Well, clearly if you can show that litter size is also declining, it would be relevant in any population study (life table analysis, for example). Of course, the cause of the decline will still be unclear, but if adult survival is constant and the only thing changing is litter size, one would think that something is affecting fecundity and that would steer the research in that direction.

Hi Pedro, I believe PDP is 2 volumes, isn't it? Great list !!

I strongly recommend marvellously developed rtklib (http://www.rtklib.com/).

Hello Nicholas. I think you should try anything between 100 to 200. We have got good results with hairpin construct ranging from 100, 150, 180 of the sense strand and antisense strand separated by 125 bp intron separator fragments. We have successfully developed inverted repeat constructs against cotton leaf curl virus and transformed them in virus susceptible variety of cotton. Preliminary tests on transgenic cotton have shown promising results against virus. Effectivity of your hairpin construct will depend on the specificity of your target sequence. Carefully select your target sequence.

Completely agree with Panayiotis Koutentis.

Suhail - it is not clear what exactly u want to generate. In general if u want to generate a disturbance to the original signal there are lot of options. probably u try with the in-build m-function 'awgn'. this function adds a white gaussian noise to the actual signal based on the parameter given by the user, this will be considered as the disturbance to the original signal.

As the number of information is increasing enormously, scientists face the need to analyze this information in the most appropriate way. Statistics is the scientific tool of achieving this task. It relies on Descriptive Statistics where we get to know our data both graphically and with the use of descriptive statistics to explore among others issues of (a)symmetry and (if there is) skewness. It also relies on Inferential Statistics where with the use of samples we infer for the population This is an important part relying on the use of probabilities and of probability distributions, sampling and sampling distributions, interval estimations and, hypothesis testing. Moreover we have analysis of one or two samples, moving to 3 or more and all these in a parametric or a non-parametric set up depending on the assumptions. We also have experimental designs, quality control and multivariate analysis (with cluster, factor, multiple regression and discriminant analyses; multivariate analysis of variance, conjoint analysis, multidimensional scaling, etc) All these methods and ways of using properly our data depend on the nature and the categories of the data (qualitative data, quantitative data, time series data, cross sectional data, panel data or nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio, discrete, continuous). Each type requires specific treatment and analysis. This is where the problem comes sometimes with improper use of methods. We may also have primary and secondary data. In the former case, coding and analysis is important and problems of multicollinearity among the variables may be solved using say a PCA. There is no need (although welcome) of huge data sets. In inferential Statistics this is the point: from a huge population with proper sampling to get a relatively small random and representative sample to infer for this population in the most appropriate way. We have to be careful though. Statistics do not lie as far as is used correctly and properly. At the same time we have the various statistical programs that facilitate our lives. The point is that if we learn how to use, what and when in a statistical analysis then Statistics may help us the maximum in exploring the issues under consideration without false statements. Obviously Mathematics has helped in the development of Statistics and Mathematical modelling still remains a powerful complement (I would not say a substitute at least regularly). Kind regards

Data on literacy for developed countries mostly gives full literacy of the population, however detailed studies give quite another picture: lieracy rates in US are 100%, however Illiteracy rates are unexpectedly high in the US, and on the rise since 2000: one out of seven adults could not read beyond a children’s book in 2005 (see: NAAL, 2005, http://nces.ed.gov/NAAL/PDF/2006470.PDF)

A teacher must have sufficient knowledge of the subject/topic. He must be well prepared and must select appropriate teaching tools and use them intelligently, smartly to deliver his lecture.

Hi Naveen, you can use superoxide scavenger 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPOL) (Sigma Chemicals).

I mentioned during our early discussion for the need of some management measures and regulations like quota systems. This PFZ is not a fixed place like marine biodiversity reserve. It may shift from place to other according to the oceanographic parameters.

Stefan's answer along with Mark's answer about "Little Data" bring to mind what I think is an important factor in the Big Data paradigm: the re-use of data in applications beyond their original intent. Every observation was collected for a specific purpose or purposes... for those immediate applications, even a very large dataset might be considered "Little Data", to use Mark's term. A data management and analysis system is established to handle that set of observations in that application... but when another application (and another, and another...) comes along that wants to consume that dataset along with a variety others, we start talking about Big Data. Perhaps this idea might explain why at my organization and perhaps other National Data Centers like it across a variety of fields the response to the term, "Big Data", when it first arrived on the scene was often "Yes, we've been doing that for 50 years." I think a tempered response like that might be natural (and I admit it was my first response!) but it also misses the very important fact that having a unifying concept like Big Data (even if there is no unanimous and completely unambiguous definition) can help focus a much broader collection of resources (people, ideas, research dollars, etc.) on the problems at hand.

