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Source publication
To present a clinical version of the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts and to compare them with the previous version, the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts.
The 2000 CDC percentile curves were developed in 2 stages. In the first stage, the empirical percentiles were smoothed by a varie...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... and weight-for-age percentiles are displayed in Figs 1 and 2 for infant boys and girls; head circum- ference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles for infant boys and girls are displayed in Figs 3 and 4. Figures 5 and 6 contain stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles for boys and girls ages 2 to 20 years. Figures 7 and 8 show BMI-for-age for boys and girls with the formula for calculating BMI included in the data entry box. Finally, Figs 9 and 10 contain weight-for-stature per- centiles for boys and girls with statures between 77 and 121 cm. ...
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Introduction
Short stature is a family concern, and is a common reason for consultations in paediatrics. Growth charts are an essential diagnostic tool. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of changing reference charts in the diagnosis of short stature in a health area.
Subjects and methods
A population-based-cross-sectional-descr...
The aim of this study was to determine whether the differences in timing of the peak growth velocity (PGV) between sitting height, total body height, subischial leg length, and foot length can be used to predict whether the individual patient with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is before or past his or her PGV of sitting height. Furthermore, ratio...
This report presents the revised growth charts for the United States. It summarizes the history of the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts, reasons for the revision, data sources and statistical procedures used, and major features of the revised charts.
Data from five national health examination surveys collected from 19...
The 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, a revision of the National Center for Health Statistics/World Health Organization (NCHS/WHO) growth charts, were released in 2002 to replace the NCHS/WHO charts. We evaluated the differences between the CDC growth charts and the Saudi 2005 reference to determine the implications of using the 2000 CD...
To compare estimates of underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity based on three growth charts.
Cross-sectional study to estimate weight-for-age, length/height-for-age and weight-for-height comparing the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards ('the WHO standards'), the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) international growth ref...
Citations
... Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for nonparametric comparisons. Nutritional status was assessed using weight-for-age z scores, calculated using the LMS method and the 2000 CDC growth reference charts [10]. In-hospital case fatality rate (CFR) due to SAB was calculated for children with known outcome, excluding patients that left the hospital without medical permission (absconders) or those transferred to Maputo Central Hospital (MCH). ...
Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) is one of the most common bloodstream infections globally. Data on the burden and epidemiology of community-acquired SAB in low-income countries are scarce but needed to define preventive and management strategies. Blood samples were collected from children < 5 years of age with fever or severe disease admitted to the Manhiça District Hospital for bacterial isolation, including S. aureus. Between 2001 and 2019, 7.6% (3,197/41,891) of children had bacteraemia, of which 12.3% corresponded to SAB. The overall incidence of SAB was 56.1 episodes/100,000 children-years at risk (CYAR), being highest among neonates (589.8 episodes/100,000 CYAR). SAB declined significantly between 2001 and 2019 (322.1 to 12.5 episodes/100,000 CYAR). In-hospital mortality by SAB was 9.3% (31/332), and significantly associated with infections by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains (14.7%, 11/75 vs. 6.9%, 14/204 among non-MDR, p = 0.043) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (33.3%, 5/15 vs. 7.6%, 20/264 among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, p = 0.006). Despite the declining rates of SAB, this disease remains an important cause of death among children admitted to MDH, possibly in relation to the resistance to the first line of empirical treatment in use in our setting, suggesting an urgent need to review current policy recommendations.
... Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg in light clothing using a mobile digital scale (Tefal Bodysignal). Each BMI was standardized by conversion to a z-score (BMI z-score) in groups defined by age and sex according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts 2000 [25]. Because BMI z-scores are known to be inaccurate at values greater than the 97th centile, adjusted z-scores were used for these children (n = 46, 92% of the whole sample) [26]. ...
