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A-H. Morphology of the lip in Pleurothallis tonduzii. A, Bogarín 10434; B, JBL-04789; C, Serrano 154; D, Karremans 4575; E, Bogarín 3808; F, Pupulin 4389; G, Karremans 5158; H, JBL-04793. Scale bar = 5 mm. All the vouchers at JBL. Photographs by F. Pupulin.
Source publication
We discuss a group of Pleurothallis species mostly characterized by plants relatively tall for the genus, with stems more than 20 cm long and fasciculate inflorescences produced above the leaf from a spathaceous, sometimes erect bract. We recognize 26 species and 4 natural hybrids in Costa Rica in this group of Pleurothallis, belonging to 4 informa...
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... folded. In P. grandilingua it is slightly conduplicate, with the two longitudinal halves becoming convex and flushing toward the apex, where the lamina presents a constriction and where an apical short lobe, in turn biconvex, is inserted. The lip of P. tonduzii is three-dimensionally still more complex, and variable within individual plants (Fig. 4). When extended, the lip is arrow-shaped, with the basal angles rounded, strongly conduplicate below the area of the glenion, with the two longitudinal halves slightly convex; close to the apex the blade is constricted into a small, elliptic, rounded, convex midlobe, inserted where the convex halves flush into the blade. During ...
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... interpret the plant that served as the type as a new natural hybrid between Pleurothallis tonduzii and the recently described P. gonzaleziorum (Fig. 14), both species recorded for the orchid flora at Bosque de Paz Reserve, where Adam P. Karremans first noted this nothospecies while it was blooming at the Stephen Kirby Orchid Garden. Vegetatively, it shows long acuminate leaves like those of P. tonduzii, which are narrowly ovate, cordate, thinly coriaceous and matte like in P. ...
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... The lip also shows an interesting combination of features, as it is pandurate and slightly recurved on the apical third like in P. tonduzii, but it is not revolute on the distal half and it is glabrous, with the glenion deeply recessed between the thickened basal lobes of the lip, which makes it look more similar to the lip of P. gonzaleziorum (Fig. 14). Recently, another individual of the nothospecies was found growing in the wild in the forest of the Bosque de Paz Reserve, which allows us to discard the possibility that it represents a garden ...
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... features: the thick, narrowly lanceolate leaves subequal in length to the stem, often strongly recurved toward the apex, and the subspreading flower with a complicated lip (Fig. 4), which is basally straight and abruptly raised-geniculate apically made this species unmistakable. Epiphytic, caespitose, erect herb, up to 25 cm tall. Roots slender, flexuous, 1 mm in diam. Ramicauls terete, slender, 15-26 cm long, ca. 3 mm in diam., pale green, with 2-3 basal, short, tubular, obtuse sheaths, and a longer sheath below ...
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... transversely rectangular glenion, ca. 1 mm long, recessed between the basal lobes of the lip. Column short, stout, transversely subrectangular, 2.3-2.5 mm long, the foot ca. 1.5 mm, densely papillose; stigma and anther apical. Pollinia 2, narrowly obpyriform, 0.9 mm long, provided with inconspicuous caudicles, and a hard, bubble-like viscidium. Fig. ...
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... on the disc, ca. 0.6 mm long. Column short, stout, transversely subrectangular, dorsiventrally complanate, ca. 2.0 × 1.3 mm, the anther apical, incumbent, the stigma apical, bilobed. Anther cap cucullate, ovate, subcordate, truncate, 2-celled, ca. 0.9 × 0.7 mm. Pollinia 2, narrowly ovate-pyriform, 0.8 mm long, attached to an elliptic viscidium. Fig. ...
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... less than 1 mm long. Column short, stout, transversely subrectangular, dorsiventrally complanate, 2.4 × 1.3 mm, with a short foot, ca. 1 mm long; the anther apical, incumbent, the stigma apical, bilobed. Anther cap cucullate, ovate, subcordate, subtruncate, two-celled, 0.9 × 0.7 mm. Pollinia 2, narrowly ovate, attached to an elliptic viscidium. Fig. ...
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... apiculum, the disc with two mamillate, erect callosities flanking the glenion. Column rectangular in section, stout, dilated distally, dorsoventrally flattened, ca. 2.5 × 4 mm, the anther apical, incumbent, the stigma apical, bilobed. Anther cap cucullate, narrowly ovate, 2-celled. Pollinia 2, narrowly ovoid, attached to an elliptic viscidium. Fig. ...
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... Reserve] Talamanca. Cordillera de Talamanca. Alto Urén. Casa de don Gabriel el Sukia. 9˚22'40"N, 82˚59'00"W, 700-900 m, 21 Sep 1994, G. Gallardo 275 & E. Lépiz (CR) Fig. 45 (Voucher, JBL-01967, ...
