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... Editor S tigler's law of eponymy: No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer. 1 In the 1878 edition of his book La Méthode Graphique dans les Sciences Expérimentales et Particuliére- ment en Physiologie et en Médecine, French scientist E. J. Marey reproduced a marvelous graphic train schedule whose design he attributed to Ibry (see Figure 1). e vertical axis is geographic, showing the train stations between Paris and Lyon spaced propor- tional to their physical distance. e horizontal axis represents one day of time spaced in one-hour inter- vals. Drawn on this framework are slanted lines that represent trains. Trains from the top left to the bottom right are those going from Paris to Lyon; those with the opposite slope go from Lyon to Paris. Faster trains have a steeper slope. An entire train schedule can be seen and understood in a ...
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Citations
... By combining these schedules, we formulated a grand timetable to detect possible conflicts between passenger and freight trains. Time-distance graphs, including the Ibry Graph, are integral for planning, displaying, and monitoring rail traffic (Wainer et al., 2013). To visualize our timetable, we employed the JtrainGraph software (jTrainGraph, 2022), which creates a train graph that shows the schedules and connections between the different types of trains. ...
Utilizing passenger rail, including subways, to transport goods can have advantages over trucking in terms of efficiency and emissions. While some experimentation is ongoing in this area, combined passenger and rail opportunities in specific cities merit further attention. To more concretely examine how to leverage passenger rail for freight, this paper explores the potential of utilizing unused capacity in New York City (NYC) subway trains for transporting goods. Using General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), rail and passenger data for the NYC subway, we found ways to use excess capacity and existing rail lines for freight transportation. We visu- alized a freight train timetable and graph, analyzed meet-errors between freight and passenger trains, and formulated prevention policies. Using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data, we estimated emission re- ductions from replacing trucks with unused subway capacity. Our findings suggest that with adequate policies, investments and redesign, combining passenger rai and freight in the subways could significantly reduce truck trips, traffic congestion, and greenhouse gas emissions compared to trucking alone. However, implementing this approach requires careful collaborative planning, investment, enhanced security screening, and streamlined operations to minimize impacts on passenger transport. Further efforts should explore in more depth the costs and benefits and practical design and policy issues around using excess passenger rail capacity for freight transport in NYC and other cities.
... uses an Ibry chart[51][52][53][54] to show the educational progression of typical 18-year old medical school entrants, through to postgraduate qualifications. There are however many variants on this theme. ...
Objectives
To compare in UK medical students the predictive validity of attained A-level grades and teacher-predicted A levels for undergraduate and postgraduate outcomes. Teacher-predicted A-level grades are a plausible proxy for the teacher-estimated grades that replaced UK examinations in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also models the likely future consequences for UK medical schools of replacing public A-level examination grades with teacher-predicted grades.
Design
Longitudinal observational study using UK Medical Education Database data.
Setting
UK medical education and training.
Participants
Dataset 1: 81 202 medical school applicants in 2010–2018 with predicted and attained A-level grades. Dataset 2: 22 150 18-year-old medical school applicants in 2010–2014 with predicted and attained A-level grades, of whom 12 600 had medical school assessment outcomes and 1340 had postgraduate outcomes available.
Outcome measures
Undergraduate and postgraduate medical examination results in relation to attained and teacher-predicted A-level results.
Results
Dataset 1: teacher-predicted grades were accurate for 48.8% of A levels, overpredicted in 44.7% of cases and underpredicted in 6.5% of cases. Dataset 2: undergraduate and postgraduate outcomes correlated significantly better with attained than with teacher-predicted A-level grades. Modelling suggests that using teacher-estimated grades instead of attained grades will mean that 2020 entrants are more likely to underattain compared with previous years, 13% more gaining the equivalent of the lowest performance decile and 16% fewer reaching the equivalent of the current top decile, with knock-on effects for postgraduate training.
Conclusions
The replacement of attained A-level examination grades with teacher-estimated grades as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic may result in 2020 medical school entrants having somewhat lower academic performance compared with previous years. Medical schools may need to consider additional teaching for entrants who are struggling or who might need extra support for missed aspects of A-level teaching.
... intercalating degrees), or individuals have not yet reached particular stages of their careers). A solution for representing such problems is what is often called the Ibry chart [17,18], described in the nineteenth century [19], and used then, and still used, for describing the complexities of railway timetables. In the context of medical education a version of an Ibry chart was developed by one of us in 1985, although without knowing its provenance [20](p.32). ...
Background
Little research has compared the profile, success, or specialty destinations of graduates entering UK medical schools via accelerated, 4-yr, standard 5-yr and 6-yr programmes. Four research questions directed this investigation:-What are the success rates for graduates entering graduate-entry vs. undergraduate medicine courses?
How does the sociodemographic and educational profile differ between these two groups?
Is success – in medical school and foundation training – dependent on prior degree, demographic factors, or aptitude test performance at selection?
What specialty do graduate entry medicine students subsequently enter?
Methods
The data from two cohorts of graduates entering medical school in 2007 and 2008 (n = 2761) in the UKMED (UK Medical Education Database) database were studied: 1445 taking 4-yr and 1150 taking 5-yr medicine courses, with smaller numbers following other programmes.
Results
Completion rates for degree programmes were high at 95%, with no significant difference between programme types. 4-yr entrants were older, less likely to be from Asian communities, had lower HESA (Higher Education Statistics Agency) tariff scores, but higher UKCAT (UK Clinical Aptitude Test) and GAMSAT (Graduate Medical School Admissions Test) scores, than 5-yr entrants.
Higher GAMSAT scores, black or minority ethnicity (BME), and younger age were independent predictors of successful completion of medical school. Foundation Programme (FPAS) selection measures (EPM – educational performance measure; SJT – situational judgment test) were positively associated with female sex, but negatively with black or minority ethnicity. Higher aptitude test scores were associated with EPM and SJT, GAMSAT with EPM, UKCAT with SJT. Prior degree subject, class of degree, HESA tariff, and type of medicine programme were not related to success.
Conclusions
The type of medicine programme has little effect on graduate entrant completion, or EPM or SJT scores, despite differences in student profile.
Aptitude test score has some predictive validity, as do sex, age and BME, but not prior degree subject or class. Further research is needed to disentangle the influences of BME.
