Table 2 - uploaded by Mirna G. García-Castillo
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Chiropterotriton is a relatively small genus that comprises 15 species with great morphological and ecological diversity. In previous studies, molecular data provided evidence for a considerable number of species that remain undescribed. In this study, we describe one new species, Chiropterotriton chico sp. nov. based on molecular and morphological...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... phylogenetic analyses were run on the CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al. 2010). Finally, we obtained corrected genetic distances (Kimura two- parameter, K2P) using Mesquite v3.04 (Maddison & Maddison 2015), which are shown in Table 2. FIGURE 2. Mitochondrial DNA gene tree of Chiropterotriton from Bayesian analysis of 16S sequences. ...
Similar publications
This study aimed to generate the genetic profile of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota (Brandt 1835) from Intan Besar Island, Langkawi, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia and then to determine the phylogenetic relationship between H. leucospilota and other members of genus Holothuria available in the GenBank using partial sequences of cytochrome c o...
Citations
... The great diversity of vertebrate groups in central Mexico is mainly due to the complex orography that gives rise to a high variation of vegetation types such as oak, pine, and cloud forests, and seasonally dry to wet tropical forests (Steinmann et al., 2021); all of which contain environments where high species richness has been recorded . In addition, distinct patterns of diversification and distribution have been generated in central Mexico within distinct groups of terrestrial vertebrates, exemplified by amphibians (García-Castillo et al., 2017), reptiles (Bryson et al., 2014), birds (Martínez-Morales, 2007) and mammals (Vázquez-Ponce et al., 2021). ...
The Sierra Gorda de Querétaro Biosphere Reserve (SGQBR) is one of the largest natural protected areas in Mexico; however, little is known about the richness and diversity of amphibians and reptiles. We present an updated list of species of both groups, the conservation status of these species, as well as an analysis of their diversity with respect to other protected natural areas (NPAs) in central Mexico. The SGQBR contains 132 herpetofauna species (35 amphibians and 97 reptiles). The richest and most diverse families for amphibians were Hylidae (anurans) and Plethodontidae (caudates), and for reptiles Phrynosomatidae (lizards), Colubridae and Dipsadidae (snakes). The values of taxonomic diversity of the SGQBR were similar to those for the regional pool considering others NPAs. However, it did not achieve the highest values compared to the adjacent Los Mármoles National Park or Sierra Gorda de Guanajuato Biosphere Reserve. There was a high complementarity in the species composition between El Chico National Park and SGQBR for both herpetofauna groups. Although a formal list is presented, it is necessary to carry out a greater number of studies focused on analyzing diversity, considering functional attributes of the species and the richness by vegetation types.
... Wake and Lynch (1976) and Wake (1987) point to these regions of cloud forest from southeast of Mexico as centers of salamander diversification, which was corroborated in recent years by . For example, various species in the genera Ixalotriton, Pseudoeurycea, Thorius and Chiropterotriton that occur only in the cloud forest have been described in recent years (García-Castillo et al., 2017, 2018Parra-Olea et al., 2016, 2020Rovito et al., 2012. This pattern of richness and endemism is also seen in the anuran genera Craugastor, Eleutherodactylus and various genera of the family Hylidae including Charadrahyla, Exerodonta and Plectrohyla, where the Sierra Madre del Sur region in Guerrero and Oaxaca harbor numerous endemic species (Campbell, 1999;Campbell et al., 2018b;Duellman, 2001;Flores-Villela et al., 2010) and new species are continually being described, mostly from the remnants fragments of cloud forest (Canseco-Márquez et al., 2017;Grünwald et al., 2019;Jiménez-Arcos et al., 2019;Palacios-Aguilar et al., 2020). ...
