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– 3. The Citreoline Trogon Trogon citreolus sumichrasti and the West-Mexican Chachalaca Ortalis poliocephala poliocephala are endemic to West-Mexico mainly restricted to the Pacific slope. Both are rather difficult to observe in the tropical deciduous forests of mainland Chamela reserve but are unmistakably identified and localised by their intensive calls.
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Following an isolation gradient in West-Mexico the avifauna of three study areas is investigated, on mainland reserve and two island groups. The avifaunas are described and analysed regarding species richness, environmental attributes, ende-mism, broader ecological niches, and brood status. The taxonomical composition is determined on different hie...
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Citations
... Several biotic inventory studies have been conducted on the Tres Marías Islands, including of mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, terrestrial molluscs, coastal fish species, stony corals and vascular plants (Grayson, 1871;Merriam, 1898;Nelson, 1899;Stager, 1957;Zweifel, 1960;Grant & Cowan, 1964;Grant, 1965Grant, , 1966Northern, 1965;McDiarmid et al., 1976;García-Aldrete, 1986;Wilson, 1991;Casas-Andreu, 1992;Lenz, 1995;del Prado-Gasca et al., 2006;Pérez-Vivar et al., 2006;Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, 2007, 2022Erisman et al., 2011;Hahn et al., 2012;Nolasco-Luna et al., 2016). However, few biogeographical studies have been conducted on the biota of the Tres Marías Islands. ...
... A study of stony corals suggested that the Tres Marías Islands might act as a nodal point for coral dispersal to the north, and other studies of coral communities have assessed the importance of the Tres Marías Islands as a steppingstone for species and individuals to and from the Revillagigedo Archipelago, the Gulf of California and the tropical Mexican Pacific, and the entrance of the Gulf of California has been identified as a key area for the immigration of species (Pérez-Vivar et al., 2006;López-Pérez et al., 2015). Hahn et al. (2012) studied the biogeography of birds in Pacific Mexico along an isolation gradient from mainland Chamela (coastal Jalisco), through the Tres Marías Islands and the Revillagigedo Archipelago. Endemic land bird species increased from the mainland to Revillagigedo, whereas total landbird species decreased from Revillagigedo to mainland Chamela. ...
The Tres Marías archipelago in the central Mexican Pacific is a protected area that has a complex geological history due to its tectonic setting. This study describes an integrative analysis of the biogeographical affinities of the biota inhabiting the islands. A biotic component analysis showed a close relationship between the islands and the Pacific Lowlands and Veracruzan biogeographical provinces, whereas a cladistic biogeographical analysis additionally showed a Nearctic affinity with the Sonoran biogeographical province. The biogeographical affinity patterns, based on the distribution of the sister group of each endemic species, revealed three distinct patterns: Neotropical, Sonoran-Neotropical and Nearctic-Neotropical. The study recognized that the Tres Marías Islands are a region of great biological complexity where the biota of the Pacific Lowlands and the Veracruzan provinces intersect, with a predominantly Neotropical affinity. In this biogeographical analysis, information on the biotic assemblage and the geological history of the Tres Marías Islands are integrated and discussed. The biotic assembly of the islands must have occurred via both vicariance and dispersal at different geological times, related to opening of the Gulf of California (Miocene–Pleistocene) as well as to periods of glaciation (Pleistocene).
... Brattstrom (1990) provided a preliminary account of the biogeography of the islands, based on vertebrate taxa. Hahn et al. (2012) conducted a biogeographic analysis of the birds on the Mexican Pacific coast, finding a correlation between the taxonomic hierarchy and the isolation gradient from the coast to the islands. Socorro island is located at 18.699°N and 110.942°W. ...
