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(A) Delavaya toxocarpa, China (Boufford 44087). (B) Lepisanthes rubiginosa, Thailand (Callmander et al. 1167). (C) Tristiropsis obtusangula, Guam. (D) Haplocoelum intermedium, Gabon (Nguema 732). (E) Blomia pisca, Mexico (Acevedo-Rodríguez 12242). (F) Guindilia trinervis, Chile. Photo credits: © C. Davidson (A), © P. Chassot (B), © G. C. Fiedler (C), © D. Nguema (D), © P. Acevedo-Rodríguez (E), and © M. Belov (F).
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The economically important, cosmopolitan soapberry family (Sapindaceae) comprises ca. 1900 species in 144 genera. Since the seminal work of Radlkofer, several authors have attempted to overcome challenges presented by the family's complex infra-familial classification. With the advent of molecular systematics, revisions of the various pro...
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... 6-This clade exhibits a disjunct distribution between southern North America (Ungnadia, 1 species) and southwestern China and northern Vietnam (Delavaya Franch., 1 species; Fig. 3A). It is sister to the remainder of Sapindoideae, a relationship found previously by Buerki et al. (2011b). Its members are characterized by two ovules per carpel, type-A (colporate spheroidal) pollen, elongated basal petal appendages, glabrous stamens, and Cupanieae wood anatomy ( Buerki et al., 2009;Klaassen, ...
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... 11-This clade includes a single genus, Tristiropsis, with three species that occur in Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific islands (Fig. 3C, Table 1). Tristiropsis was assigned to Melicocceae by Radlkofer (1931)(1932)(1933)(1934) but excluded from the tribe by Acevedo-Rodríguez (2003) due to its distinct fruit type, which is not shared with its other members. Our analyses confirm its exclusion from Melicocceae, and due to its distinctive fruits, which are unique within ...
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... 14-This clade only includes the monotypic genus Blomia (Fig. 3E), which occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. As discussed above (see clade 12), this genus was previously found to be sister to the African Haplocoelum, but the analyses presented here support its evolutionary distinctiveness, which has led us to describe a new tribe to accommodate it (see ...
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... 15-This clade only includes the South American genus Guindilia (3 species; Fig. 3F), which was excluded from Paullinieae by Acevedo- Rodiguez et al. (2017) and inferred to be sister to supertribe Paulliniodae (Appendix S3). Morphologically, Guindilia differs from members of Paulliniodae by the presence of opposite, simple leaves (vs. alternate, compound leaves) (Acevedo- . Although the floral disc in Guindilia has ...
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... by Acevedo- . This group is characterized morphologically by zygomorphic flowers, thyrses with lateral cincinni, corollas of four petals, and alternate leaves with a well-developed distal leaflet. Our study recovered the same phylogenetic clustering as Acevedo- , and we have therefore adopted the tribal delimitations presented in their study. Fig. 3F) (see Table 1 for a list of all genera). The first of these genera was not sequenced before the present study, although Capuron (1969) included it among Malagasy Schleichereae, along with the rest of the genera belonging to clade 20, based on its morphology, whereas Stadmania was assigned to Nephelieae (Radlkofer, 1931(Radlkofer, -1934 ...
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... 6-This clade exhibits a disjunct distribution between southern North America (Ungnadia, 1 species) and southwestern China and northern Vietnam (Delavaya Franch., 1 species; Fig. 3A). It is sister to the remainder of Sapindoideae, a relationship found previously by Buerki et al. (2011b). Its members are characterized by two ovules per carpel, type-A (colporate spheroidal) pollen, elongated basal petal appendages, glabrous stamens, and Cupanieae wood anatomy ( Buerki et al., 2009;Klaassen, ...