The cloud forest shows a great diversity of groups and has been considered as centers of high richness and endemism, throughout Asia, Africa and mainly in the Americas. To determine the specific and phylogenetic richness as well as the association in the composition of species of amphibians and reptiles in this environment in Mexico, using databases we analyzed species richness, taxonomic distinctiveness and phylogenetic species variability and richness of amphibians and reptiles in 13 regions containing cloud forest in Mexico, and the similarity among the regions. The results show high species richness of both groups (231 amphibians and 310 reptiles) respect another environment in Mexico, mainly in the southern of Mexico in Northern Mountains of Oaxaca, Coastal Sierra Madre del Sur and Sierra Madre of Chiapas. Regarding taxonomic distinctiveness in amphibians, the Basins of Ocosingo, High Huasteca of Hidalgo and Central Veracruz regions presented representatives values from regional diversity, while in reptiles these values were from regions Basins of Ocosingo, Central Veracruz and Northern Mountains of Oaxaca. The regions Northern Mountains of Oaxaca, Coastal Sierra Madre del Sur and Sierra Madre of Chiapas showed the highest values of phylogenetic species richness. In amphibians, the regions Upper Balsas Basin and Eastern Sierra Madre showed the highest values of phylogenetic species variability, and in reptiles was for regions Northern Mountains and Central Highlands of Chiapas, Eastern Sierra Madre, High Huasteca of Hidalgo and Central Veracruz. In both groups, the similarity analysis showed a high relationship between the southeastern regions of Mexico than the rest of regions. The analyzed cloud forest regions present different values of species richness and taxonomic distinctiveness, highlighting the regions of southern of Mexico. These results help us to propose areas for conservation of both groups, and so, to conserve the species richness, taxonomy and phylogenetic diversity in this environment, providing key elements for conservation planners.
... Se han registrado 54 especies de anfibios y 140 de reptiles (Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2014. Sin embargo, la cifra se puede incrementar debido al intenso trabajo de campo que han realizado varios grupos de investigación (Nieto-Montes de Oca et al. 2013, Lara-Tufiño et al. 2014, García-Castillo et al. 2017. Además, muchas especies presentes en la entidad son relevantes para la conservación, pues la mayoría son endémicas a México (Ramírez-Bautista et al. 2017a). ...
Describe la diversidad biológica de los bosques templados en el estado de Hidalgo, su distribución y factores de presión.
... Chiropterotriton sp. I. -Darda, 1994 (population 22); Parra- Raffaëlli, 2007;Raffaëlli, 2013;Rovito & Parra-Olea, 2015;García-Castillo et al., 2017;García-Castillo et al., 2018. Referred specimens: Two hundred thirty-two specimens, all from Mexico. ...
... This represents a considerable increase in the somewhat slow but steady rise in species descriptions trajectory that began in the 1980s when molecular data became readily available. With the use of protein electrophoresis data, 19 new species of salamanders were described from Mexico (Hanken & Wake, 1994, 1998Hanken, Wake & Freeman, 1999) and with the use of mitochondrial markers 31 new species have been described from Mexico since 2001 (Parra- Olea, Papenfuss & Wake, 2001;Parra-Olea, García-París & Wake, 2002;Parra-Olea, Canseco-Márquez & García-París, 2004;, 2005a, 2005bBrodie, Mendelson & Campbell, 2002;Canseco-Marquez & Parra-Olea, 2003;Canseco-Márquez & Gutiérrez-Mayén, 2005;Rovito et al., 2012Rovito et al., , 2015bRovito & Parra-Olea, 2015;García-Castillo et al., 2017Sandoval-Comte et al., 2017). Thus, almost 40% of Mexican bolitoglossines have been described using molecular characters in combination with morphological and ecological traits. ...
... ;García-Castillo et al., 2017;García-Castillo et al., 2018. Holotype: MVZ 200726, an adult male from Xicotepec de Juárez, 3.3 km S of Hotel Mi Ranchito on Mexican Hwy. ...
The genus Chiropterotriton is endemic to Mexico with a geographical distribution along the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra de Juárez. The recent use of molecular tools has shown that Mexico’s amphibian diversity is highly underestimated, including a large number of cryptic, unnamed species. Chiropterotriton has 18 described species including terrestrial, arboreal and cave-dwelling species. In previous molecular studies, the presence of multiple undescribed species was evident. We present a phylogenetic hypothesis based on mitochondrial data, which includes all described species and six undescribed taxa. Based on the morphological analyses and, when available, combined with molecular data, we describe five new species of the genus; Chiropterotriton casasi sp. nov., C. ceronorum sp. nov., C. melipona sp. nov., C. perotensis sp. nov. and C. totonacus sp. nov. In addition, we redescribe two others: Chiropterotriton chiropterus and C. orculus, and provide a comparable account of one additional sympatric congener. This increases the number of species in the genus to 23, which represent a considerable component of Mexican plethodontid richness.
