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A. New interpretation of the inflorescence of Lipocarpha rehmannii inflorescence. The inflorescence consists of a spikelet of spirally arranged glumes each subtending a flower. B. Old interpretation of the Lipocarpha rehmannii inflorescence (Goetghebeur & Van den Borre 1989). In that interpretation, the inflorescence consists of a spike of highly reduced spikelets with each spikelet subtended by a spikelet bract (blue). Near the base of the nutlet, remnants of a prophyll and glume can be found. Blue = spikelet bract; pink = prophyll; yellow = glume; red = nutlet.
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Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that Lipocarpha and Volkiella are nested in a paraphyletic Cyperus s.s. and therefore should be viewed as part of a broadly circumscribed genus Cyperus (Cyperaceae). In this paper, molecular phylogenetic analyses of Lipocarpha and Volkiella based on nuclear ribosomal ETS1f and plastid rpl32-trnL and trn...
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... developmental data on the inflorescence of L. rehmannii (the type species of Rikliella) show evidence to exclude L. rehmannii from the Lipocarpha clade (Fig. 5B-H). No remnant of a spikelet prophyll nor a glume subtending a flower are visible (Fig. 5H). Such rudiments would be expected if L. rehmannii truly evolved from a lipocarphoid ancestor (Fig. 6B). Consequently, for L. rehmannii, and probably also for L. kernii (its development was not examined in detail in this study), it is now more parsimonious to assume that the reduced spikelets actually are flowers, each subtended by a glume (Fig. 6A). Consequently, the inflorescence unit consists of a single spikelet with spirally ...
Context 2
... 5H). Such rudiments would be expected if L. rehmannii truly evolved from a lipocarphoid ancestor (Fig. 6B). Consequently, for L. rehmannii, and probably also for L. kernii (its development was not examined in detail in this study), it is now more parsimonious to assume that the reduced spikelets actually are flowers, each subtended by a glume (Fig. 6A). Consequently, the inflorescence unit consists of a single spikelet with spirally arranged glumes, each subtending a flower (Fig. 5E, 6A). These glumes resemble the spikelet bracts of core Lipocarpha, but they are in fact different structures. The glumes of the spikelet of these species have a strongly developed mucro (Fig. 7W, X), a ...
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Citations
... This is evident from previously published phylogenetic work on Encephalartos, which included the majority of the recognised species, but were unable to resolve the backbone or species relationships between closely related taxa (Rousseau, 2012;Mankga et al., 2020). Studies have found that resolution can be improved by sampling more than one individual of the same species, increasing sampling of taxa and using a wider range of markers to cover more of the genome and find further polymorphic sites (Zwickl and Hillis, 2002;Bauters et al., 2014;Larridon et al., 2020;Wells et al., 2021). ...
The African endemic cycad genus Encephalartos consists of 68 extant taxa, that are of great conservation concern as 85% are threatened (CR, EN, or VU) and four, are extinct in the wild (EW). Due to there being no formally published monographs for the genus, there is lack of consensus on taxonomically significant characters. This lack of clarity regarding the species relationships and access to several taxa have made researching this group challenging. Nevertheless, numerous studies have proven that this genus has low levels of genetic variation over a wide distribution. The aim of this study was to produce the most robust phylogenetic reconstruction of Encephalartos to date. This was done by using markers from three different genomes – plastid (rbcL, matK-trnK, trnH-psbA, cab), mitochondrial (nad1) and nuclear (26S, AGAMOUS, NEEDLY, nrITS1) – for all currently accepted taxa. The results obtained show an increase in resolution for both the backbone and species level relationships compared to previous work. This genus can be separated into five new geographic groups – northern African, central African, eastern African, Mozambican-Zimbabwean, and southern African. There is also an indication that the evolution of the southern African group is driven by a form of reproductive isolation. Further studies on this group should be approached systematically based on the foundation provided by the linages that are shown in this study.
... After a long period of taxonomic uncertainty, molecular phylogenetic studies have improved the understanding of the evolutionary relationships among Cyperus s. str. and allied genera (e.g., Muasya et al., 2001Muasya et al., , 2002Muasya et al., , 2009Larridon et al., 2011aLarridon et al., , 2013Larridon et al., , 2020Larridon et al., , 2021Bauters et al., 2014;Reid et al., 2014Reid et al., , 2017. Based on these studies, up to 14 allied genera have been subsumed into Cyperus s.l. ...
