Figure 4 - uploaded by Eckart Zimmermann
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(A) Illustration of the first interval in the attention experiment. Two bars were presented to mark the interval start. After 500 ms the interval end marking stimulus was shown. This stimulus was presented in 20% of all trials in the left part of the screen and in 80% in the right part of the screen. (B) In half of the trials the stimulus marking the interval's end was presented on top of a whole field mask. (C) Results from the attention experiment. Data are shown for the " 80% " and the " 20% " condition. Data from trials where the marker of the interval's end was not masked are shown in black and data from masking trials in gray. Error bars represent SEM.
Source publication
Multisensory integration provides continuous and stable perception from separate sensory inputs. Here, we investigated the functional role of temporal binding between the visual and the tactile senses. To this end we used the paradigm of compression that induces shifts in time when probe stimuli are degraded, e.g., by a visual mask (Zimmermann et a...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... data from Experiment 3 are shown in Fig. 4C. In the "no mask -condition", when the bar mark- ing the interval's end was presented in 80% of all trials in the right part of the screen, subjects estimated the interval duration nearly veridical (472.93 ms + − 15.65 ms). In contrast, when the bar marking the interval's end was presented in the left part of the screen in the ...
Context 2
... two-way repeated measures ANOVA of the perceived duration of the first interval was calculated with the factors "80%/20%" and "no mask/ mask". The spatial attention modulation changed temporal interval estimation as revealed by the significant factor "80%/20%" (F(1,14) = 8.31, p = 0.01). The significant factor masking (F (1,14) = 5.57, p = 0.03) confirmed that in the 80% condition where the occurrence of the interval end marker was expected, the mask produced time compression. ...
Context 3
... spatial attention modulation changed temporal interval estimation as revealed by the significant factor "80%/20%" (F(1,14) = 8.31, p = 0.01). The significant factor masking (F (1,14) = 5.57, p = 0.03) confirmed that in the 80% condition where the occurrence of the interval end marker was expected, the mask produced time compression. No significant interaction was found, indicating additive effects of the 80%/20% -manipulation and the mask. ...
Context 4
... of all trials this dot was shown in the right part of the screen and in 20% of all trials in the left part of the screen at the same horizontal eccentricity as the first two dots and 6.8° below the horizontal meridian. In half of all trials, the bar marking the interval end was masked by a visual whole field mask, which was presented for 50 ms (Fig. 4A,B). After 900 ms a second interval was presented, marked by identical stimuli as in the first interval. No mask was presented after the second interval. The second interval had a variable duration ranging from 250 to 750 ms in steps of 25 ms. Spatial positions of the dots marking the beginning and the end of the second interval were ...
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Citations
... And these two complementary phenomena may also have independently helpful effects for cognition (see also Chunharas et al., 2022). For example, time dilation can improve processing of information within a duration (e.g., Wutz et al., 2015), while time contraction can aid in binding across different stimulus modalities (e.g., Zimmermann et al., 2016). ...
We experience the world in terms of both (continuous) time and (discrete) events, but time seems especially primitive—since we cannot perceive events without an underlying temporal medium. It is all the more intriguing, then, to discover that event segmentation can itself influence how we perceive the passage of time. We demonstrated this using a novel “rhythmic reproduction” task, in which people listened to irregular sequences of musical tones, and then immediately reproduced those rhythmic patterns from memory. Each sequence contained a single salient (and entirely task-irrelevant) perceptual event boundary, but the temporal placement of that boundary varied across multiple trials in which people reproduced the same underlying rhythmic pattern. Reproductions were systematically influenced by event boundaries in two complementary ways: tones immediately following event boundaries were delayed (being effectively played “too late” in the reproductions), while tones immediately preceding event boundaries were sped up (being effectively played “too early”). This demonstrates how event segmentation influences time perception in subtle and nonuniform ways that go beyond global temporal distortions—with dilation across events, but contraction within events. Events structure temporal experience, facilitating a give-and-take between the subjective expansion and contraction of time.
... When the interval markers differed in orientation, no compression occurred. The same dependency of compression on feature correspondence was also found in a multisensory setup 5 . What these illusions have in common is that two identical stimuli, or the on-and offset of a single stimulus, define a temporal interval. ...
... One of the interval markers falls into either the period of an action or an attention shift or it is masked, thus having a weak onset signal. We argued that temporal compression the outcome of a mechanism which acts against the variability of the weak onset signal of one of the interval markers that is produced by masking or the absence of attention 5 . A mask necessarily reduces the contrast of the interval marker. ...
How we estimate the passage of time is an unsolved mystery in neuroscience. Illusions of subjective time provide an experimental access to this question. Here we show that time compression and expansion of visually marked intervals result from a binding of temporal interval markers. Interval markers whose onset signals were artificially weakened by briefly flashing a whole-field mask were bound in time towards markers with a strong onset signal. We explain temporal compression as the consequence of summing response distributions of weak and strong onset signals. Crucially, temporal binding occurred irrespective of the temporal order of weak and strong onset markers, thus ruling out processing latencies as an explanation for changes in interval duration judgments. If both interval markers were presented together with a mask or the mask was shown in the temporal interval center, no compression occurred. In a sequence of two intervals, masking the middle marker led to time compression for the first and time expansion for the second interval. All these results are consistent with a model view of temporal binding that serves a functional role by reducing uncertainty in the final estimate of interval duration.
This chapter starts with some basic notions regarding time series and simple transformations in time and time scale change viewed in the time domain and the frequency domain. Most of the chapter is dedicated to applications of scale as ratio in time. These include time compression with a constant or a variable scale factor, sonification (with applications in geoscience, education, and medicine), and subjective time scaling in individual experience, in narration, and in literature.KeywordsScaleTimeTime seriesSampling rateWavesFrequencyFourier spectrumResolutionEarthquakesSonificationMedicineGeophysicsSubjective timeNetworksLiterature
A visual stimulus is perceived as shorter when a short sound is presented immediately before and after the visual target than when the visual target appears alone. It remains unclear whether the time compression occurs in an intramodal condition. Therefore, the present study examined how and when non-target sandwiching stimuli affect the perceived filled duration of target visual stimuli. We further hypothesized that this effect could be modulated by temporal and spatial proximity between the target and non-target stimuli. Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2 showed that non-target stimuli could decrease the perceived duration only when the inter-stimulus interval between these stimuli was 0 ms, using time reproduction and category estimation methods. Experiments 3 revealed that the time compression effect did not occur when both the non-target preceding and trailing stimuli were spatially distinct from the target. Experiment 4 demonstrated that either the preceding or trailing stimulus induced the time compression effect when the non-target stimuli were presented at the same position as the target stimuli. We discuss the implications of the time compression effect induced by non-target sandwiching stimuli with reference to the Scalar Expectancy Theory and the Neural Readout Model. We speculated that the attenuation of neural responses to the target via visual masking or perceptual grouping may be attributable to the time compression effect.