... The number of species documented in this study provides a basis for future work that addresses herpetofaunal conservation issues, particularly for species that have been judged as vulnerable based on several conservation assessment systems. Given the level of species richness documented in this study, our knowledge of the herpetofauna of the central region of the country has increased, and Querétaro has been shown to be one of the most important areas in Mexico on account of the consistent description of new species of amphibians and reptiles from the state (Nieto-Montes de Oca et al. 2013;García-Castillo et al. 2017). ...
Mexico contains a large number of amphibian and reptile species, and the states in the southeastern part of the country are the richest and most diverse. Although the study of species richness within Mexico’s individual states has been increasing over the last two decades, herpetofaunal species lists for several states in the central region are incomplete. Herein, we provide a list of the herpetofauna of the state of Querétaro, a state that remains relatively unexplored. We also
indicate the conservation status of the component species in the state, based on the national and international categorizations, as well as their Environmental Vulnerability Scores (EVS). Based on a review of literature and specimens in scientific collections, our results show that the herpetofauna of Querétaro currently is composed of 138 species, of which 34 are amphibians (27 anurans and seven caudates) and 104 are reptiles (three turtles, 34 lizards, and 67 snakes). The number of Mexican endemic species occurring in the state consists of 19 amphibians and 50 reptiles, representing 55.9% and 48.1%, respectively, of the total numbers in these groups. A total of 61 species (13 species of amphibians and 48 of reptiles) are listed in NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, within the categories of Special Protection (Pr) and Threatened (A). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2019), 34 species of amphibians (100% of species) and 87 species of reptiles (83.65% of a total of 104) have been placed within a risk category, i.e., except for the DD and NE categories. The EVS results show that nine species of amphibians have high environmental vulnerability, 11 species medium vulnerability, and 14 low vulnerability, whereas among the reptiles, 22 species have high vulnerability, 43 medium vulnerability, and 37 species low vulnerability. The herpetofauna of Querétaro illustrates a high level of species richness, which is typical of central Mexico, as well as diverse groupings associated with the arid, temperate, and tropical environments found in the state. These types of studies are necessary for increasing our knowledge of the herpetofauna in the various states of Mexico, as well as for evaluating the conservation status and implementing management plans for species in both herpetofaunal groups.
... These records were carefully reviewed, and we added a 1-km buffer radius to each record according the registered plethodontids home ranges [42]. Moreover, we modified distributions of three species from IUCN (Ambystoma granulosum, A. rivulare, Chiropterotriton multidentatus) considering the occurrences and last updates published [43,44]. We also consulted the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)-The Global Amphibian Assessment (GAA) to obtain the conservation status for all Mexican salamanders listed in the database. ...
The recent decline in populations of European salamanders caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has generated worldwide concern, as it is a major threat to amphibians. Evaluation of the areas most suitable for the establishment of Bsal combined with analysis of the distribution of salamander species could be used to generate and implement biosecurity measures and protect biodiversity at sites with high salamander diversity. In this study, we identified the areas most suitable for the establishment of Bsal in Mexico. Mexico has the second-highest salamander species diversity in the world; thus, we identified areas moderately to highly suitable for the establishment of Bsal with high salamander diversity as potential hotspots for surveillance. Central and Southern Mexico were identified as high-risk zones, with 13 hotspots where 30% of Mexican salamander species occur, including range-restricted species and endangered species. We propose that these hotspots should be thoroughly monitored for the presence of Bsal to prevent the spread of the pathogen if it is introduced to the country.
... Particularly, the tribe Bolitoglossini (Wake 2012) underwent an adaptive radiation and diversification in the mountainous regions of Mexico (Wake and Lynch 1976;Wake 1987), resulting in 40% of the representative biodiversity of the group (AmphibiaWeb 2018). With the aid of molecular tools and recent expedition activity, the number of described species has increased in recent years (Parra-Olea et al. 2016;García-Castillo et al. 2017;Sandoval-Comte et al. 2017). ...
... The estimated substitution models were as follows: GTR+G for 12S, tRNA, 16S, the 3rd codon position of COI, K80+G for the 1st codon position of COI, and HKY+1 for the 2 nd codon position of COI. Our concatenated phylogeny has a similar topology as shown in previous studies (Darda 1994;Parra-Olea 2003;García-Castillo et al. 2017), which show two main groups, a northern and southern species groups. (Fig. 2). ...
