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The present study was designed to analyze the clinical profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in the cases of culture positive typhoid fever.
The study was conducted over a period of 1 year. Total of 46 culture positive cases of Typhoid fever were included in the study. The sensitivity pattern of isolates from blood culture was recorded. The mo...
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Background: Enteric fever is a global disease. In India, Enteric fever is endemic with Salmonella enterica serovar typhi being the predominant etiological agent. Due to changing antimicrobial resistance patterns, knowledge of local epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance pattern helps in the initiation of appropriate empiric therapy. Methodology: A...
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Citations
... Since its introduction in 1948, Chloramphenicol has been the gold standard drug in the treatment of typhoid fever in most parts of the world 19 . However, the indiscriminate use of the drug and acquisition of plasmid mediated R factor has led to the development of resistance of Salmonella Typhi against the drug 20 . ...
... In our study, the incidence of Chloramphenicol resistance was found to be 20% for Salmonella Typhi. The resistance observed by us is much lower than the findings of K.C. et al (63%) 19 With the emergence of MDR Salmonella Typhi, Quinolone, particularly Fluoroquinolone, has been widely used and recommended as an alternative drug for typhoid fever where the first-line drug is no longer in use 22 . Its increasing resistance was recorded in both Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A since the nineties. ...
... 12 We have detected 5% resistance against Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella Paratyphi A and 18.7% resistance in Salmonella Typhi. The resistance seen in Salmonella Typhi in our study is much higher than 4.3% resistance recorded by K.C. et al 19 . However, none of the Salmonella Paratyphi A and only 9.1% of the Salmonella Typhi isolates in the present studydemonstrated resistance against Ofloxacin. ...
Enteric fever is one of the common clinical conditions in patients presenting to the hospitals. The study was carried out to assess the rate of isolation of common serotypes of enteric fever pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Bharatpur, Nepal. A retrospective study was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital from 15th June 2009 to 14th June 2010. A total of 4355 blood culture samples received in the laboratory were processed by standard microbiological technique to identify the causative agents and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Isolation rate of Salmonella species was 0.9%. Among a total of 42 Salmonella isolates, 24 (57.1%) isolates were obtained as Salmonella Paratyphi A and 18 (42.9%) isolates as Salmonella Typhi. Male preponderances were seen in infections caused by both the organisms. On performing antimicrobial susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method, Salmonella Paratyphi A demonstrated 100% susceptibility to Amikacin, Chloramphenicol and Ofloxacin while it was least susceptible to Ampicillin (21.7%). Similarly, Salmonella Typhi was highly susceptible to Ceftriaxone (94.1%) followed by Ofloxacin (90.9%) and Cephotaxime (90%). It was also least susceptible to Ampicillin (29.4%). Multidrug resistance was found to be 16.66% among the Salmonella Typhi isolates. Enteric fever is common in Bharatpur. Salmonella Paratyphi A is the most common agent of enteric fever in this area. Both Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A have developed varying frequencies of resistance against almost all commonly used antimicrobials.
... Antibiotic sensitivity was 100%, which is in line with previous studies on Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole from the early days. [21] According to our findings, Salmonella typhi has displayed a remarkable reversal in its resistance pattern. The fluoroquinolone drugs Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin were shown to exhibit a 6.7 percent and 5.8 percent sensitivity, respectively, to Salmonella strains that were almost 100 percent susceptible to these medicines a decade or two ago. ...