... The endemic flora is represented by Acianthera unguicallosa, Aristolochia socorroensis, Bidens socorrensis, Botrychium socorrense, Castilleja socorrensis, Cestrum pacificum, Coreocarpus insularis, Coreopsis insularis, Critoniopsis littoralis, Erigeron socorrensis, Ilex socorroensis, Muhlenbergia solisii and Salvia pseudomisella (Johnston 1931;Levin and Moran 1989;Ortega-Rubio et al. 1991;León-de la Luz et al. 1994;CONANP 2004;León-de la Luz and Chiang 2004;Flores-Palacios et al. 2009). Some animal species are endemic to Socorro (Palacios-Vargas et al. 1982;García-Aldrete et al. 1992;Galina-Tessaro et al. 1994;Jiménez et al. 1994;Félix Lizárraga et al. 2015), eg the grasshopper Schistocerca socorro, the lizard Urosaurus auriculatus, and the birds Mimus graysoni, Psittacara brevipes, Troglodytes sissonii and Zenaida graysoni, the last extinct in the wild (Castellanos and Rodríguez-Estrella 1993;Johnson and Clayton 2000;Song 2006;Hahn et al. 2012). Three introduced mammals (Felis catus, Mus musculus and Ovis orientalis) have been reported (Arnaud et al. 1993;Álvarez-Cárdenas et al. 2000;CONANP 2004;López-Higareda et al. 2014). ...
The biotic assembly of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico, was
analysed under an evolutionary biogeographic framework. We
undertook a parsimony analysis of endemicity with progressive character elimination of 194 plant and animal species, which allowed us to identify the archipelago as a complex area or node where Nearctic and Neotropical biotic components overlap.
We undertook a cladistic
biogeographic analysis using the phylogenetic information of 42
taxon-area cladograms, from which one general-area cladogram
was obtained: (Revillagigedo, (Sonoran, (Baja California,
(Veracruzan, Pacific Lowlands)))). These results suggest that the
Revillagigedo Archipelago may be classified as a province, although
we prefer to keep it as a district of the Pacific Lowlands province. We
identified two cenocrons (temporally integrated set of taxa) that can
be dated to the Pliocene–Pleistocene: one Nearctic that dispersed
from the Baja California Peninsula, and another Neotropical where
the species dispersed from the Pacific coast to the islands. The
geological information and the general-area cladograms allowed us
to propose a geobiotic scenario for the archipelago where the islands
are probably the result of volcanism associated with the oceanic
Mathematician Ridge, and the arrival of the cenocrons to the archipelago may have occurred during the Pliocene–Pleistocene, after the islands were available for colonisation.
... The proposal of elevating this taxon to species level has been discussed recently (de Silva et al. 2020). The destruction of native habitat, the introduction of exotic species, and reduced population sizes increase the vulnerability of birds on the Pacific Islands of Mexico and must be immediately addressed in conservation policies (Hahn et al. 2012;de Silva et al. 2020). ...
Background
The Mesoamerican dominion is a biogeographic area of great interest due to its complex topography and distinctive climatic history. This area has a large diversity of habitats, including tropical deciduous forests, which house a large number of endemic species. Here, we assess phylogeographic pattern, genetic and morphometric variation in the Cinnamon Hummingbird complex Amazilia rutila , which prefers habitats in this region. This resident species is distributed along the Pacific coast from Sinaloa—including the Tres Marías Islands in Mexico to Costa Rica, and from the coastal plain of the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico south to Belize.
Methods
We obtained genetic data from 85 samples of A. rutila , using 4 different molecular markers (mtDNA: ND2, COI; nDNA: ODC, MUSK) on which we performed analyses of population structure (median-joining network, STRUCTURE, F ST , AMOVA), Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses, and divergence time estimates. In order to evaluate the historic suitability of environmental conditions, we constructed projection models using past scenarios (Pleistocene periods), and conducted Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSP) to visualize changes in population sizes over time. To analyze morphometric variation, we took measurements of 5 morphological traits from 210 study skins. We tested for differences between sexes, differences among geographic groups (defined based on genetic results), and used PCA to examine the variation in multivariate space.
Results
Using mtDNA, we recovered four main geographic groups: the Pacific coast, the Tres Marías Islands, the Chiapas region, and the Yucatán Peninsula together with Central America. These same groups were recovered by the phylogenetic results based on the multilocus dataset. Demography based on BSP results showed constant population size over time throughout the A. rutila complex and within each geographic group. Ecological niche model projections onto past scenarios revealed no drastic changes in suitable conditions, but revealed some possible refuges. Morphometric results showed minor sexual dimorphism in this species and statistically significant differences between geographic groups. The Tres Marías Islands population was the most differentiated, having larger body size than the remaining groups.
