Table 4
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Effective mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the buildings sector requires a full understanding of the factors influencing emissions over the life-cycle of buildings, particularly in places where large additions to the building stock are expected. Currently, little is known about what affects the GHG emissions of buildings located in w...
Contexts in source publication
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... and Cities DOI: 10.5334/bc.136 A multivariate regression analysis was performed for MM and AC buildings ( Table 4) to identify the key drivers of life-cycle GHG emissions. The linear models explained > 96% of the variance in total emissions (adjusted R 2 > 0.96). ...
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... eight-floor archetype with cellular floor layout, denoted as archetype I, turned out to be the least emission intensive-the change to any other building type was associated with an increase in GHG emissions ( Table 4). The taller archetype had slightly lower operational energy use, but its emissions were still higher due to higher requirements for materials such as steel, concrete and paint. ...
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... sensitivity of the total life-cycle GHG emissions shown in Table 4 is mostly determined by module B6 (operational energy use) due to its high importance for overall emissions ( Table 3). For the results by the life-cycle stage, Section 5.3 in the supplemental data online. ...
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... largest variations in GHG emissions could be observed for the operational energy stage (module B6), which is partly a consequence of the parameter choice (see Section 5.3 in the supplemental data online). As shown by the sensitivity analysis (Table 4), the emission intensity of electricity is the key driver for GHG emissions. Climate was the second most important because it influences the amount of cooling needed in the office space. ...
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... efficiency was notably less important for GHG emissions of buildings with MMV (Table 4), which is a consequence of their decreased reliance on the HVAC system. However, the importance of cooling efficiency in MM buildings strongly increased with increasing CDH (Figure 3), suggesting that MM office buildings in hotter climates show increasing dependence on AC cooling. ...
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... office buildings were more sensitive to parameters associated with material emissions (building lifetime and component service life multiplier) and less sensitive to those related to operational energy use (WWR, SHGC, shading) ( Table 4). This pattern emerges because the MMV buildings generally had lower operational energy use, making material-related emissions relatively more impactful. ...
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... results of the sensitivity analysis ( Table 4) were influenced by the chosen range of parameter values ( Table 2) because the standardisation of regression coefficients depends directly on standard deviations of parameters. Some parameters had a full span of physically possible values, but others could have had more significance if a wider range were used. ...
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... parameters had a full span of physically possible values, but others could have had more significance if a wider range were used. For example, component service life ranged from 75% to 125% of the standard values defined in Table S4 in the supplemental data online, but allowing for a broader range could make the component service life multiplier more important. Additionally, a wide range of possible CDHs made climate a more significant parameter. ...
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... From European Standard (EN 15978), this work investigates stage A (product stage plus transport to site) and stage B6 (operational energy use). Modules B1 (use), B2 (maintenance), B3 (repair), B5 (refurbishment) and B7 (operational water use) were excluded because they generally have low environmental impacts (Frischknecht et al. 2019;Huang 2018;Krych et al. 2021). Module A5 (construction and installation) is excluded due to a lack of quality data on the installation and assembly of residential buildings, while module B4 (replacement) is excluded due to a lack of quality data on repair frequency or patterns by households. ...
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