Objective: The purpose of this study establish the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in blood culture positive typhoid illness. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration: Mayo Hospital Lahore. April 2021-Dec 2021 Methods: There were a total of 98 male and female patients. Patients ranged in age from 8 to 60. After obtaining informed written permission, we collected demographic data on each patient, including age, gender, and BMI. All of the patients were suffering from a fever. All patients had their blood tested for the presence of salmonella species. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion technique and interpreted in compliance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) standards. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyse all of the data in the study. Results: Among 98 patients, 61(62.2%) were males and 37 (37.8%) females. Majority of the patients 38 (38.8%) were from age group 21-30 years. Frequency of typhi 69 (70.4%) was greater than that of paratyphi 29 (29.6%). According to our research findings, Azithromycin, chloramphernicol, cotrimoxazole, genramycin, and azithromycin all had better sensitivity than ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (10.2%, vs 7.1%) . However, both medications have a significant level of resistance. Salmonella typhi was resistant to 91(92.9 %) of the nalidixic acid tested. Conclusion: We found a wide range of antimicrobial sensitivity patterns, including exceptionally high sensitivity to antibiotics like chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole that have been used in the past. Quinolones, which have been extensively used in the previous two decades, have been shown to have an extremely low sensitivity. Keywords: Resistance, Sensitivity ,Typhoid fever, Antibiotics
... [33] Variability in diagnosis among younger children could be related to the high incidence of other illnesses in this age group, difficulty in obtaining adequate volumes of blood for culture, lower rates of exposure, and protective effect of breastfeeding. Also, we didn"t find any sex predilection in this study, Different researchers [34][35][36] have also reported variable sex incidences. In this study, fever was the presenting symptom in all the patients which was more of remittent or intermittent type, classical stepladder rise of temperature was not seen. ...
India has a very high disease burden (214.2 per 1,00,000 individuals/year), primarily affecting children 5 to 15 years. Recently, there have been concerns of increasing proportion of infections in very young children, rising paratyphoid infections, and emerging drug resistance. Also, there are challenges in diagnosis and management of enteric fever due to lack of laboratory-based investigations. While blood culture remains the gold standard of diagnosis, the mainstays in developing countries are serological tests, which are suboptimal due to lack of standardization and uniformity. Hence based on above condition the present study was planned for Assessment of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters in Typhoid Fever in Pediatric Cases Admitted to NMCH, Patna. The present study was planned in Department of Pediatrics, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India. The study was planned from January 2018 to November 2018. In the present study 50 childrens of age up to 18 years having fever more than 7 days were enrolled. These cases were enrolled based on the Widal positive or positive culture were enrolled in the present study. The data generated from present study concludes that Typhoid fever manifestations are diverse. The most common symptoms apart from fever were anorexia, vomiting, pain abdomen, diarrhoea followed by headache and cough. Also the Serum parameters are also seen changed in the Thyphoid affected patients. Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem in the developing countries predominantly seen in school going children among pediatric age group. Keywords: Clinical, Laboratory Parameters, Typhoid Fever, Pediatric Cases, etc.
... Resistance to Salmonella typhi to Amoxicillin, Ciproflaxin. Ceftriaxone was showed 100% (Mathura et al., 2005). ...
Nowadays antibiotic resistant pathogens become a major problem in medical history. In this present study multidrug resistant pathogens like Bacillus cereus (bacteria) and Aspergillus sp. (fungi) was isolated and identified from human environment. Swabs were taken from different area public usage environment like bus stand and ATM machine. Swabs were further inoculated in various nutrient medium for isolation. After isolation of bacterial strain it was identified using biochemical analysis, and then it was tested against 10 type of antibiotics like Methicillin, Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Ciproflaxine, Neomycin, Oflaxin, Ceftizoxime, Cefuroxime, Cefdinir, Amoxylin, for bacterial analysis. Antibiotic sensitivity was made using Kirbey Baeyer method. resistant strain was observed and DNA sequence analysis was taken. Following the same resistant fungi was also isolated and tested against antibiotics like Flucnazole, Amphotericin, Doxycycline, Metrinozole, Cycloheximide.
... Highest sensitivity was seen for cephalosporins, followed by quinolones 13 . In another study, Mathura et al. (2005) showed sensitivity to ceftriaxone was 100%. There have been some reports of the re-emergence of the sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol and other first line drugs 16 18 . ...
... In another study, Mathura et al. (2005) showed sensitivity to ceftriaxone was 100%. There have been some reports of the re-emergence of the sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol and other first line drugs 16 18 . The above findings are comparable with the current study indicating more sensitivity of newer antimicrobial drugs. ...
p> Background: To determine the Validity of Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) in diagnosis of typhoid fever in children admitted in a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out the in Pediatric & Medicine wards of Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH), Chittagong during the period July 2012 to June 2013. A total number of 150 clinically suspected cases of typhoid fever (Age >6 months to18 years) were enrolled in this study. After taking informed written consent, detailed history & clinical examination were completed. A blood culture sample was taken on the day of admission before starting antibiotic. On the 5th day onwards of appearance of fever, blood sample was taken to perform ICT. Patients received standard medical treatment of the admitting wards.
