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(A) Over the past decade, more North Americans are choosing to exclude wheat from their diet, citing health benefits in the absence of a celiac disease diagnosis. North America has seen a growing increase in the number of individuals adopting a gluten-free diet in the absence of a celiac disease diagnosis. Data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data presented as percentage of respondents (Choung et al., 2017). (B) Summary of maximum residue limits allowed for glyphosate on the five most consumed food crops in North America (Health Canada, 2015).
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The prevalence of digestive disorders has increased globally, as countries have adopted a more “Westernized” diet pattern. A Western diet, characterized as high in fat and refined carbohydrates, can also be defined as a product of increased technology and industrialization. Modern farmers rely on agrochemicals to meet the needs of a growing populat...
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Recent studies highlighted that exposure to glyphosate can affect specific members of the core gut microbiota of honey bee workers. However, in this study, bees were exposed to relatively high glyphosate concentrations. Here, we chronically exposed newly emerged honey bees to imidacloprid, glyphosate and difenoconazole, individually and in a ternar...
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... ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.27.609990 doi: bioRxiv preprint glyphosate may promote pathobiont expansion within the colon as some bacteria have conferred resistance to glyphosate. 9 Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enol-pyruval-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). All bacteria possess glyphosate-sensitive (EPSPS Class I) enzymes. ...
... However, some bacteria have developed glyphosate-resistant (EPSPS Class II) enzymes, and these resistant enzymes are more prevalent in pathogenic bacterial species. 9,10 . CC-BY-ND 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. ...
Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide in North America, has become prevalent in the food supply due to preharvest applications, raising concerns about potential health impacts. This study investigated the effects of prenatal glyphosate exposure on the gut bacteriome, colitis, metabolic health, and behavior across generations in mice. In healthy mice, glyphosate decreased goblet cell numbers and mucin-2 expression in the colon and dysregulated cytokines in F1 and F2 progeny at levels below the EPA acceptable daily limit. Glyphosate also disrupted metabolism, including impaired glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance and reduced serum GLP-1 levels. Moreover, prenatal glyphosate exposure induced behavioral deficits, including reduced locomotor activity and impaired working memory, which are associated with alterations in the gut microbiome composition and key gut-brain axis mediators. These data underscore the potential risks associated with glyphosate exposure, highlighting the need for further research and regulatory consideration.
... Furthermore, high concentrations of GLY in wheat may lead to exposure to harmful microbes, resulting in celiac disease. 36 Given the possible negative effects of GLY and GBHs on human health and the environment, it is essential to take caution when using them and to give priority to the creation and use of sustainable and secure substitutes. ...
Glyphosate (GLY), a versatile herbicide with several applications, has become quite popular for controlling weed growth in residential, commercial, and agricultural settings. Its widespread acceptance has been facilitated by its effectiveness and low cost. However, overuse and improper application of GLY have become an urgent concern, raising questions about potential harm to human health and environmental sustainability. Studies have revealed that GLY exhibits toxic properties that can lead to detrimental consequences for human well-being. These include the potential to induce cancer, contribute to birth defects, and disrupt reproductive functions. Moreover, when exposed to non-target organisms, GLY has been found to inflict adverse impacts on various forms of aquatic life, insects, and essential soil microorganisms. Because of its great solubility and low quantities in soil and water, GLY detection is a difficult process. In response to the concerns surrounding GLY, several detection techniques have been devised, encompassing chromatography, immunoassays, and mass spectrometry. These methods play a crucial role in investigating the ramifications associated with GLY application in agriculture and the environment. The study also emphasizes the need for continued research to fully understand the long-term effects of GLY exposure on human health and the environment.
... The authors suggested a malabsorption syndrome associated with central nervous system dysfunction [64]. Glyphosate is commonly used on wheat crops as a desiccant just before harvest, and this has resulted in high levels of glyphosate contamination in wheat-based foods [65]. Glyphosate usage on wheat has increased over time, in step with the rise in celiac disease [66]. ...
