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A Mondoñedo-type hórreo: a) outdoors: 2) roof covering of slates, 5) closing boards, 6) wall girt, 7) eave beam, 9) floor beam, 11) columns, 12) flat stone to keep off rodents, 13) feet and 14) roof decoration stones; and b) indoors: 4) rafter, 15) ridgepiece , 16) wood board roof sheeting to support slates and 17) back wall.
Source publication
Hórreos are traditional rural buildings of northern Spain used for desiccation and conservation of cereal grains. They provide natural ventilation, an unfavourable environment to discourage attack by biotic agents (e.g., fungi and insects) and prevent access by others, such as rodents. The objective of this paper was to study the environmental cond...
Citations
... "Sheds", representing the selection mode, are described by architectural historian Marc-Antoine Laugier in An Essay on Architecture as the prototype of human architecture [37]. Laugier argued that walls were not initially necessary. ...
... Conversely, when outdoor humidity is below 65%, the humidity inside the granaries can increase by an average of 3.2%, providing better conditions for grain storage. "Sheds", representing the selection mode, are described by architectural historian Marc-Antoine Laugier in An Essay on Architecture as the prototype of human architecture [37]. Laugier argued that walls were not initially necessary. ...
In the context of China’s sustainable development and dual carbon goals, research on thermodynamic architecture theory and vernacular architecture increasingly aligns with international trends, developing distinct characteristics. This research addresses the challenge of rapid changes in the built environment by focusing on climate adaptability and passive technologies. However, the development of thermodynamic theory in vernacular architecture faced technical limitations in the early 21st century and was later overshadowed by the industry’s reliance on active technologies to meet green building standards, resulting in a reduced role for architects in the green building field. This article traces the origins of passive architecture, rooted in vernacular architecture, and applies thermodynamic theory to explore architectural prototypes. It examines the theoretical feasibility of architectural design in achieving low-carbon and sustainable goals, aiming to fill a gap in thermodynamic theory within the broader context of sustainable architectural development. After demonstrating the various passive prototypes inherent in vernacular architecture, this paper proposes a courtyard prototype focused on residential comfort for design translation and analysis. The research methods employed include bioclimatic charting, balance point temperature analysis in time series, and extensive computer simulations. Through the process of prototype extraction, performance analysis, validation, and optimization, the paper systematically discusses sustainable design methods within the framework of thermodynamic architecture theory. It also provides practical demonstrations of these methods across four distinct climate regions in China. By translating vernacular architectural designs, this research systematically organizes the theoretical framework for architects’ early involvement in low-carbon and green building design, offering a theoretical foundation for initiating the design process through prototype translation while guiding the generation of green ecological buildings.
... While the climate adaptability of vernacular dwellings has been extensively discussed and developed over the past century, the bioclimatic strategies of productive buildings, such as granaries, have received little attention [1]. Some studies have been conducted to address this gap, encompassing research objects from Spain [2][3][4][5][6], Turkey [7], India [8], Mexico [9], and China [10], and primarily focusing on the typical form [9,10] of granaries and their construction strategies [7,11] to meet the grain storage requirements. This study takes the stilted granary of Tujia ethnic group as the research object. ...
The bioclimatic design strategies implemented in traditional productive buildings, including granaries, have historically received minimal attention. This paper concentrates on the Tujia stilted granaries in Enshi Prefecture, aiming to explore how environmental requirements for grain storage and regional construction traditions influence the building forms of these vernacular granaries. The research employs a combination of field investigations, environmental data measurement, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to assess the efficacy of passive design strategies against external factors such as wind and solar radiation. The comprehensive analysis, both qualitative and quantitative, reveals that the architectural features of the Tujia stilted granaries, including their layout, spatial organization, and interfaces, are strategically adapted to the regional climate. These findings offer valuable insights and approaches for the development of regional green building forms that comply with similar requirements for environment control.
... It is well known that the variability in physical properties of cereal grains is dependent on the moisture content (MC) [1,11,12]. In particular, with fluctuation in relative humidity and temperature, the moisture content of cereal grains also changes [11,13]. Moreover, MC is adjusted based on the processing condition requirements. ...
Knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of cereal grains is important for designing handling and processing equipment. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the influence of moisture content on the physical-mechanical properties as related to machine design. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the changes in select physical-mechanical properties of maize, rice, and soybeans at various moisture content (10%, 14%, 18%, 22%, 26%; wet basis) and their compression behavior at two loading rates of 1.25 mm/min and 125 mm/min. The measured physical and mechanical properties include size, shape, and breakage force of single kernels. It was found that an increase in moisture content increased the kernel size, altered the kernel shape, and decreased the bulk density. The effects of moisture content and loading rate on breakage force, stress, and energy varied depending on the grain type. Our results indicated that an increase in moisture content changed the mechanical behavior of grain kernels from brittle to viscoelastic. To prevent kernel damage during processing and handling, the measured force and stress during compression can be used as the limit value for designing equipment.
