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Apple snails (Ampullariidae) are among the largest and most ecologically important freshwater snails. The introduction of multiple species has reinvigorated the field and spurred a burgeoning body of research since the early 1990s, particularly regarding two species introduced to Asian wetlands and elsewhere, where they have become serious agricult...

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... sex in P. canaliculata is determined by a small number of nuclear genes, inherited from both parents (Yusa, , 2007a. The haploid complement seems to be n = 14, with n = 13 only reported for P. flagellata (Say, 1829) and P. patula catemacensis (Baker, 1922), two taxa from Mexico, and the African Lanistes bolteniana (Deshayes & Milne Edwards, 1838), though there are conflicting reports for this spe- cies (Table 3). Metacentric chromosomes are predominant in all species (8-11 chromosomes/ pairs), followed by submetacentric ones (3-5 chromosomes/pairs, with the exception of the L. bolteniana of Yaseen et al., 1991). ...
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... chromosomes are predominant in all species (8-11 chromosomes/ pairs), followed by submetacentric ones (3-5 chromosomes/pairs, with the exception of the L. bolteniana of Yaseen et al., 1991). Subtelo- centric or telocentric chromosomes are absent in most species (Table 3). ...

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... Since 2001, this snail has severely impacted 141-257 hectares in Thailand (Joshi, 2007). At two months old (shell height is around 15 mm), the golden snail becomes active in ingesting food and changes into the macrophytophagy stage, whereas after three months (shell height is around 25 mm), the golden snail reaches the adult stage and is ready for mating (Hayes et al., 2015) In Thailand, the golden apple snail was first seen in the natural environment in 1984 (Keawjam & Upatham, 1990). Chemical molluscicides have been the main method of controlling snails. ...
... Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822) is a freshwater snail belonging to the Ampullariidae family, which includes the largest freshwater snails in the world, collectively known as "apple snails" (Hayes et al. 2015). Ampullariids possess both a well-developed gill and a lung, enabling them to thrive in freshwater habitats with low oxygen levels and to withstand dry periods (Seuffert and Martín 2009). ...
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Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae) is a freshwater snail native to the lower Del Plata basin in South America. However, along with other species collectively known as “apple snails”, it has been introduced to many regions outside its natural range. In these areas, it has spread rapidly, causing extensive damage to aquatic crops and adversely affecting the biodiversity and ecological functioning of natural wetlands. This publication aims to present an updated, accurate, and open-access database of P. canaliculata occurrence records worldwide. The database is intended to support ecological studies and pest management initiatives, with a particular emphasis on distinguishing P. canaliculata from other apple snail species to prevent misidentifications. It compiles all reliable records of P. canaliculata from both its native and invaded ranges, offering comprehensive coverage of its global distribution. The result is a dataset of 718 records from 29 countries across Africa, South America, North America, Asia, and the Pacific Islands, reported from the early 20th century to the present. This occurrence dataset is now included in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), hosted by the “Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva” under the publisher “Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR)”.
... celebensis (Quoy &Gaimard, 1834) lays eggs on hard vertical substrates above water (Djajasasmita 1987;Ng et al. 2020a). Most of the apple snails in the genus Pomacea lay eggs on hard vertical substrates above water (Hayes et al. 2009(Hayes et al. , 2015Burks et al. 2010;Gurovich et al. 2017) except for one species, Pomacea urceus (Müller, 1774), which burrows into the soil, then lays eggs in its shell, and aestivates with its eggs over the dry season (Burky et al. 1972). Previously, it was unclear whether P. pesmei lays eggs on the soil (Lamkom and Phosri 2017) or in a shallow cavity (Ng et al. 2020a). ...
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... The presence of insect pests poses a significant risk to the productivity of agricultural crops (Oerke 2006), thereby further endangering global food security (Bradshaw et al. 2016). The alien apple snail (Pomacea spp.) is a freshwater and amphibious snail native to South America (Hayes et al. 2015). It has been widely spread throughout Asia due to multiple introduction events, as well as its remarkable reproductive and dispersal capabilities (Byers et al. 2013;Wang et al. 2023). ...
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... The apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck, 1822) and P. maculata (Perry, 1810), occur as native species in South America with both overlapping and isolated populations (Glasheen et al. 2020). As invaders, the two species overlap throughout southeast Asia (Hayes et al. 2012(Hayes et al. , 2015Yang et al. 2018) and also in Florida within the United States (Rawlings et al. 2007), with a few small populations of P. canaliculata also found in the western United States and Hawaii. Overall, P. maculata comprises nearly all known invasive populations in the United States, a notably different distribution pattern than occurs in Asia or Europe. ...