Conclusions
The best supported evolutionary hypothesis of diversification within this group corresponds to geographic isolation (limited gene flow), differences in current environmental conditions, and historical habitat fragmentation promoted by past events (Pleistocene refugia). Four well-defined clades comprise the A. rutila complex, and we assess the importance of a taxonomic reevaluation. Our data suggest that both of A. r. graysoni (Tres Marías Islands) and A. r. rutila (Pacific coast) should be considered full species. The other two strongly supported clades are: (a) the Chiapas group (southern Mexico), and (b) the populations from Yucatán Peninsula and Central America. These clades belong to the corallirostris taxon, which needs to be split and properly named.
... El estudio de las comunidades avifaunísticas de la vertiente del Pacífico mexicano se ha concentrado en la reserva de la biosfera de Chamela-Cuixmala, Jalisco, en donde los temas principales han sido la riqueza, composición y distribución de las especies, especies invasoras, los patrones de migración altitudinal, dieta, relaciones ecológicas y la muda y clases de edades de las especies (Ramírez-Albores 2007, Guallar et al. 2009, Hahn et al. 2012, Ortega-Huerta y Vega-Rivera 2017, Almazán-Núñez et al. 2018a, Álvarez-Álvarez et al. 2018, Camacho-Cervantes y Schondube 2018). Fuera de esta área natural protegida, la riqueza avifaunística de dicha región ha sido estudiada en Guerrero (Navarro-Sigüenza 1992, Almazán-Núñez et. ...
La vertiente del Pacífico mexicano en el suroeste de Oaxaca alberga una gran diversidad de aves que ha sido poco estudiada. Presentamos un inventario y análisis de la avifauna de esa región, mediante transectos, redes de niebla y observaciones no sistemáticas, en 12 localidades repartidas en cuatro tipos de vegetación (selva mediana subcaducifolia, vegetación ribereña, áreas sujetas a manejo agropecuario y selva baja caducifolia). Contabilizamos 120 especies, correspondientes a 39 familias y 19 órdenes. Del total de especies, 72% fueron residentes todo el año y 24%, de invierno. Por el tipo de alimentación, las terrestres insectívoras (52%) fueron las más abundantes, seguidas de las carnívoras (20%) y terrestres herbívoras (15%). El mayor número de especies (68%) estuvo asociado a vegetación ribereña. Esta región de Oaxaca alberga 16% de la riqueza de aves de México, entre ellas a nueve especies endémicas o cuasiendémicas de México y 12 en categorías de riesgo a nivel nacional o internacional, como el pato real (Cairina moschata), loro corona lila (Amazona finschi), loro cabeza amarilla (Amazona oratrix) y vireo de Bell (Vireo bellii). Recomendamos la protección de la vegetación ribereña y de las selvas como la mejor estrategia para la conservación de la avifauna.
... Second, during the Pleistocene, the TMA was closer to the mainland (24-32 km) than it is today (~95 km), because of sea-level lowering since then (Zweifel 1960). Of the 191 bird species recorded in the archipelago, 61 breed there and the other 130 comprise the terrestrial bird community (Grant and Cowan 1964, Grant 1965, Hahn et al. 2012). Most terrestrial bird species in the TMA have closely related populations distributed along the tropical deciduous and sub-deciduous forest in the nearby continental areas (Stager 1957) and differ from their mainland counterparts both phenotypically and genotypically, leading to the recognition of endemic subspecies for most of these resident forms (Grant 1965, Phillips 1981, Howell and Webb 1995, Peterson and Navarro-Sigüenza 2000, Cortés-Rodríguez et al. 2008, Smith et al. 2011, Arbeláez-Cortés et al. 2014b, Montaño-Rendón et al. 2015. ...
... The islands are covered mainly by tropical deciduous and sub-deciduous forest mixed with thorn scrub, mangroves, and cacti. The rainy season occurs from June to December (Grant 1965, Hahn et al. 2012. ...
