Table 2 - uploaded by Syed Naimul Wadood
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Suggested Citation:
Faruque, Golam Mohiuddin, Maruf Ahmed, Iftekharul Huq, Rehana Parven, Syed Naimul Wadood, Sohel Reza Chowdhury, AKM Ghulam Hussain, Gregg Haifley, Jeffrey M. Drope, Nigar Nargis (2020), "The Economic Cost of Tobacco Use in Bangladesh: A Health Cost Approach", Bangladesh Cancer Society (Dhaka, Bangladesh) (March 1, 2020).
.......
Citations
... This represents an 18.5% relative decline of tobacco use (20.8% decline for males; 12.2% decline for females) (GATS 2017). There are about 1.5 million adults suffering from tobacco-attributable illness in Bangladesh (Faruque et al. 2019). Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). ...
... There are about 1.5 million adults suffering from tobacco-attributable illness in Bangladesh (Faruque et al. 2019). Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). More than 61,000 children (below age 15) are suffering from diseases caused by exposure to secondhand smoke (Faruque et al. 2019). ...
... Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). More than 61,000 children (below age 15) are suffering from diseases caused by exposure to secondhand smoke (Faruque et al. 2019). Over a quarter of Bangladeshi adult smokers (5.0% of adults overall) consume bidis (GYTS 2013). ...
Background
Smoking is one of the bad habits in social environment and is one of the main causes of immature death in Bangladesh. Rajshahi is one of the cleanest, most peaceful cities in Bangladesh, but the inhabitants often feel uncomfortable about smokers who smoke in public places and often on transport. Smoking frequency is very high among males compared to females, and a large number of smokers are building or road construction laborers and people involved in offering different services such as transportation, vending from vans, etc. The practice of smoking in this area is destructive for mental and physical health especially for students compared to other professionals because the city is known as the City of Education.Methods
The study analyzes smokers’ characteristics, general health, and their (smokers) perception of smoking in public places. Cross-sectional data were collected randomly from 160 smokers through face-to-face questionnaire survey. The determinants of complexities with regard to social environment and human health were studied using frequency distribution, chi-square test, and binary and multinomial logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS version 24.ResultsFrequency distributions reveal that 93.8% of smokers believe that smoking creates public health hazards, 51.3% of smokers think it causes breathing complexities for non-smokers, 48.8% of smokers feel smoking causes air pollution, 68.8% of smokers think smoking causes gastric problems, 24.4% of smokers had headache problems due to smoking and cigarette fumes, 86.3% of smokers learnt smoking from friends, 48.8% of smokers smoke due to their addiction and 25.6% for depression, and 80.6% usually smoke after having a meal. The chi-square test reveals that class of smokers was significantly associated with frequency of heartbeat rate, starting smoking at specific age level was significantly associated with suffering from diseases, category of smoking articles was significantly associated with suffering from disease, class of smokers was significantly associated with causes for smoking, and starting smoking at specific age level was significantly associated with profession of the smokers at 1% level of significance respectively. A significant odds ratio was found (OR = 6.363, 95% CI 1.918–21.104, p < 0.01) for the profession group of students/labour at 1% level; their outcomes for suffering from diseases such as gastric problem and fever/headache/others were 6.363 times those for the profession group of service/other smokers.Conclusion
Smoking in public places should be restricted because non-smokers cannot breathe freely and it is not healthy for them to inhale smoke indirectly, which has many adverse effects on public health. The study also reveals that the majority of the smokers have gastric problems, abnormal heartbeat rates, frequent headaches, depression and addiction problems, etc., and that they believe that smoking causes significant health hazard on human health and social environment. Therefore, necessary interventions should be taken immediately by policy-makers to prevent smoking in public places.