... Em adição, Barnett & Gibson (2020) verificaram as consequências do uso do herbicida glifosato diretamente no estímulo do amadurecimento do trigo antes de sua colheita, evidenciando relatos de resíduos em produtos comerciais na América do Norte. Os autores elencaram os efeitos desse produto químico sobre o microbioma intestinal, concluindo que os resíduos em alimentos derivados de trigo podem causar disbioseum distúrbio intestinal no qual predomina bactérias 'ruins', que geralmente desencadeiam outras patologias. ...
O trigo é uma cultura de inverno que impulsiona o desenvolvimento do agronegócio, caracterizando-se como matéria-prima responsável por aproximadamente metade da alimentação mundial. Nesse sentido, a dessecação pré-colheita se torna necessária, haja vista a incidência de aspectos econômicos e climáticos, sobretudo considerando a implantação da cultura posterior. Contudo, para tal processo, o uso de herbicidas que antecipam a maturação do grão pode ocasionar acúmulo de resíduos químicos no produto que será ingerido. Assim, a pesquisa realizada teve como objetivo analisar de que maneira a literatura científica aborda, conjuntamente, a temática da utilização de herbicidas para a dessecação do trigo em consonância com os riscos relacionados a essa prática. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica disponível na base de dados PubMed, entre 2016 e 2022. A busca resultou em um portfólio final composto por 12 artigos científicos. Os resultados indicaram que os herbicidas citados como prejudiciais ao meio ambiente por contaminação de solo e água foram: glifosato, 2,4-D, suflufenacil, ametrina e atrazina, e; os prejudiciais à saúde humana por acúmulo de resíduos no grão corresponderam ao glifosinato de amônio, clopiralide e bixlozone. Também se constatou que o glifosato apresenta relação com problemas intestinais (disbiose) e o butacloro ocasiona efeitos hepatotóxicos. Dessa maneira, evidenciou-se que é iminente a existência de equilíbrio na cultura de trigo com vistas a torná-la mais rentável para o produtor rural sem prejudicar a saúde ambiental e humana. Portanto, sugere-se o estabelecimento de Limites Máximos de Resíduos (LMRs) para todos os herbicidas utilizados no Brasil, bem como o desenvolvimento e a implementação de políticas públicas de saúde. Assim, infere-se a relevância de maximizar a fiscalização quanto ao cumprimento da legislação concernente ao uso de agrotóxicos, em paralelo a intensificação de campanhas de conscientização e de orientação aos produtores rurais.
... Some studies suggest that exposure to GLY may be linked to an increased risk of cancer, while others suggest no significant association. 37 . Given the possible negative effects of GLY and GBHs on human health and the environment, it is essential to take caution when using them and to give priority to the creation and use of sustainable and secure substitutes. ...
The occurrence and chemistry of glyphosate in the environment, its impact on living beings, and its detection in the environment system is central themes of this review article. Glyphosate, a herbicide, has become a matter of environmental and public health concern in recent times. While it is effective in weed control, its excessive use has negative effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and precious soil. The overuse of glyphosate has prompted the search for alternatives, which is a topic of discussion in both the scientific community and civil societies. Numerous chromatographic and immunoassay-based detection techniques, as well as precision-era sensitive detection techniques, have been developed and utilized for monitoring and regulating glyphosate. Glyphosate (GLY), a versatile herbicide with several applications, has become quite popular for controlling weed growth in residential, commercial, and agricultural settings. Its widespread acceptance has been facilitated by its effectiveness and cost. However, the overuse and improper application of GLY have become an urgent concern, raising questions about potential harm to human health and environmental sustainability. Studies have revealed that GLY exhibits toxic properties that can lead to detrimental consequences for human well-being. These include the potential to induce cancer, contribute to birth defects, and disrupt reproductive functions. Moreover, when exposed to non-target organisms, GLY has been found to inflict adverse impacts on various forms of aquatic life, insects, and essential soil microorganisms. Because of its great solubility and low quantities in soil and water, GLY detection is a difficult process. In response to the concerns surrounding GLY, several detection techniques have been devised, encompassing chromatography, immunoassays, and mass spectrometry. These methods play a crucial role in investigating the ramifications associated with glyphosate application in agriculture and the environment. The study also emphasizes the need for continued research to fully understand the long-term effects of GLY exposure on human health and the environment.