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... basal lobes of the lip, ca. 1 mm long. Column short, transversely subrectangular, dorsiventrally complanate, ca. 2 × 1 mm, the anther apical, bent, the stigma apical, bilobed. Anther cap obcordate, truncate, bilobed at the base, 2-celled. Pollinia 2, narrowly oblong-pyriform, attached to an elliptic viscidium through a short, cylindric caudicula. Fig. 41F-H. Etymology: from the Greek words φῠ́λλον (phúllon), "leaf," and κᾰρδῐ́ᾱ (kardíā), "heart," in reference to the heart-shaped leaves of the ...
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... stout, transversely subrectangular, dorsiventrally complanate, ca. 2 × 2 mm, with a foot 1.8 mm long, the anther apical, incumbent, the stigma apical, bilobed. Anther cap cucullate, ovate, subcordate, 2-celled, 0.8 × 0.6 mm. Pollinia 2, ovatecomplanate, apically attenuate into cylindrical caudicules, 0.8 mm long, attached to a round viscidium. Fig. 48A-C. Etymology: from the Latin radula, "a rasp," in allusion to the markedly verrucose ...
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... on the disc, less than 1 mm long. Column short, stout, transversely subrectangular, dorsiventrally complanate, with a short foot, ca. 2 × 2 mm, the anther apical, incumbent, the stigma apical, bilobed. Anther cap cucullate, ovate, subcordate, subtruncate, 2-celled. Pollinia 2, narrowly ovate, apically attenuate, attached to an elliptic viscidium. Fig. ...
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... foot, the lamina provided with a basal glenion, below it rises a conspicuous peak, the apical third of the lamina provided with shallow lateral sinuses. Column thick, 1.2-1.3 mm long, the foot thick-bulbous, papillose; stigma and anther apical. Pollinia 2, 0.75 mm long, provided with inconspicuous caudicles, and a hard, bubble-like viscidium. Fig. ...
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... the lip, 1 mm long. Column short, transversely subrectangular, dorsiventrally complanate, ca. 2 × 2 mm, apically diagonally truncate, the anther apical, bent, the stigma apical, bilobed. Anther cap cucullate, ovate, cordate, 2-celled. Pollinia 2, narrowly oblong-pyriform, attached to a small. elliptic viscidium through two abbreviate caudicles. Fig. ...
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Background
Fasciculation is an important sign for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Our study aimed to analyze the difference in fasciculation detected with muscle ultrasonography (MUS) between ALS patients and non-ALS patients with symptoms resembling ALS.
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Citations
... The types of morphologically similar species deposited at AMES, MO and SEL were consulted using virtual resources. Available descriptions of related species (Luer 1979, 1986, 1996, 2005, Pupulin et al. 2021, as well as highquality photographs, were reviewed and compared with the new species. ...
... However, a peculiar characteristic in P. carpishensis are the apices of the ramicaul, since these are curved, forming an angle of approximately 90°, before the leaf abscission layer ( Figure 8C), unlike other Pleurothallis species of the same subsection, which generally have leaves attached to a non-angulate ramicaul. Interestingly, in some species of subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae, the single-flowered inflorescences are borne from an erect spathaceous bract (Pupulin et al. 2021) [e.g. P. longipetala Bogarín & Belfort (2021, P. phyllocardia Reichenbach (1866: 97), P. radula, P. rectipetala Ames & C.Schweinf. ...
A new species of Pleurothallis belonging to subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae was discovered in the Carpish Montane Forest Regional Conservation Area, Huánuco, Peru. Pleurothallis carpishensis is described, illustrated, and compared to P. radula, from which it is differentiated by the flowers borne from a depressed spathaceous bract resting on a navicular concavity on the leaf, the oblong-lanceolate, apiculate petals, with large papillae on the margins, the triangular, subacute lip, with a basal, widely ovate and emarginate, papillose-verrucose callus, with two oblique, lateral and marginal keels.
... The plant collection and documentation followed the methods described by Pupulin et al. (2021). Living plants intended for this study were collected between 2021 and 2023 and cultivated at Lankester Botanical Garden (JBL, its acronym in Spanish), University of Costa Rica. ...
We describe and illustrate a new species of Epidendrum from the montane forests on the Cordillera de Talamanca, in Costa Rica. Epidendrum scandens is unusually among the 'Rugosum subgroup' of 'Ramosum group' in the plants forming large mats, composed of elongate, scandent, climbing stems that are notoriously branching and flexuous, becoming liana-like. The 2-3-flowered inflorescence is extremely discrete in relation to the stem, it bears typical yellowish-green flowers partially hidden by large floral bracts. The triangular lip is unusual in the conspicuous apical thickening. A taxonomic description, illustration, distribution map and conservation status are provided for the new species.
... minutely ciliate) and the narrowly obovate anther cap (vs. obtriangular) (Pupulin 2021). ...