Studies in evolutionary biology have commonly been focused on insular systems because of their natural geographic isolation and relatively simpler biotas. Using mitochondrial DNA sequences of 4 passerine bird species distributed in the Tres Marías Archipelago (TMA) and the nearby mainland of western Mexico-Cardinalis cardinalis, Turdus rufopalliatus, Vireo hypochryseus, and Icterus pustulatus-we determined interspecific and intraspecific phylogenetic relationships between insular and mainland populations, conducted insular age-based time calibration for the estimation of divergence times, and used Bayesian analyses to examine the colonization history of islands. Specifically, we tested whether the study species from the TMA share the same colonization history since the emergence of the islands ∼120 kya, taking advantage of the reduced isolation due to sea-level fluctuations during the Pleistocene, or whether there were independent colonization events. We also looked for evidence in the genetic structure of the island populations that would support the idea of colonization by a small number of individuals. Phylogenetic relationships consistently recovered lineage divergence between the TMA and mainland populations, with strong support in 3 of the 4 species. Our estimates for the sea level and coastline of the west coast of Mexico during the Pleistocene showed that the distance between the TMA and the mainland was ∼25 km. We tested several island colonization scenarios according to the phylogenetic relationships, haplotype networks, divergence time estimates, historical demography, and different glaciation dates. The most supported scenario of colonization of the TMA suggests that a single event occurred ∼120 kya when the islands emerged, which is highly concordant with geological evidence, and simultaneously affected the 4 species.
... We found no genetic evidence to indicate that individual peregrine (Table 1) (1989;Zann & Darjono, 1992). Furthermore, peregrine falcons are only visitors to the volcanic islands of Motmot (emerged in 1968, Ball & Glucksman, 1975Schipper, Shanahan, Cook, & Thornton, 2001) and Islas Revillagigedo (erupted in 1952;Hahn, Hogeback, Römer, & Vergara, 2012) and con tinue to be absent from Surtsey Island (emerged in 1963;Petersen, 2009). Although other volcanic islands have source populations in rel atively close geographic proximity, peregrine falcons breeding in the Aleutian Islands are primarily nonmigratory with only some mid winter interisland movement and juvenile dispersal (White, 1975;White et al., 2002). ...
How populations and communities reassemble following disturbances are affected by a number of factors, with the arrival order of founding populations often having a profound influence on later populations and community structure. Kasatochi Island is a small volcano located in the central Aleutian archipelago that erupted violently August 8, 2008, sterilizing the island of avian biodiversity. Prior to the eruption, Kasatochi was the center of abundance for breeding seabirds in the central Aleutian Islands and supported several breeding pairs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). We examined the reestablishment of peregrine falcons on Kasatochi by evaluating the genetic relatedness among legacy samples collected in 2006 to those collected posteruption and to other falcons breeding along the archipelago. No genotypes found in posteruption samples were identical to genotypes collected from pre-eruption samples. However, genetic analyses suggest that individuals closely related to peregrine falcons occupying pre-eruption Kasatochi returned following the eruption and successfully fledged young; thus, a genetic legacy of pre-eruption falcons was present on posteruption Kasatochi Island. We hypothesize that the rapid reestablishment of peregrine falcons on Kasatochi was likely facilitated by behavioral characteristics of peregrine falcons breeding in the Aleutian Islands, such as year-round residency and breeding site fidelity, the presence of an abundant food source (seabirds), and limited vegetation requirements by seabirds and falcons.
... Nicotiana nesophila and N. stocktonii are endemic to the isolated Revillagigedo Islands off the Pacific coast of Mexico 24 . Hawkmoths are present on these islands 34,35 , but hummingbirds have not been recorded in recent surveys 36 . There was a single potential sighting of a hummingbird in a survey from 1897 37 . ...
Polyploidy is an important driving force in angiosperm evolution, and much research has focused on genetic, epigenetic and transcriptomic responses to allopolyploidy. Nicotiana is an excellent system in which to study allopolyploidy because half of the species are allotetraploids of different ages, allowing us to examine the trajectory of floral evolution over time. Here, we study the effects of allopolyploidy on floral morphology in Nicotiana, using corolla tube measurements and geometric morphometrics to quantify petal shape. We show that polyploid morphological divergence from the intermediate phenotype expected (based on progenitor morphology) increases with time for floral limb shape and tube length, and that most polyploids are distinct or transgressive in at least one trait. In addition, we show that polyploids tend to evolve shorter and wider corolla tubes, suggesting that allopolyploidy could provide an escape from specialist pollination via reversion to more generalist pollination strategies.