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... 11-This clade includes a single genus, Tristiropsis, with three species that occur in Malesia, Australia, and the Pacific islands (Fig. 3C, Table 1). Tristiropsis was assigned to Melicocceae by Radlkofer (1931)(1932)(1933)(1934) but excluded from the tribe by Acevedo-Rodríguez (2003) due to its distinct fruit type, which is not shared with its other members. Our analyses confirm its exclusion from Melicocceae, and due to its distinctive fruits, which are unique within ...
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... 14-This clade only includes the monotypic genus Blomia (Fig. 3E), which occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. As discussed above (see clade 12), this genus was previously found to be sister to the African Haplocoelum, but the analyses presented here support its evolutionary distinctiveness, which has led us to describe a new tribe to accommodate it (see ...
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... 15-This clade only includes the South American genus Guindilia (3 species; Fig. 3F), which was excluded from Paullinieae by Acevedo- Rodiguez et al. (2017) and inferred to be sister to supertribe Paulliniodae (Appendix S3). Morphologically, Guindilia differs from members of Paulliniodae by the presence of opposite, simple leaves (vs. alternate, compound leaves) (Acevedo- . Although the floral disc in Guindilia has ...
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... by Acevedo- . This group is characterized morphologically by zygomorphic flowers, thyrses with lateral cincinni, corollas of four petals, and alternate leaves with a well-developed distal leaflet. Our study recovered the same phylogenetic clustering as Acevedo- , and we have therefore adopted the tribal delimitations presented in their study. Fig. 3F) (see Table 1 for a list of all genera). The first of these genera was not sequenced before the present study, although Capuron (1969) included it among Malagasy Schleichereae, along with the rest of the genera belonging to clade 20, based on its morphology, whereas Stadmania was assigned to Nephelieae (Radlkofer, 1931(Radlkofer, -1934 ...
Citations
... This has allowed stabilization of generic concepts and in a few cases, in new infrafamilial classifications at subfamilial and tribal levels, e.g. Commelinaceae , Cyperaceae (Larridon et al. 2021) and Sapindaceae (Buerki et al. 2021). However, such studies are more exceptions rather than rules. ...
Rapid advances in phylogenomics using target capture methods and universal probe sets such as Angiosperms353 have enabled mass sequencing of herbarium specimens, resulting in the resolution of well-supported phylogenetic trees with thorough taxon sampling. However, the nomenclatural implementation of many now well-supported relations is lagging. Based on the results of recent phylogenomic studies we here propose a suprageneric classification of the order Oxalidales, including Brunelliaceae, Cephalotaceae, Connaraceae, Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Oxalidaceae, but excluding Huaceae. One new suborder, five new subfamilies, and three new tribes are proposed. Newly recognized taxa are provided with diagnostic descriptions.
... To demonstrate the use of the model presented here in an empirical case, I made a biogeographic analysis of the Sapindaceae, a world-wide distributed, mostly tropical, family of angiosperms in the order Sapindales. The phylogeny of this group (Buerki et al. 2009(Buerki et al. , 2011(Buerki et al. , 2013(Buerki et al. , 2021Joyce et al. 2023) provides a fair representation of many current analyses, in which the whole group is well sampled, but it is incomplete at the species level. While there are previous biogeographic analyses for the group (Buerki et al. 2011(Buerki et al. , 2013, they are based on reported, the matched taxonomy is also used to keep only records sampled in the countries in which the species is native. ...
... The phylogeny was augmented with a few species fromBuerki et al. (2013), mostly to enlarge the sampling of a few genera. The species Matayba tenax was excluded, because it does not match any Matayba species or synonym in the Plants of the World database (https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007598-2), this particular taxon behaved as a wildcard in a previous analysis(Buerki et al. 2021), and the genus Matayba did not appear as monophyletic in previous studies(Buerki et al. 2011(Buerki et al. , 2013. The taxonomy was updated using the Plants of the World database Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/advance-article/doi/10.1093/sysbio/syae051/7739853 by guest on 23 August 2024 names with accepted names. ...
