November 1993) following his short visit there on the morning of 25 July 1993 and although this was intended for Kukila – Journal of Indonesian Ornithology , it was not published. The results are however included here. RESULTS Over the 18 day period of the joint WAM/MZ survey of Semau, more than 4,000 observations ...
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Citations
... We find that the three currently recognized species, identified based on phenotype and geography, tightly correspond to the three major phylogenetic groups in our reconstruction. Despite this overall congruence, we uncover discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA ancestry on Timor where C. indica and C. longirostris come into contact, which is concordant with evidence of phenotypic intermediacy on this island (Johnstone et al., 2014). Additionally, we find evidence for hierarchical population structure within C. stephani and C. longirostris, indicating the early stages of ongoing diversification ...
... indica) occurrs in the western Lesser Sundas east to Sumba and Alor (Coates and Bishop, 1997;Mayr, 1944). However, Johnstone et al. (2014) added considerable detail to this area of contact, suggesting that there is not a clean break between these taxa but a broader zone of phenotypic intergradation. From their work on Timor, Roti, Semau, and Sabu, Johnstone et al. (2014) concluded that C. longirostris and C. indica form a broad intergradation zone with intermediate phenotypes occurring on Sabu, Sumau, and Timor islands, and introgression extending as far as Lembata Island. ...
... However, Johnstone et al. (2014) added considerable detail to this area of contact, suggesting that there is not a clean break between these taxa but a broader zone of phenotypic intergradation. From their work on Timor, Roti, Semau, and Sabu, Johnstone et al. (2014) concluded that C. longirostris and C. indica form a broad intergradation zone with intermediate phenotypes occurring on Sabu, Sumau, and Timor islands, and introgression extending as far as Lembata Island. Our single genetic sample from Timor shares nuclear haplotypes with C. longirostris samples from Australia and PNG and a mitochondrial haplotype with C. indica samples from Malaysia, China, and the Philippines (Fig. 3), supporting the findings of Johnstone et al. (2014) that the Timor population possesses a mixture of genetic ancestry from C. longirostris and C. indica. ...
Chalcophaps is a morphologically conserved genus of ground-walking doves distributed from India to mainland China, south to Australia, and across the western Pacific to Vanuatu. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of this genus using DNA sequence data from two nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene, sampled from throughout the geographic range of Chalcophaps. We find support for three major evolutionary lineages in our phylogenetic reconstruction, each corresponding to the three currently recognized Chalcophaps species. Despite this general concordance, we identify discordant mitochondrial and nuclear ancestries in the subspecies C. longirostris timorensis, raising further questions about the evolutionary history of this Timor endemic population. Within each of the three species, we find evidence for isolation by distance or hierarchical population structure, indicating an important role for geography in the diversification of this genus. Despite being distributed broadly across a highly fragmented geographic region known as a hotspot for avian diversification, the Chalcophaps doves show modest levels of phenotypic and genetic diversity, a pattern potentially explained by strong population connectivity owing to high overwater dispersal capability.
... Dapat dijumpai mulai dataran rendah sampai ketinggian 1.200 m dpl. Secara umum di Nusa Tenggara lebih banyak terdapat di dataran rendah, terutama yang tidak terlalu jauh dari pesisir, lebih jarang ditemukan pada daerah pegunungan (Coates dan Bishop, 1998;Johnstone et al., 2014). Di Timor dan Pulau Semau biasa dijumpai di pekarangan dan permukiman masyarakat namun di wilayah perkotaan yang ramai burung ini sangat jarang ditemui (Hidayat, unpublished). ...
Streak-breated honeyeater (Microptilotis reticulatus) is one of the endemic honeyeater birds from Meliphagidae family. Biological information on this species is very limited and poorly known. Field observation was carried out on the active nest found in 2 October 2013. In addition, investigation on social media (facebook) was carried out to examine the exploitation on this species. The results shows that the cup-shaped nest is 5.6 cm in diameter and 4.9 cm in depth, made by wood fibre, dry grass, glued by cotton fibre from plants and spider web on small branch. Nowadays M. reticulatus is trapped and traded without any regulation from management authority. As many as 651 individuals has been trapped and sold between 2016 and 2019.
... However, all whistlers subsequently seen on Rote have been Fawn-breasted Whistler P. orpheus (Eaton et al. 2016), which is common in tropical forest and woodland. Evidently, the taxonomic status of whistlers on Rote (and Semau) requires clarification (Johnstone et al. 2014). ...
... The Great-billed Parrot, one of the rarest parrots in Nusa Tenggara, is known from two records (Johnstone & Jepson 1996) and the Marigold Lorikeet Trichoglossus capistratus is also rare, with only three observations of pairs since 2004. Some of these exceptional (evergreen) forest bird records on Rote contrast with those of mostly deforested Semau, where Great-billed Parrot was last recorded more than 100 years ago and Marigold Lorikeet in 1859 (Johnstone et al. 2014). ...
In the past, Rote island was not on birdwatchers' itineraries but this is now changing due to new information on the endemic birds found there. This paper introduces the avifauna of Rote and its satellite islands.
... The closest population of Eurasian Tree Sparrows to Troughton Island is 400 km north in Indonesia (West Timor or Sumba) (Coates & Bishop 1997;Trainor et al. 2008;Johnstone et al. 2014). In Timor, the species was first noted as present in 1974, and has continued to spread throughout East Timor since 2002, and it has colonised Wetar, Lembata and Semau Islands in Indonesia relatively recently (Johnstone et al. 2014). ...