Citation: Zarkogianni, K.; Chatzidaki, E.; Polychronaki, N.; Kalafatis, E.; Nicolaides, N.C.; Voutetakis, A.; Chioti, V.; Kitani, R.-A.; Mitsis, K.; Perakis, K.; et al. Abstract: Childhood obesity constitutes a major risk factor for future adverse health conditions. Multicomponent parent-child interventions are considered effective in controlling weight. The ENDORSE platform utilizes m-health technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and serious games (SG) toward the creation of an innovative software ecosystem connecting healthcare professionals, children, and their parents in order to deliver coordinated services to combat childhood obesity. It consists of activity trackers, a mobile SG for children, and mobile apps for parents and healthcare professionals. The heterogeneous dataset gathered through the interaction of the end-users with the platform composes the unique user profile. Part of it feeds an AI-based model that enables personalized messages. A feasibility pilot trial was conducted involving 50 overweight and obese children (mean age 10.5 years, 52% girls, 58% pubertal, median baseline BMI z-score 2.85) in a 3-month intervention. Adherence was measured by means of frequency of usage based on the data records. Overall, a clinically and statistically significant BMI z-score reduction was achieved (mean BMI z-score reduction −0.21 ± 0.26, p-value < 0.001). A statistically significant correlation was revealed between the level of activity tracker usage and the improvement of BMI z-score (−0.355, p = 0.017), highlighting the potential of the ENDORSE platform.
... Height and weight measures were, in turn, used to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI, Kg/m 2 ). Adolescents were classified as underweight, overweight, and obese according to the Center for Disease Control (underweight: ˂ 5 th percentile; overweight: BMI ≥ 85 th to < 95 th percentile; obese: BMI ≥ 95 th percentile) [18]. ...
... As per the BMI percentiles, a significant proportion of the participants, that is, 46.2% (n=651) was underweight. Internationally documented cutoff points were used for the classification of participants among BMI categories [18]. The findings about eating patterns illustrated in Table 2 indicate that 68.3% of adolescents skip at least one meal of the day. ...
Healthy eating patterns if adopted early in life support the growth, learning ability and overall health of children and adolescents. This age group is more vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies due to their inappropriate food choices, peer pressure, unhealthy eating habits and increased body’s nutritional demand. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of compliance of adolescents with the recommended dietary guidelines. A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design was used to conduct qualitative research between January-August 2019 in public and private high schools of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. A semi-structured questionnaire that focused on the general dietary intake and physical activity patterns in the school setting was filled by interview technique. The determinants of eating behaviors were investigated using descriptive statistics and chi-square. As per the BMI percentiles 46.2% (651) were underweight, 2.3% (33) were obese, and 6.2% (88) were overweight. The data indicated that no participant was eating according to the recommendations of the Food Guide Pyramid. However, on the scale of 10, family and advertisements have the highest impact on food choices of adolescents 6.5±2.69 and 6.1±2.77 respectively. Our findings concluded that adolescents do not follow a healthy eating pattern. Nutrition education and interventions must be prioritized to promote health among adolescents.
... The 2007 WHO references were used for obesity diagnosis (BAZ ≥2 SD) (29). WC percentiles were calculated as indicated on the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Growth Charts (30). Pubertal development was assessed from physical examination of the patient, according to the Marshall & Tanner criteria for breast and genital stage in females and males, respectively (31,32). ...
Background:
The Single-Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE) is a biomarker of insulin sensitivity estimated using BMI and triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We assessed the accuracy of SPISE to screen obesity-related cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents.
Method:
Cross-sectional validation study for a screening test in a sample of n=725 children and adolescents from an obesity clinic. Weight, height, waist circumference, blood arterial pressure, lipid profile, glucose, insulin and Tanner stage were measured. BMI, BMI for-age-and sex (BAZ), and HOMA-IR were estimated. HOMA-IR values ≥2.1 and ≥3.3 were considered IR in Tanner I-II, ≥3.3 for Tanner III-IV and ≥2.6 for Tanner V, respectively. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) was diagnosed with the Cook phenotype. SPISE was estimated according to the following algorithm: [600* HDL^0.185/(TG^0.2* BMI^1.338)]. The optimal SPISE cut points for IR and MetS prediction were determined by ROC curve analysis.