To model distribution ranges, the most popular methods of phylogenetic biogeography divide Earth into a handful of predefined areas. Other methods use explicit geographic ranges, but unfortunately, these methods assume a static Earth, ignoring the effects of plate tectonics and the changes in the landscape. To address this limitation, I propose a method that uses explicit geographic ranges and incorporates a plate motion model and a paleolandscape model directly derived from the models used by geologists in their tectonic and paleogeographic reconstructions. The underlying geographic model is a high-resolution pixelation of a spherical Earth. Biogeographic inference is based on diffusion, approximates the effects of the landscape, uses a time-stratified model to take into account the geographic changes, and directly integrates over all probable histories. By using a simplified stochastic mapping algorithm, it is possible to infer the ancestral locations as well as the distance traveled by the ancestral lineages. For illustration, I applied the method to an empirical phylogeny of the Sapindaceae plants. This example shows that methods based on explicit geographic data, coupled with high-resolution paleogeographic models, can provide detailed reconstructions of the ancestral areas but also include inferences about the probable dispersal paths and diffusion speed across the taxon history. The method is implemented in the program PhyGeo.
... and Laccodiscus ferrugineus Radlk. Similar results had been found by Buerki et al. (2021), terming the 16 genera of "Clade 9" as Nephelieae Radlk. using a different delimitation to that of Radlkofer (1931). ...
A new range-restricted species of Placodiscus Radlk. is described, mapped and illustrated. Placodiscus bijugus is a cauliflorous tree (4 - )5 - 10 m tall, characterised by having two pairs of leaflets, 1( - 2) - flowered cymules with minute bracts, a glabrous disk, pedicels 3 - 3.2 mm long and large (3 - 4 cm diam.), shortly stipitate, retuse fruits, orbicular in outline. It is similar to P. caudatus Pierre ex Pellegr. which has been reported from surveys in Cameroon. We discuss the typification and range of the latter species which in fact appears to be absent from Cameroon.
Placodiscus bijugus is provisionally assessed as Endangered (EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) using the IUCN standard, since only three locations, with threats are reported. The species has a small, slightly range, disjunct between Mt Cameroon and Korup National Park in coastal SW region Cameroon. We review other species with this disjunct range.
... The tribe was characterised by uniovulate locules; paripinnate leaves (although saplings of Lychnodiscus and Laccodiscus often have simple leaves); loculicidally dehiscent fruit, often with fleshy valves (Radlkofer 1932); the flowers are usually regular; the petals with an adaxial scale that is bifid or united to the limb to form a funnel (Fouilloy & Hallé 1973a, 1973b. However, recent molecular phylogenomic studies (Buerki et al. 2021;Joyce et al. 2023), based on over 300 nuclear genes, have demonstrated the polyphyly of Cupanieae in the sense of Radlkofer (1932), which genera are scattered in various clades in phylogenetic trees with high support. A realignment of tribes in Sapindaceae was, therefore, provided by Buerki et al. (2021). ...
... However, recent molecular phylogenomic studies (Buerki et al. 2021;Joyce et al. 2023), based on over 300 nuclear genes, have demonstrated the polyphyly of Cupanieae in the sense of Radlkofer (1932), which genera are scattered in various clades in phylogenetic trees with high support. A realignment of tribes in Sapindaceae was, therefore, provided by Buerki et al. (2021). The position of Lychnodiscus, unfortunately not yet included in any molecular analyses, remains uncertain, but we conjecture that its closest relatives probably include Aporrhiza and Laccodiscus, both of which differ from Lychnodiscus by their simple disk and bicoloured seeds (orange at base, black at apex). ...