... Being the 12 th largest tobacco producer in the world, the burden of tobacco and its related deaths and illnesses are also widely prevalent in Bangladesh. Faruque et al. (2020) estimated that in 2018, tobacco use caused around 126,000 premature deaths, which accounting for 13.5 percent of deaths from any cause in that particular year. The study also found that nearly 1.5 million Bangladeshi adults were suffering from diseases related to tobacco consumption, while approximately 61,000 children were affected by diseases induced by the exposure to secondhand smoking. ...
... However, several interviewees state that the real economic cost of tobacco use remains understated in policy-level discussions in Bangladesh. Following the cost-of-illness 5 approach, Faruque et al. (2020) estimate that tobaccoinduced deaths and diseases cost the country's economy approximately USD 3.61 billion a year, which was equivalent to 1.4 percent of its national GDP in the fiscal year of 2017-18. To defend their slow and soft approach to control tobacco, most policymakers often use the rhetoric that tobacco cultivation generate substantive employment and income for tobacco farmers, while its manufacturing creates employment and ensures the livelihoods of thousands of farmers and their families across the country. ...
... Third, from a policy implementation perspective, the statement reflects that tobacco control is currently not a policy priority. Several research works indicate that the lobbying, influence, and interference of the tobacco companies are the main causes of such contradictory behavior by the government (Banu, 2017;Faruque et al., 2020;Rahman & Parvin, 2017). In the 2019 Bangladesh Tobacco Industry Interference Index, the country scored 77 out of 100 (the lower the better) meaning that it remains vulnerable to the tobacco industry's under-handed tactics and interference in policy adoption and reforms (PROGGA, 2019). ...
After ratifying the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in 2004, Bangladesh enacted anti-tobacco laws, policies, and administrative measures. Evidence suggests that the progress so far has not been significant, and Bangladesh will most likely fail to meet its target to become tobacco-free by 2040. This study undertakes a national-level political economy analysis to explore the dynamics that affect the processes of required tobacco policy reforms and implementation. Based on a desk review of pertinent pieces of literature and key informant interviews, this research examines the political behavior of key individuals, institutional reform initiatives, and the government’s commitment to the tobacco control agenda. The findings indicate that the political will of becoming tobacco-free is explicitly present in key narratives. However, intra-government conflict of interests and incentives, the skewed commitment of government bodies, state-business nexus, incapacity of vital organizations, and the dubious role of key individuals and committees fail to translate this will into active implementation. The article concludes that the idea of tobacco control remains a strategic accommodation, and its implementation requires genuine commitment and wider public support. The government must confer adequate authority and resources to the national tobacco control cell and call for agencies to convene to the common of creating a tobacco-free Bangladesh.
... This represents an 18.5% relative decline of tobacco use (20.8% decline for males; 12.2% decline for females) (GATS 2017). There are about 1.5 million adults suffering from tobacco-attributable illness in Bangladesh (Faruque et al. 2019). Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). ...
... There are about 1.5 million adults suffering from tobacco-attributable illness in Bangladesh (Faruque et al. 2019). Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). More than 61,000 children (below age 15) are suffering from diseases caused by exposure to secondhand smoke (Faruque et al. 2019). ...
... Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). More than 61,000 children (below age 15) are suffering from diseases caused by exposure to secondhand smoke (Faruque et al. 2019). Over a quarter of Bangladeshi adult smokers (5.0% of adults overall) consume bidis (GYTS 2013). ...
Abstract
Background Smoking is one of the bad habits in social environment and is one of the main causes of immature death in
Bangladesh. Rajshahi is one of the cleanest, most peaceful cities in Bangladesh, but the inhabitants often feel uncomfortable
about smokers who smoke in public places and often on transport. Smoking frequency is very high among males compared to
females, and a large number of smokers are building or road construction laborers and people involved in offering different
services such as transportation, vending from vans, etc. The practice of smoking in this area is destructive for mental and physical
health especially for students compared to other professionals because the city is known as the City of Education.
Methods The study analyzes smokers’ characteristics, general health, and their (smokers) perception of smoking in public places.