Results: Blood C/S for Salmonella typhi was found positive in 16(10.7%) cases. Positive ICT for typhoid fever was found in 37(24.7%) cases. Among then, IgM was 18(12.0%) IgM+IgG were 8(5.3%) and IgG was 11(7.3%). ICT found true positive in 14, false positive in 23, false negative in 2 and true negative in 111 cases, where blood culture considered as gold standard. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups. Immunochromatographic Test (ICT) showed sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 82.8%, accuracy 83.3%, positive predictive value 37.8% and negative predictive value 98.2% for identification of typhoid fever.
Conclusion: The present study has shown high sensitivity & specificity of ICT, it can be used as a useful & prospectful diagnostic tool.
Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.16 (2); July 2017; Page 20-24</p
... Enteric fever (EF) is an important cause of illness and death in the overcrowded and unsanitary areas and is the leading cause of morbidity during summer season in Kathmandu. 1 Peak incidence is in May to August and is one of the leading cause of fever in most of the hospitals in Nepal. 2 Children above five years of age have more complications 3.4 (diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, febrile convulsions, nephritis, or typhoid meningitis 5 ) than adults. Currently, decreased susceptibility has also been reported to fluoroquinolones and thirdgeneration cephalosporins. ...
... The incidence of diarrhea in children with culture proven typhoid fever was 78% in one series from Australia 12 and 50% in a report from Vietnam. 13 In our study, cough was present in approximately 20% of individual. Headache was seen only in 10.08% patients probably because of younger children do not complain about headache whereas KC et al. 2 has observed very high incidence of headache (90%) in their study which includes adult population. ...
... Hepatomegaly (34.45%) and splenomegaly (21%) were observed less frequently in our study compared to a study by Patankar et al. 11 who found very high incidence of hepatomegaly (81.8%) and splenomegaly (48.5%) in their study. But splenomegaly (36%) and hepatomegaly (17%) were seen in study done by KC et al. 2 Briedis et al., reported that 30% of patients with typhoid fever had splenomegaly. 14 Relative bradycardia and constipation considered to be salient features of enteric fever in adults were very infrequently seen in our study with children. ...
p class="Default"> Introductions: Enteric fever is one of the major public health issues in Nepal. The present study was designed to analyze the clinical profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in the cases of culture positive typhoid fever.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study done by reviewing the hospital record files of children admitted in paediatric ward of Patan Hospital with culture positive enteric fever over a period of seven years from January 2007 to December 2013. The mode of presentation, sensitivity pattern of isolates from blood culture, response to therapy and the complications were recorded and analyzed.
Results: There were total of 119 culture positive enteric fever admitted to children ward during this period, 64 (53.7%) males and 55 (46.3%) females. Common symptoms were fever (100%), vomiting 37 (31.09%), diarrhea 27 (22.68%), abdominal pain 31 (26%) cough 24 (20%), and constipation six (5%). Common clinical signs were hepatomegaly 41 (34.4%), splenomegaly 25 (21%), and chest signs 10 (8.4%). Sensitivity to ceftriaxone was 96.6% in this study. Ninety four percent of salmonella typhi in 2013 were resistant to quinolones.
Conclusions: Fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and cough were major manifestations and encephalopathy was common complication of enteric fever in this study. Resistance to many of the drugs are emerging. An appropriate antibiotic has to be initiated only after culture sensitivity in typhoid fever.
Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences . 2014 Dec;1(2):42-45</p
... Hepatomegaly (43.8%) and splenomegaly (27.1%) were observed less frequently in our study compared to a study by Patankar and Shah [21] who found very high incidence of hepatomegaly (81.8%) and splenomegaly (48.5%) in their study. However, splenomegaly (36%) and hepatomegaly (17%) were seen in a study done by Mathura et al. [22] Briedis and Robso reported that 30% of patients with typhoid fever had splenomegaly. [23] Relative bradycardia and constipation considered to be salient features of enteric fever in adults were very infrequently seen in our study with children. ...