... 760 species), which includes species of Cyperus s. str., Alinula J. Raynal, Ascolepis Nees ex Steud., Ascopholis C. E. C. Fisch., Kyllinga, Lipocarpha R. Br., Pycreus, Queenslandiella Domin, Remirea Aubl., Sphaerocyperus Lye, and Volkiella Merxm. & Czech, using C 4 photosynthesis linked with chlorocyperoid vegetative anatomy as a synapomorphy (Larridon et al., 2013Bauters et al., 2014). ...
... Length measurements of the glumes described as "mucronate" refer only to the body of the glumes and do not include the length of the mucro, whereas the length measurements of glumes described as "muticous" or "mucronulate" refer to the entire glumes including the length of the mucro. Measurements of the apical and basal parts of the glumelike spikelet bracts follow Bauters et al. (2014). For SEM, we obtained fruits at different developmental stages from herbarium specimens. ...
A taxonomic study of Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae) in the Central-West region of Brazil is presented. We examined more than 1300 herbarium specimens. Many of the species were also studied in the field. Our results recognize 59 species of Cyperus in the Central-West of Brazil, including three species endemic to the country that are potentially threatened with extinction, i.e., C. hooperae G. C. Tucker, C. longiculmis Pereira-Silva, Hefler & R. Trevis., and C. tuckerianus Pereira-Silva, Hefler & R. Trevis. Cyperus oxylepis Nees ex Steud. is reported from Brazil for the first time. Cyperus incomtus Kunth var. miguelii Kük. is proposed as a synonym of C. pearcei C. B. Clarke. We designate lectotypes for 20 names, a neotype for C. oxylepis, and an epitype for C. surinamensis Rottb. and select second-step lectotypes for 10 names. We also provide detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, distribution data, an identification key for all species, and assessments of the conservation status for most species.
... The inclusion of molecular phylogenetic data in these analyses revealed that these genera were nested within Cyperus s.s. and consequently the segregate genera were subsumed into Cyperus s.l. (Larridon et al. 2011b(Larridon et al. , c, 2013Bauters et al. 2014;Pereira-Silva et al. 2020). In the new classification of the Cyperaceae family, based on phylogenomic data (Larridon et al. 2021a;Larridon 2022), Cyperus is placed in a monogeneric subtribe Cyperinae, within tribe Cypereae of subfamily Cyperoideae. ...
... This has been demonstrated in several studies where, in the light of molecular data, groupings initially based on morphological similarity result in paraphyletic scattering of taxa across multiple groups. This is exemplified in the re-circumscription of paraphyletic or polyphyletic Cyperaceae taxa (e.g. in Cyperus: Larridon et al. 2011bLarridon et al. , 2013Bauters et al. 2014;and in Carex: Global Carex Group 2015), as well as the reclassification of giant genera from other vascular plant families (Miller & Seigler 2012 in Acacia Mill.;Berry et al. 2005 in Croton L.), or even at family level (e.g. the circumscription of Scrophulariaceae; Oxelman et al. 2005). Conversely, taxa previously considered distinct on morphological grounds have been found to be closely related after molecular analysis and examination of more phylogenetically informative morphological traits, such as embryo morphology. ...
Cyperus sect. Incurvi (Cyperaceae) contains 31 species worldwide, with important continental radiations in Australasia, Tropical Africa and Madagascar, and the Neotropics. Here, a monograph of the African and Madagascan species of Cyperus sect. Incurvi is presented, including descriptions, illustrations, synonymy, notes on habitat and ecology, geographic distribution ranges and conservation assessments. Our results identify eight species of Cyperus sect. Incurvi endemic to Madagascar, and a further three species native to Tropical Africa. Seven species of Cyperus sect. Incurvi have been typified herein. Six rare Madagascan endemics are assessed as threatened with extinction.
... Besides Cyperus sensu stricto, 13 segregate genera as circumscribed by the classification of Goetghebeur (1998) belong to Cyperinae (Larridon et al. 2021a). Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that these segregate genera are all nested within Cyperus sensu stricto and that several of them do not form natural groups (Larridon et al. 2011a(Larridon et al. , 2013Bauters et al. 2014). As a result, their species were recently transferred to Cyperus (Larridon et al. 2011b(Larridon et al. , 2014Bauters et al. 2014;Pereira-Silva et al. 2020). ...
... Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that these segregate genera are all nested within Cyperus sensu stricto and that several of them do not form natural groups (Larridon et al. 2011a(Larridon et al. , 2013Bauters et al. 2014). As a result, their species were recently transferred to Cyperus (Larridon et al. 2011b(Larridon et al. , 2014Bauters et al. 2014;Pereira-Silva et al. 2020). ...
... Molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that these segregate genera are all nested within Cyperus sensu stricto and that several of them do not form natural groups (Larridon et al. 2011a(Larridon et al. , 2013Bauters et al. 2014). As a result, their species were recently transferred to Cyperus (Larridon et al. 2011b(Larridon et al. , 2014Bauters et al. 2014;Pereira-Silva et al. 2020). ...
This paper provides a linear classification of two subfamilies, 24 tribes, 10 subtribes and 95 genera of the monocot family Cyperaceae (Poales), based on a stable phylogenetic framework resulting from years of morphological, molecular phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies. The family includes c. 5687 species. The most species-rich tribes are the monogeneric tribe Cariceae with c. 2003 species, and tribe Cypereae with c. 1131 species. The highest generic diversity is found in tribe Schoeneae (25 genera), which resulted in the recognition of eight subtribes to facilitate studying this group. The linear classification will help the organisation of Cyperaceae specimens in herbaria according to a systematic order and provides an easy-to-use summary of the current classification of the family.
... senegalense as a single species but to maintain H. cacuminum as separate until more data become available. According to Bauters et al. (2014), H. senegalense is a nomenclatural synonym of Cyperus lipocarpha T. Koyama [=Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) Kern], later corrected to C. albescens (Steud.) Larridon & Govaerts (Larridon et al., 2016) and as such this name would not be available in Hypolytrum. ...
Mapanoioideae are one of two subfamilies of Cyperaceae and consist of 186 species. Molecular phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Cyperoideae have recently been studied well, whereas evolutionary relationships in Mapanioideae remain little known. Subfamily Mapanioideae include two tribes. This study focuses on Hypolytreae, which is represented by three genera in Africa (Hypolytrum, Mapania and Principina). In this paper, we present the first molecular phylogenetic study of African Hypolytreae using a Sanger sequencing approach. We aim to (1) test whether Hypolytrum, Mapania and Principina are reciprocally monophyletic; (2) investigate whether the morphologically based sections in Hypolytrum and Mapania represent monophyletic taxa; (3) resolve species delimitation where multiple accessions could be sequenced and (4) explore the relationships of species occurring in West Tropical Africa vs. Central Africa. Our phylogenetic analyses strongly support Mapania and Hypolytrum as separate genera, but Principina is nested in Hypolytrum. This result is consistent with morphological differences. Mapania spp. are obligate rainforest species, but our results show that species from West Tropical Africa and species from Central Africa do not form separate clades. Dispersal between these regions may have happened during interglacial periods when the rainforest was continuous.
... Lipocarpha (R.Br.) Bauters also hold species with the spikelet deciduous as a single unity attached to its prophyll at base, but in those sections the spikelet prophyll is inconspicuous and spikelets are reduced to a single glume (sometimes absent) covered by spikelet bract [9,13]. ...
Cyperus prophyllatus, an endangered new species of Cyperus (Cyperaceae) from an aquatic ecosystem of the Atlantic Forest, Espírito Santo State, southeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated. The spikelet morphology of Cyperus prophyllatus is unique among the c. 950 species of Cyperus in having both a conspicuous spikelet prophyll and a corky rachilla articulation, which remain persistent at the base of the spikelet after disarticulation. Our molecular phylogenetic data support the placement of C. prophyllatus in the C3 Cyperus Grade and more precisely in the clade representing Cyperus sect. Oxycaryum, which also includes C. blepharoleptos and C. gardneri. Anatomical and (micro)morphological analyses corroborate the phylogenetic results, provide a better understanding of ecology and taxonomy, as well as reveal compatibility of structures with survival and dispersion in aquatic environments. A distribution map, table with distinctive characters of allied species, and conservation status are made available.
... Mapanioideae mainly includes broad-leaved tropical forest understory herbs, whereas Cyperoideae is much more diverse in terms of species richness, morphology, and ecology. Other studies have focused on particular tribes or genera, including Carex Cyperus (e.g., Larridon et al., 2011aLarridon et al., , 2013Bauters et al., 2014), Abildgaardieae (e.g., Reutemann et al., 2018;Roalson et al., 2019;Muasya et al., 2020), Schoeneae (e.g., Viljoen et al., 2013;Larridon et al., 2018a), or the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade (e.g., Léveillé-Bourret et al., 2014, increasing our understanding of the relationships in Cyperaceae. Despite previous studies, systematic relationships in Cyperaceae at the tribal and generic level are not yet fully resolved because (i) some genera have not yet been sampled and (ii) some relationships are conflicting in different studies. ...