Results:
In prepubertal obese patients (9.2 ± 2.1y; 18.4% males), the prevalence of IR and MetS was 28.2% y 46.9%, respectively; 58% had severe obesity (BAZ ≥4 SD). In pubertal obese patients (12.6 ± 1.8y; 57% males), the prevalence of IR and MetS was 34.1% and 55.3%, respectively; 34% had severe obesity. In prepubertal children, a SPISE of 6.3 showed the highest sensitivity (73.2%) and specificity (80%) to screen individuals with IR (AUC: 0.80; LR +: 3.3). Likewise, a SPISE of 5.7 got the highest sensitivity (82.6%) and specificity (86.1%) to screen patients with MetS (AUC: 0.87; LR +: 5.4). In pubertal patients, a SPISE of 5.4 showed the highest sensitivity and specificity to screen children and adolescents with both IR (Sn: 76.1%; Sp: 77.5%; AUC: 0.8; LR +: 3.1) and MetS (Sn: 90.4%; Sp: 76.1%; AUC: 0.90; LR +: 3.5).
Conclusion:
In children and adolescents with obesity, SPISE has good or very good performance in predicting IR and MetS. SPISE may be considered a relatively simple and low-cost diagnosis tool that can be helpful to identify patients with greater biological risk. In adolescents with obesity, the same cut point allows identification of those at higher risk of both IR and MetS.
... In humans, the size of the SAC appears to be fixed at 6-8 years of age, because the growth of spinal cord ceases at 4-5 years of age [13], and the growth in the axial size of the spinal canal stops at 6-8 years of age [14]. This is much earlier than the age at which sexual maturity is reached or when growth in height is complete [15,16]. In contrast to that, the age when the SAC in rodents is fixed remains unknown. ...
Although rodents have been widely used for experimental models of spinal cord diseases, the details of the growth curves of their spinal canal and spinal cord, as well as the molecular mechanism of the growth of adult rat spinal cords remain unavailable. They are particularly important when conducting the experiments of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), since the disease condition depends on the size of the spinal canal and the spinal cord. Thus, the purposes of the present study were to obtain accurate growth curves for the spinal canal and spinal cord in rats; to define the appropriate age in weeks for their use as a CSM model; and to propose a molecular mechanism of the growth of the adult spinal cord in rats. CT myelography was performed on Lewis rats from 4 weeks to 40 weeks of age. The vertical growth of the spinal canal at C5 reached a plateau after 20 and 12 weeks, and at T8 after 20 and 16 weeks, in males and females, respectively. The vertical growth of the C5 and T8 spinal cord reached a plateau after 24 weeks in both sexes. The vertical space available for the cord (SAC) of C5 and T8 did not significantly change after 8 weeks in either sex. Western blot analyses showed that VEGFA, FGF2, and BDNF were highly expressed in the cervical spinal cords of 4-week-old rats, and that the expression of these growth factors declined as rats grew. These findings indicate that the spinal canal and the spinal cord in rats continue to grow even after sexual maturation and that rats need to be at least 8 weeks of age for use in experimental models of CSM. The present study, in conjunction with recent evidence, proposes the hypothetical model that the growth of rat spinal cord after the postnatal period is mediated at least in part by differentiation of neural progenitor cells and that their differentiation potency is maintained by VEGFA, FGF2, and BDNF.
... Regular growth monitoring of children and adolescents is an important way to assess children's nutritional status and to detect diseases at early stages. Growth charts are widely used as a clinical tool to monitor growth in individual children and as a public health indicator to assess the nutritional status of a population [5][6][7][8]. Two wellknown growth charts were released by the U.S. CDC [9] in May 2000 and by the WHO [10] in April 2006. ...
Background
Growth chart is a valuable clinical tool to monitor the growth and nutritional status of children. A growth chart widely used in China is based on the merged data sets of national surveys in 2005. We aimed to establish an up-to-date, complete growth curve for urban Chinese children and adolescents with a full range of ages.
Methods
Using data collected in a large-scale, cross-sectional study (Prevalence and Risk factors for Obesity and Diabetes in Youth (PRODY), 2017–2019), we analyzed 201,098 urban children aged 3 to 18 years from 11 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities that are geographically representative of China. All participants underwent physical examinations. Sex-specific percentiles of height-for-age and weight-for-age were constructed by Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS) model. We also compared the median values of height-for-age or weight-for-age between our growth chart and the established growth reference using Welch-Satterthwaite T-Test.