... Aporrhiza, which shares with Lychnodiscus the very unusual character of a radicle opposite the hilum, may also be separated by its 2-locular ovary and valvate sepals, while Laccodiscus has fruit valves hirsute inside, an inferior radicle, petals lacking an internal scale (but with lateral appendages) and leaves often with pseudostipular lower leaflets. Aporrhiza and Laccodiscus are in the same subclade, with the non Cupanieae genera Pancovia Willd., Placodiscus Radlk., and Haplocoelopsis F.G.Davies), of Buerki et al. (2021) and Joyce et al. (2023). This subclade, all genera being tropical African, is part of clade 9, comprising the redelimited tribe Nephelieae of Buerki et al. (2021), currently with 16 genera including 116 species. ...
We describe and illustrate Lychnodiscus bali Cheek (Sapindaceae), a new species to science, from the Bali Ngemba Forest Reserve of NW Region Cameroon, the last major remnant of cloud forest in the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon, recently evidenced as a Tropical Important Plant Area (TIPA or IPA). Confined on current evidence to upper submontane forest, the new species is threatened by expanding habitat clearance for farms and is assessed as Critically Endangered. A small tree, attaining 3 – 4 m height, it is the first new species to be added to this Guineo-Congolian tree genus in 50 years, the third recorded from Cameroon and takes the number of species in the genus to eight. It has the highest known altitudinal range (1700 – 1950 m alt.) of any species of the genus. We discuss its discovery in the context of other recently discovered and highly threatened or even extinct plant species in the Cameroon Highlands, and the importance of their conservation. The new species was previously identified as Lychnodiscus grandifolius Radlk., but differs in the shorter length of the distal leaflets (12 – 18 cm vs 22 – 39 cm long); in the abaxial leaf surface lacking glands (vs glands flat and conspicuous); in being sparsely hairy all over (vs glabrous except the main veins) and in its larger flowers, 8 – 11 mm long at anthesis (vs 5 – 7 mm long). We present an identification key of the species of Lychnodiscus and discuss their classification in the context of recent molecular phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies. The authors contend that Lychnodiscus Radlk., previously placed in Cupanieae by Radlkofer, should now be placed in the reconstituted Nephelieae in the revised 2021 intrafamilial classification of Buerki et al. , probably close to the genera Aporrhiza Radlk. and Laccodiscus Radlk. However, until the genus is included in molecular studies this cannot be confirmed and a sister relationship remains speculative.
... Although most species are native to Asia, there are also representatives in South America, Africa, and Australia. These plants possess therapeutic potential due to the presence of compounds of pharmaceutical interest such as saponins, which are responsible for their biological activities [67]. ...
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and phytochemicals as potential treatments for acne vulgaris. This condition, characterized by chronic inflammation, predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Conventional treatment typically targets the key factors contributing to its development: the proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes and the associated inflammation. However, these treatments often involve the use of potent drugs. As a result, the exploration of herbal medicine as a complementary approach has emerged as a promising strategy. By harnessing the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants and phytochemicals, it may be possible to address acne vulgaris while minimizing the reliance on strong drugs. This approach not only offers potential benefits for individuals seeking alternative treatments but also underscores the importance of natural remedies of plant origin in dermatological care. The primary aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of plants and their phytochemical constituents in the management of mild acne vulgaris. A comprehensive search of scientific databases was conducted from 2018 to September 2023. The findings of this review suggest that medicinal plants and their phytochemical components hold promise as treatments for mild acne vulgaris. However, it is crucial to note that further research employing high-quality evidence and standardized methodologies is essential to substantiate their efficacy and safety profiles.
... Although most species are native to Asia, there are also representatives in South America, Africa, and Australia. These plants possess therapeutic potential due to the presence of compounds of pharmaceutical interest such as saponins, which are responsible for their biological activities [59]. ...