... Thirteen segregate genera recognized by Goetghebeur (1998), that is, Courtoisina Soják, Kyllingiella R.W.Haines & Lye, and Oxycaryum Nees (C 3 photosynthesis), plus Alinula J.Raynal, Ascolepis Nees ex Steud., Ascopholis C.E.C.Fisch., Kyllinga Rottb., Lipocarpha R.Br., Pycreus P.Beauv., Queenslandiella Domin, Remirea Aubl., Sphaerocyperus Lye, and Volkiella Merxm. & Czech (C 4 photosynthesis), had already since been synonymized with Cyperus (Larridon et al., 2011a(Larridon et al., , 2011b(Larridon et al., , 2013Bauters et al., 2014). The small genus Androtrichum (C 3 photosynthesis) had not yet been combined into Cyperus due to a lack of data (only rbcL sequences were available for Androtrichum) and conflicting results (Muasya et al., 2009a;Hinchliff & Roalson, 2013;Jung & Choi, 2013). ...
Cyperaceae (sedges) are the third largest monocot family and are of considerable economic and ecological importance. Sedges represent an ideal model family to study evolutionary biology because of their species richness, global distribution, large discrepancies in lineage diversity, broad range of ecological preferences, and adaptations including multiple origins of C4 photosynthesis and holocentric chromosomes. Goetghebeur’s seminal work on Cyperaceae published in 1998 provided the most recent complete classification at tribal and generic level, based on a morphological study of Cyperaceae inflorescence, spikelet, flower and embryo characters plus anatomical and other information. Since then, several family‐level molecular phylogenetic studies using Sanger sequence data have been published. Here, more than 20 years after the last comprehensive classification of the family, we present the first family‐wide phylogenomic study of Cyperaceae based on targeted sequencing using the Angiosperms353 probe kit sampling 311 accessions. Additionally, 62 accessions available from GenBank were mined for overlapping reads and included in the phylogenomic analyses. Informed by this backbone phylogeny, a new classification for the family at the tribal, subtribal and generic levels is proposed. The majority of previously recognized suprageneric groups are supported, and for the first time we establish support for tribe Cryptangieae as a clade including the genus Koyamaea. We provide a taxonomic treatment including identification keys and diagnoses for the 2 subfamilies, 24 tribes and 10 subtribes and basic information on the 95 genera. The classification includes five new subtribes in tribe Schoeneae: Anthelepidinae, Caustiinae, Gymnoschoeninae, Lepidospermatinae and Oreobolinae.
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... Kyllinga, Kyllingiella,Lipocarpha,Oxycaryum,Pycreus,Queenslandiella,Remirea,Sphaerocyperus and Volkiella;Figure 4) and these are now included in an expanded Cyperus sensu lato. (Reid et al. 2017;Bauters et al. 2014;Reynders et al. 2013). There are about 125 native Cyperus species in Australia, including one former Kyllinga species, two former Lipocarpha species, one former Pycreus species and one former Queenslandiella species, plus numerous naturalised species. ...
... genus, C3 taxa form a grade, within which the C4 Cyperus (subgenus Cyperus) clade is nested ( Figure 2; Reid et al. 2017, Larridon et al. 2013). Many of the relationships with in the C4 Cyperus are unresolved due to rapid radiation following the origin of C4 photosysnthesis (Reid et al. 2017;Bauters et al. 2014;Reynders et al. 2013 The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system of plant classification has assigned Cyperaceae to the order Poales (Chase et al. 2016;Stevens 2001 onwards). In other systems such as the Cronquist system, Cyperaceae was assigned to the order Cyperales with Poaceae. ...
... . Species were selected based on the currently accepted phylogenetic relationships in the literature (e.g.Reid et al. 2017, Garcia-Madrid et al. 2015Bauters et al. 2014;Larridon et al. 2013;Reynders et al. 2013;Muasya et al. 2009) and following the familial classification of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV(Stevens 2001 onwards, Chase et al. 2016. Within the phylogenetic framework, an emphasis was placed on native and economically important species with a biogeographic overlap with Navua sedge in Australia. ...
Proposed plant host test list for assessing risk of biological control agents for Navua sedge, Cyperus aromaticus.