... 3 Clinically, typhoid presents with acute fever-particularly at night, relative bradycardia, constipation, coated tongue, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly. [4][5][6] Routine laboratory parameters, including leukopenia, absolute eosinopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), have been reported to be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. 6,7 Serological tests, such as the Widal test, are commonly used in low-income countries, as these are inexpensive and easy to perform. ...
Blood cultures for a definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever takes time and are not routinely available. We thus investigated laboratory parameters to predict Salmonella bacteraemia. We conducted a prospective cohort study in Jakarta, Indonesia. Patients with suspected typhoid fever admitted to hospital from October 2014 to December 2016 were included. Out of 187 individuals, 27 had Salmonella typhi and 12 had S. paratyphi in blood cultures. Absolute eosinopenia, elevated aspartate aminotransferase and elevated C-reactive protein > 40 mg/L were positive predictors.
... In this study, the antibiogram on Salmonella isolates revealed that ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, oxacillin (100% sensitivity) were highly effective followed by amoxicillin (85.7%) gentamicin (71.4%). These results are in agreement with previous findings (Yhiler 2015;Mathura et al., et al., 2005). ...
In this study, the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in composite animal feeds and the efficacy of some control measures were evaluated. A total of 109 composite feed samples were obtained from Chittoor and Kadapa districts Salmonella contamination was confirmed through culturing and biochemical tests followed by PCR detection for final gene (85 bp). The overall prevalence of salmonella contamination was 6.42% (07/109; 3.14 to 12.66, 95% CI) with a prevalence of 4.17% (03/72; 1.43 to 11.55%, 95% CI) in Chittoor and 10.81% (04/37; 4.28 to 24.71%, 95% CI) in Kadapa. The isolates showed colourless colonies on MacConkey agar and red colonies on Brilliant green and Xylose-Lysine Deoxy-cholate agar. The isolates were confirmed by the presence of the fimA gene through PCR. Most isolates were susceptible to Ceftriaxone (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%) and Oxacillin (100%) followed by Ampicillin (85.70%) and Gentamicin (71.40%). Treatment of contaminated feeds with either Formaldehyde (0.5% & 1.0% w/w for 24 h); UV irradiation (10 min); and Sun drying (six days) significantly (P<0.05) decreased Salmonella contamination. However, Formaldehyde (0.5% and 1.0% w/w) treatment showed significantly (P<0.05) higher reduction compared to other treatments. In conclusion, PCR directed at fimA gene detected salmonella contamination of feeds. Formaldehyde treatment is an effective strategy in controlling salmonella contamination.
... 3 Clinically, typhoid presents with acute fever-particularly at night, relative bradycardia, constipation, coated tongue, hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly. [4][5][6] Routine laboratory parameters, including leukopenia, absolute eosinopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), have been reported to be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. 6,7 Serological tests, such as the Widal test, are commonly used in low-income countries, as these are inexpensive and easy to perform. ...
p>Introduction
Skin hydration decreases with aging. Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) is a major protein that plays a role in skin hydration, therefore it is a novel target for skin moisturizing treatment. Retinoic acid (RA) as a well-known active agent in antiaging treatment increases AQP3 expression, but frequently causes harmful side effects. Asiaticoside, a saponin compound isolated from Centella asiatica (CA) is also known as an antiaging cosmetic and plays a role in wound healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of asiaticoside isolated from CA and the effect of RA on the AQP3 expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs).
Methods
An experimental laboratory study was performed using primary NHEKs that were derived from the foreskin of a boy. AQP3 expression in NHEKs was examined in vitro after the cells were incubated for 24 hours with asiaticoside or with RA at several concentrations. The AQP3 expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and quantitatively analyzed by Image-J software. Independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data, followed by post-hoc Tukey test.
Results
There was an increasing trend of AQP3 expression upon exposure to asiaticoside at all concentrations compared to the control group. However, RA exposure seemed to induce a higher level of AQP3 expression. Asiaticoside effected a lower increase in AQP3 expression in NHEKs than did RA (p=0.042). Optimal results were achieved at 1 mg/ml concentration of asiaticoside.
Conclusions
Asiaticoside isolated from CA can enhance the AQP3 expression in NHEKs. Therefore it can be used as an active ingredient in cosmetic moisturizer formulation for dry skin treatment.</p