Cross-sectional data were collected randomly from 160 smokers through face-to-face questionnaire survey. The determinants of
complexities with regard to social environment and human health were studied using frequency distribution, chi-square test, and
binary and multinomial logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS version 24.
Results Frequency distributions reveal that 93.8% of smokers believe that smoking creates public health hazards, 51.3% of
smokers think it causes breathing complexities for non-smokers, 48.8% of smokers feel smoking causes air pollution, 68.8% of
smokers think smoking causes gastric problems, 24.4% of smokers had headache problems due to smoking and cigarette fumes,
86.3% of smokers learnt smoking from friends, 48.8% of smokers smoke due to their addiction and 25.6% for depression, and
80.6% usually smoke after having a meal. The chi-square test reveals that class of smokers was significantly associated with
frequency of heartbeat rate, starting smoking at specific age level was significantly associated with suffering from diseases,
category of smoking articles was significantly associated with suffering from disease, class of smokers was significantly associated
with causes for smoking, and starting smoking at specific age level was significantly associated with profession of the
smokers at 1% level of significance respectively. A significant odds ratio was found (OR = 6.363, 95% CI 1.918–21.104,
p < 0.01) for the profession group of students/labour at 1% level; their outcomes for suffering from diseases such as gastric
problem and fever/headache/others were 6.363 times those for the profession group of service/other smokers.
Conclusion Smoking in public places should be restricted because non-smokers cannot breathe freely and it is not healthy for
them to inhale smoke indirectly, which has many adverse effects on public health. The study also reveals that the majority of the
smokers have gastric problems, abnormal heartbeat rates, frequent headaches, depression and addiction problems, etc., and that
they believe that smoking causes significant health hazard on human health and social environment. Therefore, necessary
interventions should be taken immediately by policy-makers to prevent smoking in public places.
... This represents an 18.5% relative decline of tobacco use (20.8% decline for males; 12.2% decline for females) (GATS 2017). There are about 1.5 million adults suffering from tobacco-attributable illness in Bangladesh (Faruque et al. 2019). Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). ...
... There are about 1.5 million adults suffering from tobacco-attributable illness in Bangladesh (Faruque et al. 2019). Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). More than 61,000 children (below age 15) are suffering from diseases caused by exposure to secondhand smoke (Faruque et al. 2019). ...
... Tobacco killed nearly 126,000 people in Bangladesh in 2018, accounting for 13.5% of all deaths in the country (Faruque et al. 2019). More than 61,000 children (below age 15) are suffering from diseases caused by exposure to secondhand smoke (Faruque et al. 2019). Over a quarter of Bangladeshi adult smokers (5.0% of adults overall) consume bidis (GYTS 2013). ...
Introduction
Bangladesh has not yet adopted measures to implement Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The National Tobacco Control Cell (NTCC) has drafted a guideline for implementation, but progress has stalled amid high levels of tobacco industry interference in public policy. This paper examines the barriers to minimising industry interference in a context of close relationships between government officials and tobacco companies.
Methods
In-depth interviews were conducted with government officials, representatives from civil society, think tank and media organisations, and academic researchers. The data were analysed using a ‘3 Is’ framework developed within the political sciences, emphasising the interactive role of ideas, interests and institutions in policy change.
Results
The findings indicate that policy ideas about protecting public health policy making from tobacco industry interests are largely restricted to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and the NTCC specifically. Both individual and institutional conflicts of interest emerge as key barriers to progress to minimising industry interference and for tobacco control governance more broadly. The data also suggest that development of an Article 5.3 guideline has been shaped by the perceived interests of political actors and institutions, and the institutional position of the NTCC, constrained by limits on its resources, authority and isolation from other ministries.
Conclusion
NTCC’s initiatives towards implementing Article 5.3 constitute an important opportunity to address conflicts of interest that restrict tobacco control in Bangladesh. Progress in minimising industry interference is essential to realising the commitment to being smoke free by 2040.