... Adult P. maculata reach biomasses up to 200 g (Youens and Burks 2008;Glasheen et al. 2017), making them a conspicuous choice for comparison to eDNA studies using aquatic vertebrates. In addition, nonnative apple snails cause billions of dollars of damage globally (mostly in Asia; Cuthbert et al. 2021) and pose numerous threats to wildlife and even human health (Hayes et al. 2015;Burks et al. 2017). ...
... Snails, by contrast, retract into their shell, tightly sealing themselves inside behind their operculum. Pomacea species use their operculum to defend themselves against predators, prevent water loss (Hayes et al. 2015;Glasheen et al. 2017), and withstand cold temperatures (Yoshida et al. 2014;Hayes et al. 2015). ...
... We observed differences between wild-caught parents and F 1 offspring, which may partly relate to differences between our simplified laboratory conditions versus natural environments in the Malawi Basin. Similar differences have been observed in experiments with the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, which suggest an influence of the environment on shell shape (Estebenet and Martín 2003), but the species also displays allometric changes in shell shape throughout its ontogeny (see Hayes et al. 2015). In our experiment we expect that most of our observed differences relate to allometry, as the larger shell size of our wild-caught parents compared to those of F 1 offspring suggests substantial age differences (Fig. 2). ...
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... The Canaliculata clade includes the most studied apple snails, such as Pomacea maculata Perry 1810, and Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822). These two invasive species are pests of aquatic crops and intermediate hosts for human parasitic diseases (Hayes et al., 2015). The Canaliculata clade is the most derived within Pomacea. ...
... In short, two pools of three egg masses each were homogenized separately on ice in 20 mmol l −1 Tris-HCl buffer 1:3 (w/v) and sequentially centrifuged at 4°C for 20 min at 10,000 g and 50 min at 100,000 g. We estimated each clutch to contain at least 300 eggs (Hayes et al., 2015). The obtained supernatant contained the soluble egg fraction. ...
... Arrowheads indicate the PV1s analyzed in this study. Pomacea phylogeny is based on Hayes et al. (2015). *Species/genus containing reported PV1 homologous sequences (Ip et al., 2018). ...
Article
The relationship between protein stability and functional evolution is little explored in proteins purified from natural sources. Here we investigate a novel family of egg proteins (Perivitellin-1, PV1) from Pomacea snails. Their remarkable stability and clade-related functions in most derived clades (Canaliculata and Bridgesii) make them excellent candidates for exploring this issue. To that aim, we studied PV1 (PpaPV1) from the most basal lineage, Flagellata. PpaPV1 displays unparalleled structural and kinetic stability, surpassing PV1s from derived clades, ranking among the most hyperstable proteins documented in nature. Its spectral features contribute to a pale egg coloration, exhibiting a milder glycan binding lectin activity with a narrower specificity than PV1s from the closely related Bridgesii clade. These findings provide evidence for substantial structural and functional changes throughout the genus' PV1 evolution. We observed that structural and kinetic stability decreases in a clade-related fashion and was associated with large variations in defensive traits. For instance, pale PpaPV1 lectin turns potent in the Bridgesii clade adversely affecting gut morphology, while giving rise to brightly colored PV1s providing eggs with a conspicuous, likely warning signal in the Canaliculata clade. This work provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of PV1s from various apple snail species within a phylogenetic framework, offering insights into the interplay among their structural features, stability profiles, and functional roles. More broadly, our work provides one of the first examples from natural evolution showing the crucial link among protein structure, stability, and evolution of new functions.
... Invasive apple snails (Pomacea spp.), natives of South America, have become successful invaders in various world countries during the late twentieth century (Cowie, 2002;Hayes et al., 2009Hayes et al., , 2015. Particularly, two apple snail species, i.e., Pomacea canaliculata and P. maculata, have successfully invaded various cultivated (especially rice) and aquatic macrophytes along with natural wetlands after their introduction in new locations (Cowie et al., 2017). ...
... Freshwater apple snails (Family: Ampullariidae: Order: Architaenioglossa, Class: Gastropoda) mostly have a Gondwanan origin in Africa, but they are widely distributed in humid tropics and subtropics of South and Central America, Africa, and Asia (Anis et al., 2019;Hayes et al., 2009Hayes et al., , 2015Mokhtar, 2016). However, members of the genus Pomacea are considered native to freshwater habitats in South and Central America (Cowie et al., 2017;Hayes et al., 2008Hayes et al., , 2009). ...