... However, the biological relevance of glyphosate-induced gut dysbiosis on observed effects on host physiology remains controversial. While some studies report significant changes to gut microbiome composition after glyphosate exposure, the effect of glyphosate at doses relevant to human exposure is lacking, with many studies administering doses much higher than the U. S. ADI (Nielsen et al., 2018;Aitbali et al., 2018;Motta et al., 2018;Tang et al., 2020;Barnett and Gibson, 2020;Mesnage et al., 2021, Van Bruggen et al., 2018. Additionally, the glyphosate formulation used in different studies significantly affects gut microbiome alterations and bacterial growth inhibition in vitro, making it difficult to separate the effect of commercial adjuvants from the active ingredient, glyphosate (Clair et al., 2012;Nielsen et al., 2018;Poppe et al., 2019). ...
The widespread use of glyphosate, a broad-spectrum herbicide, has resulted in significant human exposure, and recent studies have challenged the notion that glyphosate is safe for humans. Although the link between disease states and glyphosate exposure is increasingly appreciated, the mechanistic links between glyphosate and its toxic effects on human health are poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested that glyphosate may cause toxicity through modulation of the gut microbiome, but evidence for glyphosate-induced gut dysbiosis and its effect on host physiology at doses approximating the U.S. Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI = 1.75mg/kg body weight) is limited. Here, utilizing shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples from C57BL/6J mice, we show that glyphosate exposure at doses approximating the U.S. ADI significantly impacts gut microbiota composition. These gut microbial alterations were associated with effects on gut homeostasis characterized by increased proinflammatory CD4+IL17A+ T cells and Lipocalin-2, a known marker of intestinal inflammation. DATA AVAILABILITY: The shotgun metagenomic sequences are deposited in NCBI under BioProject PRJNA880821. All other data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the manuscript are present in the manuscript and/or the Supplementary Materials.
... These genera have previously been associated with irritable bowel syndrome [30]. Gastrointestinal issues (such as IBS) and inflammatory conditions have been speculated to arise from gut dysbiosis resulting from glyphosate exposure via the foodstuffs frequently included in a Western diet [31,32]. ...
... Distinctions in glyphosate sensitivity/resistance among bacteria, including the TSR and NTSR mechanisms, may lead to the dysbiosis of normal flora due to differential selection pressure [6,7,27]. The sheer number of intrinsically sensitive bacteria to glyphosate may lead to a potentially emerging disease due to microbial dysbiosis [31]. This includes a possible reduction in bacterial diversity due to a decrease in sensitive bacteria and an increase in resistant and fast-evolving bacteria, which are often pathogenic [46][47][48]. ...
Glyphosate is the world’s most widely used agrochemical. Its use in agriculture and gardening has been proclaimed safe because humans and other animals do not have the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). However, increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated risks to humans and animals because the shikimate metabolic pathway is present in many microbes. Here, we assess the potential effect of glyphosate on healthy human microbiota. Our results demonstrate that more than one-half of human microbiome are intrinsically sensitive to glyphosate. However, further empirical studies are needed to determine the effect of glyphosate on healthy human microbiota.
... Other environmental risk factors may also contribute to increasing IBD prevalence. Modern agricultural practices have been proposed as contributing factors for gastro-intestinal disorders [130]. Crop desiccation using glyphosate has been attributed to carcinogenic and cytotoxic effects on the body [131]. ...
... Crop desiccation using glyphosate has been attributed to carcinogenic and cytotoxic effects on the body [131]. Moreover, it has been suggested that glyphosate negatively affects gut microbiota and is especially harmful to commensal bacteria [130]. Ingestion of glyphosate has been associated with an impact on mental health via altering the microbiome landscape [130]. ...