Five new species of Pleurothallis subsect. Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae from Ecuador are described and illustrated: P. kashi-menkakarai, P. lapoi, P. marioandresavilae, P. sabanillae and P. tinajillensis. The taxonomic similarities of the new entities are discussed and information about their distribution, habitat, and conservation status is provided. Additionally, the first known and confirmed locality for Pleurothallis saueri is provided, a previously described species without collection data, as well as a lectotype is designated for this name.
... Costa Rican species of Pleurothallis are no exception, with several novelties proposed on their own (e.g. Karremans & Bogarín 2011, Karremans & Muñoz 2011, Karremans & Jiménez 2018 or in revision papers dealing with species complexes such as in the Pleurothallis cardiothallis Reichenbach (1857: 158-159) and P. phyllocardia Reichenbach (1866: 97) groups (Pupulin et al. 2017a(Pupulin et al. , 2017b(Pupulin et al. , 2021. ...
A new species of Pleurothallis is described from Ciudad Quesada in Costa Rica. The novelty belongs to Pleurothallis series Acroniae Luer, having a close floral affinity with P. dentipetala and P. rowleei, from which it can be easily distinguished by the two-flowered inflorescence branches, bearing tiny yellow flowers with ovate-lanceolate, undulate dorsal sepal, decurved, oblong-lanceolate, dagger-like petals, and an ovate lip. Pleurothallis pugio is reminiscent of P. imitor, a species which also has two-flowered branches bearing yellow flowers. However, the latter is only known to occur in Monteverde Reserve at higher elevations, and differs in the petals that are only slightly decurved, with an entire margin, the sepals that are elliptic, and the lip that is triangular-sagittate.
... in a recent publication on the Pleurothallis flora of Costa Rica, Pupulin et al. (2021) introduced a list of species within subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae that they referred to as the P. phyllocardia group. From that group, P. peculiaris is very likely related to P. cardiostola and P. lilijae, and P. compressa is probably related to those species. ...
... The Pleurothallis cardiostola-P. lilijae complex as recognized here is widely distributed, from Costa Rica in the north, represented by P. peculiaris (Pupulin, 2021), to Paraguay in the south, represented by P. alopex (luer 2005). Despite the wide distribution of the complex as a whole, P. cardiostola itself is probably restricted to Venezuela, Ecuador and, presumably, the intervening country of Colombia. ...
... This is a grouping of significant size, including approximately 10-13% of described species in subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae. As such, the P. cardiostola-P. lilijae complex is both more numerous and more widely distributed than the P. cardiothallis complex (Pupulin et al., 2017;Pupulin et al., 2021), which is itself part of what might be more broadly considered the P. cardiothallis-P. titan complex (Sierra-Ariza et al., 2022). ...
... Esta especie pertenece a un pequeño complejo de especies aliadas a Pleurothallis cardiothallis Rchb.f., que históricamente han sido tratadas como una sola especie morfológicamente variable y con una distribución desde México y Centroamérica al norte de los Andes. Sin embargo, estudios recientes demuestran que bajo este nombre se agrupan varias especies (Pupulin et al. 2021), como es el caso de Pleurothallis scotinantha Pupulin, M.Díaz & J.Aguilar, Pleurothallis navise- Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron varias salidas de campo a los bosques localizados en la cuenca del río Azufrado en el municipio de Villahermosa, Tolima, entre los años 2018 y 2019, donde se encontró una única población de esta especie en su estado natural. ...
... 1107 / 2107, O 1109 / 2109. Para confirmar la identidad de la nueva especie, se revisó la literatura especializada sobre el complejo de Pleurothallis cardiothallis (Pupulin 2020, Pupulin et al. 2017, 2021, monografías sobre la sistemática de los géneros Pleurothallis y Acronia, sección Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae (Luer 1988(Luer , 2005, la revisión en línea de herbarios internacionales como AMES (www.huh.harvard.edu) y KEW (apps.kew.org/ ...
... G. Antera y polinios, vistas adaxial y abaxial. Fotografías de M. Díaz basadas en Rojas-Alvarado 258 (JBL-spirit), publicadas originalmente porPupulin et al. (2021). Reproducida con el permiso de los autores y editores de Harvard Papers in Botany. ...
Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie del género Pleurothallis para la región Andina colombiana llamada P. villahermosae, perteneciente a la subsección Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae. La nueva especie es morfológicamente similar a Pleurothalis callosa, de la cual se diferencia por tener el sépalo dorsal y el sinsépalo ovado-elíptico; pétalos falcado-lanceolados, acuminados y el labelo cuadrangular-ovado con presencia de 2 callos basales que ocupan un tercio de la longitud del labelo (vs. sépalo dorsal elíptico y sinsépalo ampliamente ovado y labelo unguiculado con 2 callos basales que se extienden hasta la mitad de la longitud del labelo en P. callosa). Se proporciona información geográfica, características ecológicas y estado de conservación de la nueva especie.