... Furthermore, high trophic flexibility, large size, voracious feeding, and higher growth of both invasive Pomacea spp. (Hayes et al., 2015;Saveanu et al., 2016) have shown severe adverse effects on the growth and development of native Pila scutata in Thailand (Chaichana & Sumpan, 2014) and P. palusoda in the USA (Posch et al., 2013). Moreover, P. canaliculata, capable of predating on the egg masses of other snail species, has also been reported because of its strong radula and jaws (Turner et al., 2007). ...
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Alien invasive Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck and Pomacea maculata Perry were introduced from their native habitats of South America in various regions of the world for variable purposes. However, they were discarded in wild either because of mismanagement or failed to achieve desired goals and became well established in the introduced countries because of their invasive characteristics. Once established, they pose great threats to natural wetlands, macrophytes, agricultural crops (particularly rice and taro), other vertebrates such as worms, insects, crustaceans and snails, water quality of ponds and streams, as well as vectors important human and animal diseases. Billions of dollars have been lost either because of direct losses of Pomacea spp. or cost incurred on their management. Therefore, various control methods such as cultural, mechanical, and biological have been used to restrict the spread and population of these snails, but none of them get the desired results. Hence, chemical control is considered as the most reliable and quick method to manage their population. However, use of molluscicides such as fentin acetate, a banned but widely used pesticide, has created alarming threats to humans and environment. But, recently, botanical molluscicides and their derivatives has shown promising effectiveness against Pomacea spp. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of potential threats of invasive Pomacea spp. and their management options is given here that could help growers and policy makers to restrict the spread and losses of these snails.
... Although it is now acknowledged that P. canaliculata is able to feed on very diverse trophic resources using different feeding mechanisms (Hayes et al. 2015;Saveanu and Martín 2020), it is frequently regarded as a macrophytophagous snail that is able to chew and swallow many large vascular aquatic plants (e.g., Cazzaniga and Estebenet 1984;Dillon 2004;Lach et al. 2000;Martín et al. 2019). However, studies based on diet analysis to show direct evidence of what they actually eat in natural waterbodies are few and the results are somehow contradictory with a macrophytophagous habit. ...
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Herbivorous invaders promote changes in community structure and ecosystem functioning. The apple snail, Pomacea cana-liculata, is an invader with strong impacts on wetland vegetation and aquatic crops. While able to feed on diverse trophic resources using different feeding mechanisms it is usually regarded as a macrophytophage. However, studies showing direct evidence of what they actually eat in natural waterbodies are few and their results do not fully support such a feeding habit. We analyzed the digestive contents of P. canaliculata using a micrographic technique to describe the spatiotemporal variation of its natural diet within its native range. Stomach and intestine contents were similar but the intestines were never empty and their volume and diversity were generally higher. Detritus was the dominant food item (84.1% of total abundance) and was consumed by all the snails whereas macrophytes were eaten by only half of the snails and represented only an 8.6% of total abundance; filamentous algae, animal remains and grasses showed lower than 5% of total abundance. The spatiotem-poral variation in these feeding patterns was minor, despite the among site variation in macrophyte coverage and richness. In the Encadenadas del Oeste basin, P. canaliculata behaves as a specialist on detritus, with some individuals occasionally consuming other resources and can thus be described as an opportunistic generalist omnivore. The impacts of apple snail invasions on both detritus and on other detritivores have seldom been studied although they may have important negative and positive effects, respectively, on dead vegetal matter decomposition.
... Compared to pulmonates, prosobranch gastropods (Prosobranchia) inhabiting intermittent waterbodies have thicker shells with an operculum that completely closes the aperture of the shell and thus prevents water loss. Similar to pulmonates, prosobranchs aestivate during the dry hydrological phase burried into the sediment (Alykrinskaya 2004; Hayes et al. 2015;Glasheen et al. 2017). ...
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Freshwater snails inhabit a wide range of freshwater habitats, including the intermittent ones, specific adaptations enabling them to survive the dry phase for an extended period of time. Despite an increasing scientific interest in biota occurring in intermittent freshwater habitats, our knowledge about environmental factors shaping freshwater gastropod assemblages in such habitats is still poor. Therefore, this study aimed to assess gastropod assemblage composition in four karst intermittent rivers in the Mediterranean during the lotic phase, compare gastropod taxa richness and abundance among the rivers, and determine their relationships with environmental variables. A total of six taxa was recorded, with each river harbouring a unique, species-poor (up to three species) assemblage. Gastropod assemblages were influenced by the physico-chemical water properties, especially the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water, conductivity, and chemical oxygen demand. Our results provide a basis for further research on freshwater snail assemblages in the Mediterranean karst intermittent rivers, as the need to protect these vulnerable ecosystems and develop adequate monitoring practices becomes imperative due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures.