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Equations for calculating the specific refractive index increment, ∂n/∂c, for polymer/solvent systems have been developed starting with either the Gladstone-Dale equation or the Lorentz-Lorenz equation for the refractive index of a dielectric medium. The resulting equations can be used to estimate ∂n/∂c as a function of polymer concentration, tempe...
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... (19) requires the density of the solvent, be it a single or a mixed Table 2 Molar refraction group and structural contributions for use in the Lorentz-Lorenz equation. Table 5.20 taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 15th edition, J. Dean editor, page 5.136. Used with permission from McGraw-Hill Education. ...Similar publications
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Citations
In recent years, the pressing issue of energy problems has led to increased interest in passive cooling materials due to their energy‐saving potential. In this work, antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were added into polyethylene (PE) composites to obtain cooling materials with high reflectivity and flame retardancy. With 7 wt% Sb 2 O 3 and 21 wt% DBDPE, the reflectance of samples in all solar wavelengths was greatly improved by at least 47.76%. Furthermore, the internal temperature of the self‐designed temperature test device was reduced from 47.1 to 28.4 °C with a sunlight simulator at a light intensity of 1000 W/m ² for 1 h at an indoor temperature of 25 °C. In addition, the UL‐94 vertical flammability rating was upgraded from No Rating to V‐0, and the limiting oxygen index value increased by at least 6.2%. The selection of a PE matrix with a higher degree of crystallinity resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. These multifunctional PE composites have the advantage in its high reflectance across all solar wavelengths and relatively good flame retardancy. Evidently, resultant characteristics make these composites potential candidates for application in the passive cooling field.
Highlights
Inorganic and organic particles were incorporated into the PE matrix.
Multifunctional reflective cooling composites were prepared.
The factors affecting the reflectivity of composites were analyzed.
The photo-isomerization reaction of 2,4,6-tris(benzylthio)-1,3,5-triazine (TBT) structure was investigated for the first time. Pristine TBT was prepared as the model compound. TBT showed good thermal inertness up to 200 ℃ without any thermal isomerization. The photoreaction of TBT under 254 nm irradiation was investigated with UV/vis and FT-IR spectroscopy using the TBT film in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. Detailed analysis of the spectra using density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that the single enol-keto isomerization at one benzylthio moiety in TBT dominantly proceeded. The refractive index change along with the photo-isomerization of TBT was evaluated with ellipsometry technique, which showed the refractive index increase of +0.0050 at 633 nm.
In this paper, a selective and sensitive photonic crystal (PC) sensor is designed to detect two types of alcohol, namely ethanol and methanol and to measure their concentration percentages. The use of different concentrations of each compound leads to a change in their densities which have definite correlations with the refractive indexes based on the Gladstone–Dale theory. According to the experimental results and the Gladstone–Dale theory, the value of the refractive index in different percentages of alcohols overlaps, which makes it difficult to detect them with optical techniques. We present a new solution to solve this problem, which is very interesting. The FWHMs for spectrum of the ethanol and methanol mixtures with water are obtained as 1.2 nm and 1.4 nm, respectively. This way, it is possible to distinguish between two types of alcohols. After this process and by diluting the solution of each of the alcohols below 30%, the overlap of the refractive indexes is prevented and the obtained resonance wavelength can be attributed to a determined percentage of alcohol. The performance parameters of the proposed sensor for both alcohols are quite promising so that the transmission, the quality factor, the sensitivity and the FOM are above 97%, 1092, 756 nm/RIU and 593.9 RIU-1 respectively. Even, when two typical samples have the same refractive indexes, the sensor can distinguish the alcohol type and the sample’s concentration. This capability along with the small size (123 μm2) and high sensitivity, are the special features of the proposed PC sensor.
Mid-IR dispersion spectroscopy is an attractive, novel approach to liquid phase analysis that extends the possibilities of traditional methods based on the detection of absorption via intensity attenuation. This technique detects inherent refractive index changes (phase shifts) induced by IR light interaction with absorbing matter. In contrast to classic absorption spectroscopy, it provides extended dynamic range, baseline-free detection, constant sensitivity, and inherent immunity to power fluctuation. In this paper, we provide a detailed experimental and theoretical characterization and verification of this method with special focus on broadband liquid sample analysis. For this purpose, we develop a compact benchtop dispersion spectroscopy setup based on an EC-QCL coupled to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Phase-locked interferometric detection enables to fully harness the advantages of the technique. By instrument operation in the quadrature point combined with balanced detection, the full immunity towards laser power fluctuations and the environmental noise can be achieved. On the example of ethanol (0.5-50% v/v) dissolved in water, it is experimentally demonstrated that changes of the refractive index function are linearly related to concentration also for strongly absorbing, highly concentrated samples beyond the validity of the Beer-Lambert law. Characterization of the sensitivity and noise behavior indicates that the optimum applicable pathlength for liquid analysis can be extended beyond the ones for absorption spectroscopy. Experimental demonstration of the advantages over classical absorption spectroscopy illuminates the potential of dispersion spectroscopy as upcoming robust and sensitive way of recording IR spectra of liquid samples.