... aromaticus (Navua sedge) is an introduced, aggressive perennial weed that forms dense stands and replaces palatable tropical pasture species in northern Queensland, Australia. The current taxonomic concept of Cyperus amalgamated smaller genera, including Kyllinga and Mariscus, into a large monophyletic group (Larridon et al. 2011Bauters et al. 2014). Two species, Cintractia limitata and C. lipocarpha, and three other smut fungi, Dermatosorus cyperi, Ustanciosporium cyperi, and U. kuwanoanum, have been recorded from Cyperus (Vánky 2012). ...
Cintractia(Anthracoideaceae, Ustilaginomycotina) is a widespread genus of smut fungi that parasitizes species of Cyperaceae. Specimens of Cintractia spp. on species ofCyperus s. lat. were examined to resolve their taxonomy, including a species on Cyperus aromaticus, which is an invasive weed in Australia. A phylogenetic species concept was used to show thatC intractia limitata s. lat. contains three different species,Cintractia limitata,C. tangensis, and a new species C. kyllingae. The proposed taxonomy is based on phylogenetic analyses of the ITS rDNA region and on the position of the sori in diverse parts of inflorescences examined in approximately 100 specimens ofCintractia. A morphological synapomorphy in C. tangensisis sori with firmly agglutinated spore masses around the base of the peduncles, rarely in the spikelets.Cintractia limitata forms powdery spore masses between flowers and is known only to occur on Cyperus species with spikelets in capitate heads.Cintractiakyllingaewas found onCy. aromaticusand may have potential as a biological control agent in Australia.KeywordsCintractia kyllingae.Host specificity.Mariscus.New species.Taxonomy.Ustilaginale
(2) (PDF) Broad and narrow host ranges in resolved species of Cintractia limitata s. lat. (Anthracoideaceae, Ustilaginomycotina) on Cyperus. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348994121_Broad_and_narrow_host_ranges_in_resolved_species_of_Cintractia_limitata_s_lat_Anthracoideaceae_Ustilaginomycotina_on_Cyperus [accessed Feb 05 2021].
... The paradigm shift towards recognition of genera as monophyletic entities has necessitated changes in generic circumscription (Humphreys & Linder, 2009). Within Cyperaceae, a number of changes have been made within the last decade, for example the merger of segregate genera into the paraphyletic core in Carex L. (Global Carex Group (GCG), 2015) and Cyperus L. (Larridon et al., 2011a(Larridon et al., , 2011b(Larridon et al., , 2013Bauters et al., 2014). A number of genera have been found to be polyphyletic, especially in the tribe Schoeneae, resolved by reclassification of entities and naming of a number of lineages as We use an expanded molecular phylogenetic study to investigate the generic limits in the Ficinia Clade. ...
... Several highly diversified lineages appear to have been split into genera based on one of few characters, at times such characters arising independently. This phenomenon was epitomized Cyperus, now recognized as a single genus (Larridon et al., 2011a(Larridon et al., , 2011b(Larridon et al., , 2013Bauters et al., 2014), where 13 segregate genera were diagnosed based on morphology of reproductive structures (spikelet size and organization, nutlet orientation, style branching; Muasya et al., 2009b). This study supports a further refinement within the Cypereae, recognizing the core Isolepis and an enlarged Ficinia at generic level. ...
Generic delimitations in the Ficinia Clade of tribe Cypereae are revisited. In particular, we aim to establish the placement of annual species currently included in Isolepis of which the phylogenetic position is uncertain. Phylogenetic inference is based on two nuclear markers (ETS, ITS) and five plastid markers (the genes matK, ndhF, rbcL and rps16, the trnL intron and trnL-F spacer) data, analyzed using model based methods. Topologies based on nuclear and plastid data show incongruence at the backbone. Therefore, the results are presented separately. The monophyly of the smaller genera (Afroscirpoides, Dracoscirpoides, Erioscirpus, Hellmuthia, Scirpoides) is confirmed. However, Isolepis is paraphyletic as Ficinia is retrieved as one of its clades. Furthermore, Ficinia is paraphyletic if I. marginata and allies are excluded. We take a pragmatic approach based on the nuclear topology, driven by a desire to minimize taxonomic changes, to recircumscribe Ficinia to include the annual Isolepis species characterized by cartilaginous glumes and formally include all the Isolepis species inferred outside the core Isolepis clade. Consequently, the circumscription of Isolepis is narrowed to encompass only those species retrieved as part of the core Isolepis clade. Five new combinations are made (Ficinia neocapensis, Ficinia hemiuncialis, Ficinia incomtula, Ficinia leucoloma, Ficinia minuta). We present nomenclatural summary at genus level, identification keys and diagnostic features.