... Moreover, it has been suggested that glyphosate negatively affects gut microbiota and is especially harmful to commensal bacteria [130]. Ingestion of glyphosate has been associated with an impact on mental health via altering the microbiome landscape [130]. ...
Disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease (CeD) result in intestinal hyperpermeability or ‘leaky’ gut. The increased permeability of the intestinal barrier allows microbial metabolites, toxins, and pathogens to infiltrate the bloodstream and extraintestinal tissues, causing systemic inflammation. Despite differences in aetiology and pathophysiology, IBD and CeD share several extraintestinal manifestations such as neuroinflammation, neurological and psychiatric manifestations, and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). This narrative review focuses on the association between intestinal hyperpermeability with the brain and inner ear diseases. We postulate that the microbial metabolites and pathogens released from the gut increase the permeability of natural barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB). The barrier breakdown allows the spreading of inflammatory processes to the brain and inner ear, leading to disease.
... Reductions in GABA-producing bacteria within the fecal microbiome are negatively correlated with brain signatures associated with depression (13). Other members of the gastrointestinal microbiome which play a essential role in the synthesis of GABA include Bacteroides spp., and Lactobacillus spp., both of which are highly susceptible to glyphosate (54). While it is unclear if gut-derived GABA can cross the blood-brain barrier and directly influence levels within the CNS, administration of GABA producing bacteria have been shown to influence neurotransmitter receptor expression within the CNS of healthy animals, including reduced expression of GABA receptors within the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, two critical brain-regions in the etiology of depression and anxiety (24). ...
Environmental exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides has the potential to negatively influence neurodevelopment and behavior across generations indirectly through the gut-brain-microbiome axis. Potential mechanisms by which glyphosate may elicit these effects are through the disruption of the normally symbiotic relationship of the host and the gut microbiome. Given glyphosate can kill commensal members of the microbiome like Lactobacillus spp., Ruminococaeae and Butyricoccus spp., resulting in reductions in key microbial metabolites that act through the gut-brain-microbiome axis including indoles, L-glutamate and SCFAs. Glyphosate- resistant microbes in the gut have the potential to increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species which may result in increased HPA activation, resulting in increased production of glucocorticoids which have implications on neurodevelopment. In addition, maternal transfer of the gut microbiome can affect immune and neurodevelopment, across generations. This perspective article weighs the evidence for chronic glyphosate exposure on the gut microbiome and the potential consequences on the gut-brain axis correlated with increased incidence of neuropsychiatric conditions.
... Any trial removing gluten from the diet has inevitable confounding factors. These include issues such as fermentable short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAPs) [103] and glyphosate [104]. Additionally, the blinding of participants in GD7 investigations is scarcely possible given the need to remove all wheat, barley, and rye from the diet. ...
Food-derived opioid peptides include digestive products derived from cereal and dairy diets. If these opioid peptides breach the intestinal barrier, typically linked to permeability and constrained biosynthesis of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), they can attach to opioid receptors. The widespread presence of opioid receptors spanning gut, brain, and internal organs is fundamental to the diverse and systemic effects of food-derived opioids, with effects being evidential across many health conditions. However, manifestation delays following low-intensity long-term exposure create major challenges for clinical trials. Accordingly, it has been easiest to demonstrate causal relationships in digestion-based research where some impacts occur rapidly. Within this environment, the role of the microbiome is evidential but challenging to further elucidate, with microbiome effects ranging across gut-condition indicators and modulators, and potentially as systemic causal factors. Elucidation requires a systemic framework that acknowledges that public-health effects of food-derived opioids are complex with varying genetic susceptibility and confounding factors, together with system-wide interactions and feedbacks. The specific role of the microbiome within this puzzle remains a medical frontier. The easiest albeit challenging nutritional strategy to modify risk is reduced intake of foods containing embedded opioids. In future, constituent modification within specific foods to reduce embedded opioids may become feasible.