... The prices for the services of transport companies, as well as the prices of elevators for the drying, cleaning, and storage of grain significantly increase the cost of the final product (up to 50% of the cost of grain), making it less profitable to sell [4]. Farms are forced to store grain in currents [5] and open areas that are not suitable for long-term storage, thus leading to a loss of quality and, as a consequence, losses. Since the late 1990s, to solve the existing problem, farmers began to use polyethylene sleeves to store dry grain. ...
This article describes the operation principle of an extrusion line for producing a polypropylene film for sleeves. The advantages and disadvantages of the technological and structural nature for an extrusion line are presented, as well as the stages of polymer sleeves with the calculation of technological parameters and a description of the main purpose of each stage. The film quality is described, such as the turbidity, coefficient of friction, glossiness, and breaking strength. The dependence of the milkiness on the average cooling temperature of the extruder head is defined. The glossiness dependence is calculated on the cooling temperature of the extruder head. The dependence of the friction coefficient on the cooling temperature of the extruder head was established. The influence of the crystallization line height on the glossiness of the film is defined. The influence of the crystallization line height on the milkiness is shown. The dependence of fluctuations in the average thickness (thickness difference) of the film on the thickness of the forming slot is found. The dependence of fluctuations in the average thickness (thickness difference) of the film and degree of inflation of the sleeve is discovered. The relationship between the quality parameter of the film and technological parameters of its production process has been determined. An automated system for temperature control has been developed in the production of polyethylene film by installing a temperature sensor with feedback.
... Unclassified seeds from previous harvests are stored in flat (usually brick granaries) or vertical warehouses (metal silos) [4], where they come into contact with the atmospheric air of different humidity, which depends on variable weather conditions. Research conducted in Spain [5] revealed a close dependence between air humidity and changes in the moisture content of seeds stored in hórreos (traditional grain storage buildings), which ensure natural ventilation. The researchers observed that when the relative air humidity exceeded 90%, the average humidity inside the warehouse buildings decreased by 5.2%. ...
This article presents the results of research on the influence of moisture on changes in the physical properties, i.e., the length, width, thickness, and weight, of dressed and untreated cereal seeds in order to improve the simulation process based on the discrete element method (DEM). The research was conducted on the seeds of three winter cereals, i.e., triticale, rye, and barley. The seeds with an initial moisture content of about 7% were moistened to five levels, ranging from 9.5% to 17.5%, at an increment of 2%. The statistical analysis showed that moisture significantly influenced the physical properties of the seeds, i.e., their length, width, thickness, and weight. As the moisture content of the seeds increased, there were greater differences in their weight. The average increase in the thousand kernel weight resulting from the increase in their moisture content ranged from 4 to 6 mg. The change in the seed moisture content from 9.5% to 17.5% significantly increased the volume of rye seeds from 3.10% to 14.99%, the volume of triticale seeds from 1.00% to 13.40%, and the volume of barley seeds from 1.00% to 15.33%. These data can be used as a parameter to improve the DEM simulation process.
... If the relative air humidity was lower than 65%, the humidity inside the warehouse was 3.2% higher. The research showed that the geographical location, altitude, and exposure to wind influenced changes in relative humidity inside the grain warehouse 4 . ...
This article presents the results of research on the influence of moisture on changes in selected physical properties, i.e. the length, width, thickness and weight of dressed and untreated cereal seeds in order to improve the simulation process based on the discrete element method (DEM). The research was conducted on the seeds of three winter cereals, i.e. triticale, rye, and barley. The seeds with an initial moisture content of about 7% were moistened to 5 levels, ranging from 9.5% to 17.5%, at an increment of 2%. The statistical analysis showed that moisture significantly influenced the physical properties of the seeds , i.e. their length, width, thickness, and weight. As the moisture content of the seeds increased, there were greater differences in their weight. The average increase in the thousand kernel weight resulting from the increase in their moisture content ranged from 4 to 6 mg. The change in the seed moisture content from 9.5% to 17.5% significantly increased the volume of rye seeds from 3.10% to 14.99%, the volume of triticale seeds from 1.00% to 13.40%, and the volume of barley seeds from 1.00% to 15.33%. These data can be used as a parameter to improve the DEM simulation process.
... In addition to their adaptation to the local characteristics, serender is one of the significant examples that corresponds to the current energy-efficient building criteria. These structures consume zero energy within the context (Perez-Garcia et al., 2010). This evidence shows the adaptation of traditional buildings to the environment (Sözen and Gedik, 2007). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to make a comprehensive research on serenders including observation, determination and documentation of the architectural details of serender. Moreover, computer simulation-based performance evaluation is also planned to be applied in order to make a contribution to architectural, social, cultural and historical sustainability of serender.
