Figure 3 - uploaded by Eckart Zimmermann
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(A,B) Arrangement of visual and tactile stimuli in the correspondence matching experiment. In the same condition (A), tactile and visual stimuli are presented at corresponding positions. Copyright 2016 Martin Hebestreit. However, in the different condition (B) tactile and visual stimuli are presented in an opposite orientation. (C) Results of the correspondence matching experiment. The perceived duration of the first interval is plotted on the ordinate. The two arrangements of visual and tactile stimuli (same and different) are shown on the abscissa. The dotted line indicates the physical duration of the first interval of 500 ms. Error bars are SEM.
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Multisensory integration provides continuous and stable perception from separate sensory inputs. Here, we investigated the functional role of temporal binding between the visual and the tactile senses. To this end we used the paradigm of compression that induces shifts in time when probe stimuli are degraded, e.g., by a visual mask (Zimmermann et a...
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... We next aimed to further corroborate the functional role of temporal compression by testing object correspondence when visual-tactile stimuli are close to each other. A temporal interval was defined again by a tactile and a visual marker. The tactile interval marker consisted of a simultaneous impulse to the thumb and the index finger (see Fig. 3A). The visual interval end marker consisted of two dots flashed simultaneously, either in the same locations as the tactile stimuli (see Fig. 3A) or such that they formed an angle, which was orthogonal to the angle of the tactile stimuli (see Fig. 3A). If the functional role of temporal compression is to bind corresponding objects then ...
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... are close to each other. A temporal interval was defined again by a tactile and a visual marker. The tactile interval marker consisted of a simultaneous impulse to the thumb and the index finger (see Fig. 3A). The visual interval end marker consisted of two dots flashed simultaneously, either in the same locations as the tactile stimuli (see Fig. 3A) or such that they formed an angle, which was orthogonal to the angle of the tactile stimuli (see Fig. 3A). If the functional role of temporal compression is to bind corresponding objects then compression should occur when the multisensory stimuli have the same orientation. Figure 3C shows the perceived durations of the probe interval ...
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... tactile interval marker consisted of a simultaneous impulse to the thumb and the index finger (see Fig. 3A). The visual interval end marker consisted of two dots flashed simultaneously, either in the same locations as the tactile stimuli (see Fig. 3A) or such that they formed an angle, which was orthogonal to the angle of the tactile stimuli (see Fig. 3A). If the functional role of temporal compression is to bind corresponding objects then compression should occur when the multisensory stimuli have the same orientation. Figure 3C shows the perceived durations of the probe interval for the two orientations of the visual stimuli. The black bar illustrates perceived interval durations ...
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... the functional role of temporal compression is to bind corresponding objects then compression should occur when the multisensory stimuli have the same orientation. Figure 3C shows the perceived durations of the probe interval for the two orientations of the visual stimuli. The black bar illustrates perceived interval durations when visual and tactile stimuli were oriented in the same way while the gray bar shows perceived interval durations for visual and tactile stimuli oriented differently. ...
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... or on the opposite side at an equivalent eccen- tricity as the tactile stimuli (different condition). In the different condition, visual stimuli were presented 2.16° right and 2.16° below the center of the screen, and 2.16° left and 2.16° above the center of the screen, respectively. The positions of the visual and tactile stimuli are shown in Fig. 3A,B. The first interval was fixed to 500 ms. The second interval varied between 200 to 800 ms, in steps of 50 ms. Visual stimuli at the end of the first interval were masked. The second interval followed the first interval after a break of 1000 ms. Like in the time condition, sub- jects indicated which interval appeared to be shorter ...
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... And these two complementary phenomena may also have independently helpful effects for cognition (see also Chunharas et al., 2022). For example, time dilation can improve processing of information within a duration (e.g., Wutz et al., 2015), while time contraction can aid in binding across different stimulus modalities (e.g., Zimmermann et al., 2016). ...