A new species of Platystele is described from the Juan Castro Blanco National Park area, around Ciudad Quesada in Costa Rica. The petite novelty is morphologically similar to P. propinqua (Ames) Garay, but with the leaves spathulate, the inflorescence pendent becoming two to three times longer than the leaf, and bearing up to 25 flowers per coflorescence. The yellow flowers suffused with reddish-purple are smaller, with the segments recurved, the sepals and petals are glandular papillose on the adaxial surface, and sepals have short, blunt tails. The new species grows as an epiphyte in primary and secondary forest at elevations ca. 1800–1900 m, and seems to be endemic to the windy slopes of the Platanar Volcano, where it is locally abundant.
Colombia is a major biodiversity hotspot, having one of the richest orchid floras in the world. The country spans over a million square kilometers of land, hosting a multitude of different ecosystems thanks to the complexity of its mountainous systems and influences from neighboring countries in Central and South America, as well as the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines. Prior studies found an estimated 3591–4270 species of orchids occurring in Colombia, making it the most species-rich plant family in the country. About 35% of those orchids are members of the Pleurothallidinae subtribe, the largest group in the family and also that with the highest rate of species discovery. Here we record 1862 species of pleurothallids for the country, a significant increase from the 1286–1529 range estimated just a few years ago. We expect Pleurothallidinae to represent close to half the Colombian orchid flora. Colombia hosts roughly one-third of all currently known taxa in the subtribe, and close to 60% of these species are found nowhere else in the world. These are clear indicators that the country is a highly important center of pleurothallid diversity and a key target for their conservation. The most species rich genera in the country are Stelis (521 species), Lepanthes (377 species), Pleurothallis (248 species) and Masdevallia (171 species). Country-level distribution is given for each accepted species. The closest floristic affinity is found with Ecuador, with which Colombia shares over 76% of the non-endemic Pleurothallidinae species, followed in the distance by Venezuela and Peru, with just above one-quarter of the non-endemics being shared. Numerous new country records are presented in the catalogue, many of which are illustrated with color photographs. We provide a full list of homotypic synonyms for each accepted taxon, as well as an annotated list of excluded taxa and newly proposed synonyms. Heterotypic synonyms are not listed, unless they are based on Colombian material. Typification for each accepted species is presented, with lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes being selected whenever necessary and available, as well as information regarding published illustrations.
Two new species of Pleurothallis subsection Macrophyllae-Fasciculatae are described and illustrated. Both species were found in the central Andes of Colombia in the department of Tolima. The two species are compared and discussed with Pleurothallis applanata, Pleurothallis ariana-dayanae, Pleurothallis paquishae, and Pleurothallis scabrilinguis, which are the morphologically closest species. The two new species differ from their congeners mainly by lip morphology. Pleurothallis franciana is distinguished by having an oblong-lanceolate, acute, vesiculous lip with an obovate glenion, and Pleurothallis petroana is distinguished by the ovate-lanceolate, verrucose-papillose, slightly pilose lip, with a spathulate glenion.
Epidendrum (Orchidaceae) has been suggested to be a promising model system for evolutionary and ecological studies in the neotropical region. given its species diversity, the broad biogeographical and ecological range, and the variation in morphology, chromosome numbers and ecological interactions, the genus presents a rich source for intriguing and yet unanswered questions. Epidendrum is also a prime candidate to study speciation and this makes establishing precise species boundaries and diversity estimates in the genus extremely important. through the recognition and discovery of hundreds of undescribed taxa, the number of formally described Epidendrum species has grown from 1000 to 1800 in the last two decades, while projections suggest the genus may have up to ca. 2400 species. this notorious underestimation of species diversity has serious consequences in many macroecological studies, including speciation, biogeographical patterns, diversification processes, and conservation priorities. Such a large number of unrecognized species in the genus has multiple unforeseen negative consequences and closing the gap between the described and projected diversity needs to become a priority. the isthmus of costa rica and panama, one of the most biodiverse regions in the world, is also a center of diversity of Epidendrum. one out of every six species in the genus is present in the region and half of them are endemic. in the current paper, 20 new species are described from the isthmus and new records and exclusions are presented for both countries. Many of the newly recognized species had previously been included within broader circumscriptions of other taxa or had simply been misidentified. They represent a good example of how taxonomy can cause a sudden shift from a scenario where a few broadly distributed and unthreatened species become multiple potentially threatened species for which the population size, distribution and conservation status need to be urgently established. Epidendrum is the most specious orchid genus in costa rica and panama, as well as most other Latin American countries, but species are poorly represented in herbaria and literature, and indetermination or incorrect determination of specimens is widespread. this results in a severe underestimation of Epidendrum species both in terms of species richness and their conservation priority levels.