Results
Consistent with the established growth reference, we observed that the P 50 percentile of height-for-age reached plateaus at the age of 15 years (172 cm) and 14 years (160 cm) for boys and girls, respectively. In addition, boys aged 10 ~ 14 years and girls aged 10 ~ 12 years exhibited the most dramatic weight difference compared to those of other age groups (19.5 kg and 10.3 kg, respectively). However, our growth chart had higher median values of weight-for-age and height-for-age than the established growth reference with mean increases in weight-for-age of 1.36 kg and 1.17 kg for boys and girls, respectively, and in height-for-age of 2.9 cm and 2.6 cm for boys and girls, respectively.
Conclusions
Our updated growth chart can serve as a reliable reference to assess the growth and nutritional status in urban Chinese children throughout the entire childhood.
... A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used, and in the rst stage, the list of public schools in Yasuj city was divided into six regions, and one cluster (school) was randomly selected from each region, and the weight and height of all 1215 students of the fourth and fth grades and the sixth grade (10, 11, 12 years old) these 6 groups were taken and then their body mass index was calculated. 236 of them were divided based on the percentiles of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) such that the percentile from 85 to 95 is considered overweight and above 95 is classi ed as obese (13). After the training sessions with mothers and daughters, 26 families did not want to participate in the program, and nally, 210 of these students lled out the consent form with their mothers and were randomly divided into 2 groups of 105 participants. ...
Background
The presence of a companion can improve the quality and amount of physical activity in terms of the increase in motivation and vitality of training sessions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mothers' participation in the sports exercises of overweight and obese children, along with monitoring the exercises on the indicators of a child's physical fitness.
Methods
210 overweight and obese elementary school girls (from 10 to 12 years old) were included along with their mothers. All participants filled out the permission form before being randomly assigned to one of two intervention or control groups. The New York international exam, checkerboard test, and caliper were used to gauge the degree of musculoskeletal anomalies, whereas standard tests (pull-up, push-up, 1-mile run, sit and reach) were used to gauge signs of physical fitness. The standard MET/min method was used to evaluate and compare physical inactivity behaviors.
Results
In the collaborative monitoring group, by designing a special exercise program for mothers and children separately, the quality and amount of physical activity improved, and the average flexibility index after the intervention in the group where the mothers played the role of collaborative monitoring reached mean(SD) 23(6) cm, which is significant. It was the highest indicator, and no such difference was observed in the other group, where mothers only had a supervisory role.
Conclusion
Our study showed that when the mother's participation in her daughter's sports program is accompanied by doing sports with her, it results in much better and greater effects.
... We could not perform similar analyses in other OI types because of the limited number of participants. Height, weight, and BMI were converted to age-specific and sex-specific z-scores based on normative population data (Ogden et al., 2002). Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. ...
The objective was to describe pain characteristics and treatments used in individuals with varying severity of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and investigate pain-associated variables. This work was derived from a multicenter, longitudinal, observational, natural history study of OI conducted at 12 clinical sites of the NIH Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network's Brittle Bone Disorders Consortium. Children and adults with a clinical, biochemical, or molecular diagnosis of OI were enrolled in the study. We did a cross-sectional analysis of chronic pain prevalence, characteristics, and treatments used for pain relief and longitudinal analysis to find the predictors of chronic pain. We included 861 individuals with OI, in 41.8% chronic pain was present, with similar frequency across OI types. Back pain was the most frequent location. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs followed by bisphosphonates were the most common treatment used. Participants with chronic pain missed more days from school or work/year and performed worse in all mobility metrics than participants without chronic pain. The variables more significantly associated with chronic pain were age, sex, positive history of rodding surgery, scoliosis, other medical problems, assistive devices, lower standardized height, and higher body mass index. The predictors of chronic pain for all OI types were age, use of a wheelchair, and the number of fractures/year. Chronic pain is prevalent in OI across all OI types, affects mobility, and interferes with participation. Multiple covariates were associated with chronic pain.