... , C. multidentatus (mean FW 3.6 in males, 3.5 in females; , and C. priscus (mean FW 3.2 in males, 3.5 in females; . Chiropterotriton aureus has shorter limbs (LI 2.0 in one male, mean 2.3 in females) than C. arboreus (mean LI 0.2 in males, 1.0 in females; García-Castillo et al. 2017), C. cieloensis (mean LI -0.2 in males, 0.1 in females; Rovito and Parra-Olea 2015), C. infernalis (mean LI -0.7 in males, -0.5 in one female; Rovito and Parra-Olea 2015), C. multidentatus (mean LI 0.1 in males, 1.0 in females; , but it has longer limbs than C. dimidiatus (mean LI 3.8 in males, 4.9 in females; García-Castillo et al. 2017), C. miquihuanus (mean LI 4.2 in males, 4.3 in females; , and C. priscus (mean LI 3.2 in males, 3.7 in females; . ...
The lungless salamanders of the tribe Bolitoglossini show notable diversification in the Neotropics, and through the use of molecular tools and/or new discoveries, the total number of species continues to increase. Mexico is home to a great number of bolitoglossines primarily distributed along the eastern, central, and southern mountain ranges where the genus Chiropterotriton occurs. This group is relatively small, with 16 described species, but there remains a considerable number of undescribed species, suggested by the use of molecular tools in the lab more than a decade ago. Most of these undescribed species are found in the state of Veracruz, an area characterized by diverse topography and high salamander richness. Described herein are two new species of Chiropterotriton based on molecular and morphological data. Both new species were found in bromeliads in cloud forests of central Veracruz and do not correspond to any previously proposed species. Phylogenetic reconstructions included two mitochondrial fragments (L2 and COI) and identified are two primary assemblages corresponding to northern and southern species distributions, concordant with previous studies. The two new species are closely related but morphologically and molecularly differentiated from other species of the C. chiropterus group.
The historical relationships of nine areas of endemism of the tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) were analysed based on a temporal cladistic biogeographical approach. Three cladistic biogeographical analyses were conducted based on 29 cladograms of terrestrial taxa by partitioning them into three time-slices, namely, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene. The results showed different area relationships over time. For the Miocene and Pliocene time slices, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec acted as a geographic barrier that fragmented the TMCFs into two portions: west of the Isthmus and east of the Isthmus. In the case of the Pleistocene, the TMCFs were broken into two portions, one related to the Neotropical region and the other to the Nearctic region. Furthermore, the analyses allowed us to detect the influences of different geological and paleoclimatological events on the distribution of the TMCFs over time. Therefore, the TMCFs current distribution might have been driven by geological events during the Miocene-Pliocene, whereas climatic fluctuations have the highest impact during the Pleistocene.
Aim
The diversity of brood size across animal species exceeds the diversity of most other life‐history traits. In some environments, reproductive success increases with brood size, whereas in others it increases with smaller broods. The dominant hypothesis explaining such diversity predicts that selection on brood size varies along climatic gradients, creating latitudinal fecundity patterns. Another hypothesis predicts that diversity in fecundity arises among species adapted to different microhabitats within assemblages. A more recent hypothesis concerned with the consequences of these evolutionary processes in the era of anthropogenic environmental change predicts that low‐fecundity species might fail to recover from demographic collapses caused by rapid environmental alterations, making them more susceptible to extinctions. These hypotheses have been addressed predominantly in endotherms and only rarely in other taxa. Here, we address all three hypotheses in amphibians globally.
Location
Global.
Time period
Present.
Major taxa studied
Class Amphibia.
Methods
Using a dataset spanning 2,045 species from all three amphibian orders, we adopt multiple phylogenetic approaches to investigate the association between brood size and climatic, ecological and phenotypic predictors, and according to species conservation status.
Results
Brood size increases with latitude. This tendency is much stronger in frogs, where temperature seasonality is the dominant driver, whereas salamander fecundity increases towards regions with more constant rainfall. These relationships vary across continents but confirm seasonality as the key driver of fecundity. Ecologically, nesting sites predict brood size in frogs, but not in salamanders. Finally, we show that extinction risk increases consistently with decreasing fecundity across amphibians, whereas body size is a “by‐product” correlate of extinction, given its relationship with fecundity.
Main conclusions
Climatic seasonality and microhabitats are primary drivers of fecundity evolution. Our finding that low fecundity increases extinction risk reinforces the need to refocus extinction hypotheses based on a suggested role for body size.