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and phytochemicals as potential treatments for acne vulgaris. This condition, characterized by chronic inflammation, predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Conventional treatment typically targets the key factors contributing to its development: the proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes and the associated inflammation. However, these treatments often involve the use of potent drugs. As a result, the exploration of herbal medicine as a complementary approach has emerged as a promising strategy. By harnessing the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants and phytochemicals, it may be possible to address acne vulgaris while minimizing the reliance on strong drugs. This approach not only offers potential benefits for individuals seeking alternative treatments but also underscores the importance of natural remedies in dermatological care. The primary aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of plants and their phytochemical constituents in the management of mild acne vulgaris. A comprehensive search of scientific databases was conducted from 2018 to September 2023. The findings of this review suggest that medicinal plants and their phytochemical components hold promise as treatments for mild acne vulgaris. However, it is crucial to note that further research employing high-quality evidence and standardized methodologies is essential to substantiate their efficacy and safety profiles.
... Since the development of the Angiosperms353 set in 2019, it has provided improved phylogenetic understanding in several clades. For example, long-standing debates about family relationships in Gentianales (Antonelli et al., 2021) and groupings within Sapindaceae (Buerki et al., 2021) have largely been resolved. In Apiaceae, Angiosperms353 ('O. ...
... The analyses in this study recovered and supported higher-level relationships in Celmisiinae using the Angiosperms353 bait set, as in a growing number of other studies (e.g., Shee et al., 2020;Buerki et al., 2021;Moreyra et al., 2023). Although discordance was identified, likely due to interference from missing data and paralogy caused by polyploidy, the genomic phylogenies had similar topologies and provided high support for a monophyletic Celmisiinae distinct from Chiliotrichinae and Brachyscominae. ...
... The genus Allophylus L. (family Sapindaceae, subfamily Sapindoideae, tribe Thouinieae) is represented by about 212 species worldwide in tropics and subtropic regions (Buerki et al., 2021;POWO, 2024 Williams (1905: 221) in accordance to Article 53.1 in Turland et al., (2018). Therefore, a new, replacement name is proposed here. ...
A new name, Allophylus liogierii R. Kr. Singh & Sanjeet Kumar, is proposed herein to replace the illegitimate name A. montanus Alain, being a later homonym of A. montanus F. N. Williams.
... Sapindaceae, commonly known as the soapberry family, is famous for the ichthyotoxic and detergent properties of its fruits, considered a comparatively large family under eudicots, belonging to the order Sapindales. The family comprises ca-1900 species and 144 genera (Buerki et al, 2010(Buerki et al, , 2021, representing shrubs, trees, and lianas. The majority of the members were exhibiting tropical to semi-tropical distribution, and few genera extended to temperate regions. ...
... The wide geographical distribution and diversity in the vegetative and reproductive organs resulted in disparity in the systematics of Sapindaceae, especially in the inclusion of temperate genera and in the tribal delimitation of the family members. Many systematists tried to classify the family members or revise the existing classifications based on different criteria like leaf and fruit morphology (Radlkofer, 1933), pollen morphology (Müller and Leenhouts, 1976), vegetative and floral morphology (Judd et al, 1994), biochemical contents (Umadevi and Daniel, 1991), wood anatomy (Klaassen, 1999), karyotype (Ferrucci, 2000), and molecular sequence data (Gadek et al, 1996;APG, 1998;Harrington et al, 2005;Thorne and Reveal, 2007;Buerki et al, 2009Buerki et al, ,2010Buerki et al, ,2021. Among these, the molecular cladogram proposed by Buerki et al (2009), made the systematic picture of Sapindaceae s.l. ...
... Among these, the classification proposed by Radlkofer (1890Radlkofer ( , 1933 was widely accepted and was the fundamental classification for biologists working in this family. The wider family concept was followed by Bentham and Hooker (1862) Hutchinson (1926), Heimsch (1942), Müller and Leenhouts (1976), Umadevi and Daniel (1991), Judd et al (1994), Gadek et al (1996), APG (1998), Thorne (2000), Savolainen et al. (2000), APG II (2003), Harrington et al. (2005), Thorne and Reveal (2007), APG III (2009), Buerki et al (2009), APG IV (2016) and Buerki et al (2021). The two works in the history of the systematics of Sapindaceae and covering the worldwide treatment of the family are considered here for discussion in the light of wood anatomy. ...
This paper reviews the molecular classification of Sapindaceae, by collating the existing wood anatomical details of each tribe. The comparison is restricted to how much the wood anatomical distribution is supported or conflicts with the current subfamilial and tribal shifting of the genera, from their traditional placement in Radlkofer’s classification. The presence of simple vessel perforations, alternate vessel wall pitting, and vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma pits similar in size, shape, and arrangement to the inter vessel pits, and fibers of the libriform type with simple to minutely bordered pits in both Aceraceae and Hippocastanceae clades strongly support their embedding under Sapindaceae. The present analysis also confirms the placement of the Delavaya group as the basal clade under Sapindoideae, the retrieval of Conchopetalum to the Dodonaeoideae subfamily, and the definition of Hippocastanoideae as a temperate subfamily. The wood anatomical similarity of the Dodonaeoideae genera with the other three subfamilies points towards the polyphyly of the Dodonaeoideae subfamily and is comparable with the polyphyly concept of Radlkofer. The current circumscription of Tinopsis and Neotina under Tina is also agreed by their homogenous Cupania type wood anatomy. The systematic affinities of the traditional Schleichereae and Cupanieae tribe are also revealed in their Cupania type wood anatomy. Albeit the wood anatomy agrees with the wider circumscription of Sapindaceae, the wood anatomy details for the majority of the tribes go in line with that of the traditional Radlkofer’s concept.
... To demonstrate the use of the model presented here in an empirical case, I made a biogeographic analysis of the Sapindaceae, a world-wide distributed, mostly tropical, family of angiosperms in the order Sapindales. The phylogeny of this group (Buerki et al. 2009(Buerki et al. , 2011(Buerki et al. , 2013(Buerki et al. , 2021Joyce et al. 2023) provides a fair representation of many current analyses, in which the whole group is well sampled, but it is incomplete at the species level. While there are previous biogeographic analyses for the group (Buerki et al. 2011(Buerki et al. , 2013, they are based on predefined area methods, and the phylogenetic relationships are slightly different from the tree used here (Joyce et al. 2023). ...
... The phylogeny was augmented with a few terminals from Buerki et al. (2013), mostly to enlarge the sampling of a few genera. The species Matayba tenax was excluded, because it does not match any Matayba species or synonym in the Plants of the World database (https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30007598-2), this particular terminal float in a previous analysis (Buerki et al. 2021), and the genus Matayba did not appear as monophyletic in previous studies (Buerki et al. 2011(Buerki et al. , 2013. The taxonomy was updated from the Plants of the World database (https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000506-2; PoWO 2023), replacing synonym names with accepted names. ...
Most popular methods of phylogenetic biogeography discard the spatial component of geographic distributions, dividing Earth into a handful of predefined areas. Other methods use explicit geographic ranges, but unfortunately, these methods assume a static Earth, ignoring the effects of plate tectonics and the changes in the landscape. To address this limitation, I propose a method that uses explicit geographic ranges and incorporates a plate motion model and a paleolandscape model directly derived from the models used by geologists in their tectonic and paleogeographic reconstructions. The underlying geographic model is a high-resolution pixelation of a spherical Earth. Biogeographic inference is based on diffusion, approximates the effects of the landscape, uses a time-stratified model to take into account the geographic changes, and directly integrates over all probable histories. By using a simplified stochastic mapping algorithm, it is possible to infer the ancestral locations as well as the distance and speed traveled by the ancestral lineages. For illustration, I applied the method to an empirical phylogeny of the Sapindaceae plants. This example shows that methods based on explicit geographic data, coupled with high-resolution paleogeographic models, can provide detailed reconstructions of the ancestral areas but also include inferences about the probable dispersal paths and traveling speed across the taxon history that are not possible with current methods based on predefined areas.