... The closest population of Eurasian Tree Sparrows to Troughton Island is 400 km north in Indonesia (West Timor or Sumba) (Coates & Bishop 1997;Trainor et al. 2008;Johnstone et al. 2014). In Timor, the species was first noted as present in 1974, and has continued to spread throughout East Timor since 2002, and it has colonised Wetar, Lembata and Semau Islands in Indonesia relatively recently (Johnstone et al. 2014). ...
Four Eurasian Tree Sparrows Passer montanus were recorded on Troughton Island, north-western Western
Australia, on 6–8 August 2016. Reports indicate that these were the remaining birds (or progeny) from a group of 17 birds that arrived after a storm in c. 2011; the population then dwindled despite apparently breeding over the next 5 years. This represents the first documented colonisation by this species of a near-shore location in Australia with little or no likelihood of ship assistance.
... Overall, the status on shorebirds on most islands is poorly known, with studies of migratory shorebirds in the EAAF focussing on the Yellow Sea or wintering grounds in Australia or New Zealand (Choi et al. 2016, Szabo et al. 2016. Recent surveys at more than 100 wetland sites on Timor Island -150 km to the southeast of Flores -have improved knowledge of the status of shorebirds on the island (Trainor 2005a, Trainor & Hidayat 2014. A wide variety of migrant and resident shorebird species were recorded, all in relatively small counts of less than about 400 individual birds, except for the Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum (to c.3,000 birds). ...
... (Myers 2009) and 'plenty' were present in Aug 2012 (Eaton 2012) and four also observed in Oct 2014 (Hoddinott 2014). The distribution of Javan Plover has only recently been clarified, with Lesser Sunda records including Lombok, Sumbawa, Semau and Timor-Leste (Trainor 2011, Iqbal et al. 2013, Johnstone et al. 2014). The first Lesser Sundas record was from Sape, Sumbawa Island (where given as Kentish Plover C. alexandrinus), about 94 km to the west of Labuan Bajo (Coates & Bishop 1997). ...
... Probably underrecorded to some extent because preferred short grass habitat is rarely surveyed on Flores by ornithologists. The highest count in the region is the 160+ recorded on Kai Island on 1 Oct 2008 (Johnstone & van Balen 2013) with only low numbers (<30) known from the Lesser Sundas (Trainor 2005a, Trainor & Hidayat 2014. In Apr-May 2015, three of the four Little Curlews satellite tracked from the Roebuck Bay area, Western Australia, flew over, or near Flores during return migration (Veltheim & Minton 2015). ...
The shorebirds of most Wallacean islands, including Flores (13,540 km2), are poorly-known. We
document new information on the status of shorebirds on Flores from more than 611 visits to 37 sites
during 2000-2013, and review records from a total of 55 sites. Forty-two shorebird species have been
recorded on Flores: five resident breeding species (e.g. Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea
and Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus), one probable breeding-visitor (Greater Painted-snipe
Rostratula benghalensis), 33 Palearctic non-breeding visitor, one Nearctic vagrant, and two Austral
non-breeding visitors (Australian Pratincole Stiltia isabella and Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles).
The Greater Painted-snipe is the only species that has not been recorded during the past 40 years.
Coastal wetland sites are relatively small (<1,000 ha) and lack extensive intertidal mudflats.
Maximum total counts of migratory shorebirds were low (<500-1,000 birds) with only four migrant
shorebirds counts of >100 individuals. Most Palearctic migrants were rare, with 19 of 33 species
recorded on fewer than 10 occasions / days. The Labuan Bajo area (22 migratory shorebirds) and
Maumere Bay (28 migratory shorebirds) are at least nationally significant sites for shorebirds. Other
interesting results were the: (1) presence of Javan Plover at Labuan Bajo which may regularly hold
more than 1% of the global population; (2) the rarity of Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis, Curlew
Sandpiper C. ferruginea, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper C. acuminata and Australian Pratincole, which
occur frequently, and in substantially larger numbers, on nearby Timor Island; and (3) the absence of
several migrant shorebirds which apparently overfly Flores (e.g. Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa and Red Knot Calidris canutus). We also make suggestions for further field surveys.
... Material collected in the 1990s and held in the Western Australian Museum from the eastern Lesser Sundas clearly indicating a broad intergrade zone between C. i. indica and C. i. longirostris was not consulted, and from this there is no doubt that the two forms are conspecific. While his treatment is correct, he could well have borrowed these specimens and checked these for himself or possibly included recent publications, such as Johnstone et al. (2014). ...
... The Timor Green Pigeon Treron psittaceus is endemic to the island of Timor and its satellites, Roti and Semau ( Fig. 1) (BirdLife International 2014; Johnstone et al. 2014). Based on information from local villagers, it may also occur on Atauro Island (Trainor & Soares 2004). ...
Ringkasan. Punai Timor Treron psittaceus adalah spesies burung terancam punah dengan status Genting dari Timor, Roti dan Semau di Nusa Tenggara. Pada tahun 2009 dan 2014 kami menghabiskan total 25 hari di pulau Roti dan melakukan dua pengamatan di kawasan hutan tropis kering di bagian utara pulau tersebut. Keberadaan Punai Timor dibagian utara pulau nampaknya dalam kepadatan sangat rendah. Survei dibutuhkan untuk menilai status spesies ini di pulau Roti. Langkah-langkah untuk mengontrol perburuan dan penangkapan burung di pulau tersebut juga diperlukan untuk menjamin keberlanjutan hidup jangka panjang spesies ini.