... , 1949; Richards y Brattstrom, 1959). Respecto a los estudios biológicos, éstos han incluido diversos grupos taxonómicos terrestres (Ortega et al., 1992) de la flora (Johnston, 1931; Flores-Palacios et al., 2009), incluyendo a las cactáceas (Brattstrom, 1953), y de fauna, como los artrópodos (Palacios-Vargas, 1982; Cano-Santana et al., 2005) y vertebrados como: reptiles (Brattstrom, 1955), aves (Anthony, 1898; Brattstrom y Howell, 1956; Jehl y Parker, 1982; Santaella y Sada, 1991; Hahn et al., 2012) y mamíferos (McLellan, 1926). También se ha evaluado parte de la hidrobiología de las islas (e.g., Villalobos, 1960; Holguín-Quiñones et al., 1992; Holgín-Quiñones, 1994), con énfasis en algas (Albert y Lyon, 1930; Serviere-Zaragoza et al., 2007), corales (Reyes Bonilla y Carriquiry, 1994; Ketchum y Reyes-Bonilla, 1997), anélidos (Rioja, 1959), moluscos (Strong y Dallas, 1930; Mille-Pagaza et al., 1994), equinodermos (Ziesenhenne, 1937; Caso, 1962) y decápodos (Mille-Pagaza et al., 2003). ...
... and L. livens), pericota (Sterna fuscata), and rabijunco (Phaethon aethereus); the last two are considered as endangered species. Besides, more than 80 sea bird species have been spotted while feeding or resting in the island [3]. This community may reach tens of thousands of birds, and their excretions provide a rich N and P input to the lake [4]. ...
Isabel Lake is a moderate saline soda crater lake located in Isabel Island in the eastern tropical Pacific coast of Mexico. Lake is mainly formed by rainfall and is strongly affected by evaporation and high input of nutrients derived from excretions of a large bird community inhabiting the island. So far, only the island macrobiota has been studied. The knowledge of the prokaryotic biota inhabiting the upper layers of this meromictic lake can give clues for the maintenance of this ecosystem. We assessed the diversity and composition of prokaryotic community in sediments and water of the lake by DGGE profiling, 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing, and cultivation techniques. The bacterial community is largely dominated by halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms. Alpha diversity estimations reveal higher value in sediments than in water (P > 0.005). The lake water is dominated by γ-Proteobacteria belonging to four main families where Halomonadaceae presents the highest abundance. Aerobic, phototrophic, and halotolerant prokaryotes such as Cyanobacteria GPIIa, Halomonas, Alcanivorax, Idiomarina, and Cyclobacterium genera are commonly found. However, in sediment samples, Formosa, Muricauda, and Salegentibacter genera corresponding to Flavobacteriaceae family accounted for 15-20 % of the diversity. Heterotrophs like those involved in sulfur cycle, Desulfotignum, Desulfuromonas, Desulfofustis, and Desulfopila, appear to play an important role in sediments. Finally, a collection of aerobic halophilic bacterial isolates was created from these samples; members of the genus Halomonas were predominantly isolated from lake water. This study contributes to state the bacterial diversity present in this particular soda saline crater lake.
We present a comprehensive and update checklist systematic of the icthyofauna of this insular region, which is comprised by 366 species, 241 genera, 101 families, 28 orders and tree classes. The families with the most richness specific were: Carangidae (20 spp.), Serranidae (19) and Muraenidae (18). Socorro Island was recorded 220 species, Clarion Island 179, San Benedicto Island 128; followed by Roca Partida Island 62. This diversity as well as endemic species number is relationship with the surface of each island. There is a higher similarity ictiofaunistic between Clarion Island and Socorro Island; while, the lowest similarity was between San Benedicto Island and Roca Partida Island. The ichthyogeography of the Revillagigedo Archipelago has a higher affinity with the Panamic province (42.3%), followed by the Cortes (41.5%). A higher number of species are of the wide distribution (circumglobal: 21 %; amphipacific 22.4 %). Also, endemic species are represented by 26 species (7.1%).