We experience the world in terms of both (continuous) time and (discrete) events, but time seems especially primitive—since we cannot perceive events without an underlying temporal medium. It is all the more intriguing, then, to discover that event segmentation can itself influence how we perceive the passage of time. We demonstrated this using a novel “rhythmic reproduction” task, in which people listened to irregular sequences of musical tones, and then immediately reproduced those rhythmic patterns from memory. Each sequence contained a single salient (and entirely task-irrelevant) perceptual event boundary, but the temporal placement of that boundary varied across multiple trials in which people reproduced the same underlying rhythmic pattern. Reproductions were systematically influenced by event boundaries in two complementary ways: tones immediately following event boundaries were delayed (being effectively played “too late” in the reproductions), while tones immediately preceding event boundaries were sped up (being effectively played “too early”). This demonstrates how event segmentation influences time perception in subtle and nonuniform ways that go beyond global temporal distortions—with dilation across events, but contraction within events. Events structure temporal experience, facilitating a give-and-take between the subjective expansion and contraction of time.
... When the interval markers differed in orientation, no compression occurred. The same dependency of compression on feature correspondence was also found in a multisensory setup 5 . What these illusions have in common is that two identical stimuli, or the on-and offset of a single stimulus, define a temporal interval. ...
... One of the interval markers falls into either the period of an action or an attention shift or it is masked, thus having a weak onset signal. We argued that temporal compression the outcome of a mechanism which acts against the variability of the weak onset signal of one of the interval markers that is produced by masking or the absence of attention 5 . A mask necessarily reduces the contrast of the interval marker. ...
How we estimate the passage of time is an unsolved mystery in neuroscience. Illusions of subjective time provide an experimental access to this question. Here we show that time compression and expansion of visually marked intervals result from a binding of temporal interval markers. Interval markers whose onset signals were artificially weakened by briefly flashing a whole-field mask were bound in time towards markers with a strong onset signal. We explain temporal compression as the consequence of summing response distributions of weak and strong onset signals. Crucially, temporal binding occurred irrespective of the temporal order of weak and strong onset markers, thus ruling out processing latencies as an explanation for changes in interval duration judgments. If both interval markers were presented together with a mask or the mask was shown in the temporal interval center, no compression occurred. In a sequence of two intervals, masking the middle marker led to time compression for the first and time expansion for the second interval. All these results are consistent with a model view of temporal binding that serves a functional role by reducing uncertainty in the final estimate of interval duration.
This chapter starts with some basic notions regarding time series and simple transformations in time and time scale change viewed in the time domain and the frequency domain. Most of the chapter is dedicated to applications of scale as ratio in time. These include time compression with a constant or a variable scale factor, sonification (with applications in geoscience, education, and medicine), and subjective time scaling in individual experience, in narration, and in literature.KeywordsScaleTimeTime seriesSampling rateWavesFrequencyFourier spectrumResolutionEarthquakesSonificationMedicineGeophysicsSubjective timeNetworksLiterature
A visual stimulus is perceived as shorter when a short sound is presented immediately before and after the visual target than when the visual target appears alone. It remains unclear whether the time compression occurs in an intramodal condition. Therefore, the present study examined how and when non-target sandwiching stimuli affect the perceived filled duration of target visual stimuli. We further hypothesized that this effect could be modulated by temporal and spatial proximity between the target and non-target stimuli. Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2 showed that non-target stimuli could decrease the perceived duration only when the inter-stimulus interval between these stimuli was 0 ms, using time reproduction and category estimation methods. Experiments 3 revealed that the time compression effect did not occur when both the non-target preceding and trailing stimuli were spatially distinct from the target. Experiment 4 demonstrated that either the preceding or trailing stimulus induced the time compression effect when the non-target stimuli were presented at the same position as the target stimuli. We discuss the implications of the time compression effect induced by non-target sandwiching stimuli with reference to the Scalar Expectancy Theory and the Neural Readout Model. We speculated that the attenuation of neural responses to the target via visual masking or perceptual grouping may be attributable to the time compression effect.