... where C, IR, ED, EF, BW and AT represent As concentration in water (µgL -1 ), ingestion rate (2 L day -1 ), exposure duration (assumed 67 and 10 years for adults and children), exposure frequency (365 days year -1 ), body weight (72 and 25 kg for adults and children) and average lifetime (26280 days for adults and 3650 days for children), respectively. SA= exposed skin area J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof (17,000 cm 2 ), Kp = skin permeability coefficient in water (10 -3 cm/h), ET = exposure time spent in bathing and shower (0.6 hr day -1 ), and CF = unit conversion factor (10 -3 Lcm -3 ) (EPA, 2004;Ogden et al., 2002). These values were obtained and confirmed by the WHO (2017) and Rupakheti et al. (Rupakheti et al., 2017). ...
The elevated concentrations of arsenic in natural water are one of the major environmental threats to human health. However, the existing characteristics, controlling mechanisms, and associated risks of arsenic in natural waters in the Indus River Basin (IRB), Pakistan, are yet to be unequivocally understood. In this study, a total of 203 samples of surface water (SW), shallow groundwater (SGW), and deep groundwater (DGW) were collected from the IRB to assess the geochemical characteristics of arsenic and its associated health risks, as all three kinds of waters are the main sources of drinking and domestic usage. The results revealed that the arsenic concentrations in the SW, SGW, and DGW were in the ranges of 1.1–26.45, 1.05–44.44, and 0.67–41.09 μg L−1, respectively. Furthermore, the predominance of As (V) (97 %) over As(III) (3 %) confirmed that the desorption of As in oxidizing environments with elevated pH and Eh is the controlling mechanism. The hazard quotient of 11–45 % and 20–60 % samples and cancer risk of 26–64 % and 26–68 % samples indicated high health risks for the adults and children, respectively, suggesting an immense need for appropriate measures of reducing natural water arsenic concentrations in IRB from the human health perspectives.
... Growth and body composition variables were converted to Z-scores (standard deviation scores) as previously described (7,21,34). The 2,000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts were used to calculate sex-specific Z-scores for height, weight, and body mass index relative to age (35). Data from > 2,000 healthy, typically developing children from multiple ethnic groups, ages 5-19 years, enrolled in the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS) (36,37), a multicenter longitudinal DXA study, were used to compare participants' growth Z-scores to a contemporary cohort. ...
Background
Skeletal muscle deficits are associated with worse exercise performance in adults with pulmonary hypertension (PH) but the impact is poorly understood in pediatric PH.Objective
To study muscle deficits, physical inactivity, and performance on cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and exercise cardiac magnetic resonance (eCMR) in pediatric PH.Methods
Youth 8–18 years participated in a prospective, cross-sectional study including densitometry (DXA) for measurement of leg lean mass Z-score (LLMZ), handheld dynamometer with generation of dominant and non-dominant handgrip Z-scores, Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ), CPET, and optional eCMR. CPET parameters were expressed relative to published reference values. CMR protocol included ventricular volumes and indexed systemic flow at rest and just after supine ergometer exercise. Relationships between LLMZ, PAQ score, and exercise performance were assessed by Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression.ResultsThere were 25 participants (13.7 ± 2.8 years, 56% female, 64% PH Group 1, 60% functional class I); 12 (48%) performed both CPET and eCMR. Mean LLMZ (–0.96 ± 1.14) was associated with PAQ score (r = 50, p = 0.01) and with peak oxygen consumption (VO2) (r = 0.74, p = < 0.001), VO2 at anaerobic threshold (r = 0.65, p < 0.001), and peak work rate (r = 0.64, p < 0.01). Higher handgrip Z-scores were associated with better CPET and eCMR performance. On regression analysis, LLMZ and PAQ score were positively associated with peak VO2, while handgrip Z-score and PAQ score were positively associated with peak work rate.Conclusion
Muscle mass and strength are positively associated with exercise performance in pediatric PH. Future studies should determine the effect of rehabilitation programs on muscle properties and exercise performance.