Design/methodology/approach
The study employs strategies based on qualitative research techniques and methods. In order to clarify the architectural details of serender structures, literature review and a case study analysis are conducted.
Findings
Within the scope of this paper, the early findings of this ongoing research, which are about the architectural details, are presented regarding the regional characteristics as borders. This part of the study presents the determination of all the original architectural details of serender.
Originality/value
Serenders in Rize, Turkey, have original, architectural, cultural and historical values. However, they have not been preferred to be built and used in recent years. Therefore, the original architectural style, details and construction techniques have started to fade away. These facts highlight the importance of their documentation and preservation in terms of traditional architecture, material and craftsmanship. This study aims to provide comprehensive documents about their architectural characteristics.
In the NW of the Iberian Peninsula, in the region of Lugo, a very exclusive Cambrian phyllite has been quarried and used for construction since prehistoric times, the Filita Verde or green phyllite. There are three varieties of this stone, all of them with the characteristic glitter of phyllites given by the metamorphic recrystallization of the phyllosilicates. Most of the architectural heritage of the area was built with this stone, which is currently being exported abroad. Its exceptional aesthetic and constructional characteristics have been historically used to build fortified settlements (Castros) by ancient pre-Roman cultures and also to construct churches and other ecclesiastic buildings during the middle age. Nowadays it is highly appreciated by architects. Because of these facts, this stone is a good candidate for the designation as a Global Stone Heritage Resource.
Agricultural production and animal husbandry comprise the basis of rural life. In the past, accessing the products in every season that were produced from these activities, which were performed as subsistence, was crucial for the continuity of life. Since the first agricultural societies, the people developed different strategies to dry or to protect and store seasonal products to use for different purposes in a year. Then, the necessity of a structure that would store and protect the product from climate elements such as rain and heat and the negative influence of animals such as rats, bug, and snakes occurred. The main purpose of this study is to explain the warehouses built by the societies living in different parts of the world to store their food and the similar features (architecture, usage and ethnographic) of these warehouses. The part of data which contains samples in Turkey has been obtained from land studies in the Black Sea Region (Sinop, Samsun, Trabzon, Rize and Artvin) and the publications and the World samples have been obtained from the related websites and the related international publications. In different regions of the world, it has been found that structures with similar architectural features have emerged, although the construction types and building materials are different (sometimes wooden, sometimes stone, and sometimes both). As a result, people have developed common solutions, unaware of each other, to solve the food safety problem they encounter in times of difficult transportation and communication. Öz Tarımsal üretim ve hayvancılık, kırsal yaşamın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Geçmiş dönemlerde geçimlik olarak yapılan bu faaliyetlerden elde edilen ürünlerin her mevsim erişilebilir olması yaşamın devamlılığı açısından büyük önem taşımaktaydı. İlk tarım toplumlarından itibaren insanlar mevsimlik üretilen ürünleri kurutma ya da farklı şekillerde yıl içinde kullanmak üzere koruma ve depolama stratejileri geliştirmiştir. Mahsulü hem saklayacak ve hem de saklarken yağış, sıcaklık gibi iklim elemanları ile fare, yılan, böcek, vb. hayvanların olumsuz etkilerinden koruyacak bir yapı gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamak üzere dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan toplumların, yiyeceklerini saklamak amacıyla inşa ettikleri ambarlar ve bu ambarların benzer özelliklerini (mimari, kullanım ve etnografik) açıklamak çalışmanın temel amacıdır. Çalışmada kullanılan verilerin Türkiye'deki örneklere ait olan bölümü Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde (Sinop, Samsun, Trabzon, Rize ve Artvin) yapılan arazi çalışmalarından ve alandaki yayınlardan, dünyadaki örnekler ise çevrimiçi internet siteleri ve konu ile ilgili yapılan uluslararası yayınlardan elde edilmiştir. Dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde, inşa şekilleri ve yapı malzemeleri farklı olsa da (Bazen ahşap, bazen taş bazen de ikisi birlikte) benzer mimari özellikleri taşıyan yapıların ortaya çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak insanlar, ulaşım ve iletişimin zor olduğu dönemlerde karşılaştıkları gıda güvenliği sorununun çözümü için birbirlerinden habersiz şekilde ortak çözümler geliştirmişlerdir.
Wood is among the most widely used construction materials in Anatolian traditional rural architecture and many different timber construction techniques can be seen in the vernacular structures of today’s Anatolia. One example of Anatolian rural architecture is a type of granary, or what is known as serender in the Eastern Black Sea Region. This structure occupies a significant place in the cultural heritage of Anatolia. Reflecting the richness of Anatolian culture and architecture, each of these buildings is an important part of the culture of Anatolian timber construction. The layout of the wooden granary structure that is referred to as serender in this article and its construction technique, design, structural particularities and decorative features will be described here in an effort to provide documentation for these buildings, which represent the legacy of timber rural architecture that should be passed on to posterity.