Kumar refer Seed development ofAbelmoschus esculentus (Malvaceae) http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00987059

You can do catalytic reduction of phthalic unhydride using raney nickel catalyst at slightly higher temp[ 160-170 c ] and higher pressure [ 30 kg h2/sq.cm ] using high boiling hydrocarbon solvent.yields are good. Even phthalide can be used as solvent. Raney nickel doped with 1-2 % molybdenum works well.

It works well for single molecule.. to find its peak frequency, energy etc. However, it doesn't work when I want to study for two molecules together. The main reason is that I can't draw two molecules in molden interface, can anyone give suggestions in this regards?

Hello Yanick, I have read your attached paper. It is true that high doses of magnesium decreased the cases of death given after heart attacks. But in the case of the given correlation between the amount of magnesium in drinking water and cardiovascular diseases the paper don´t say something about the composition of the remaining ionic parts in the examined drinking water. The water hardness is not the only parameter which may controle cardiovascular diseases. Therefore several other parameters must be considered. First is the intake of magnesium with the nutrition. I have attached a text file with some amounts in different nutritions. Second ist the part of the quality of the drinking water. For example: in Island and Southern Germany the amount of magnesium is higher because of the influence of the geological bachground. In that regions also the amount of havy metalls are very high. Thirdly in mountainous regions the amount of magnesium is higher but the action of the living people there is much better. On this reason the cardiovascular disease are diminished.

for renewable based power system analysis HOMER is good. If you want to design & validate the system with appropriate parameters then its good to do it in matlab/simulink itself.

Hi Theodore, I Igree with Chukwuemeka Nworu about absorbition in peritoneal area. About my experience I inject 18F-FDG IP in rats and in 2 minute i can start to have radioactivity countin in the brain, but of course it takse around more or less 15 minute total absorbition of 0.6/0,8 ml .. in your case you have mice so more then 0,2 ml you should not inject .. and absorbition of your drugs depend also about dilution with saline.. because .. some times i use 18F FDG concentrate without dilution and rimain there in peritoneal area ... to stimulate vessel absorbition i advice to you to use total volume of 0.2 in mice, massage the area after injection, and put the animal in stimulate environmet to stimulate the movement and consequent absorbition goodluck

Thanks all, I agree with you that samples taken and size should be discussed with statisticains before starting collection. But, the problem is that someone carried out the work after taken the samples and analysed in selective way and most of the work was done as well as writting the manuscript but the statistician insistted that the samples were not taken proparelly. Shall the paper to be sent or not.

Hi Daniel, I'm not entirely sure what you mean when you say 'culture effect on phenotypes'. A recent paper from the Field lab may answer your question (Ali & Field, 2013, Experimental Parasitology 134: 249-55); they show that ectopic expression from a rDNA spacer locus declines at high cell density, ie above 3x10^6/ml. Otherwise, I've never noticed any variation in phenotype within the normal density range, ie between 10^4 and 10^6/ml. Obviously, this will depend on the protein that you're working on, and as I said in my previous answer reducing the tet concentration will allow you to reduce the severity of any negative phenotype that you're seeing (particularly in the range of 1-10ng/ml). You should also bear in mind that tetracycline is light sensitive and has a limited half life (~3 d), so the degree of induction will decline over time, if you're not replenishing the medium/drug. Finally, prolonged induction is also not recommended, as the cassette can be lost/mutated if its expression has a detrimental effect on the cells - meaning that phenotypes can appear to change over time (this is particularly common with RNAi cell lines, where revertants are often seen). Hope this goes some way to answering your question.

In the 80s, when I was doing experiments in and with schools in Berlin, I convinced the schools to buy for each Turkish student two identic dictionarys, which were big and heavy. One of the them students had to keep at home, and one of them they kept in their shelf in school. And every day they had to look up each word in the dictionary, wether at home or in school. And we trained a lot and made contests of looking up words in dictionaries. After some time some students were much faster than I am, and they were proud of it. I think this is a very efficient way of learning a language (and a technology) quickly, though it seems to be a conservative method. I think it is not conservative, but simply necessary in a school where the students have to pass axaminations in subjects which are tought in L2.

A perfect mirror doesn't scatter so you don't get any light on the drum. Defects in the mirror do scatter hence you get light on the drum

I'm not sure from your description what caused the failure, however, a schematic and picture will help. Judging from the description, here are some thoughts to condider: If the IGBT was mounted on a wooden board, I am not surprised that it faied. IGBTs have high on-state losses and need to be mounted on a properly rated heatsink, with thermal compound and adequateky aspirated (natural convection or forced draft) to keep the device within the operating temperature. Most IGBT's, I've worked with, has a body diode, which can be used for freewheeling. It's important to consider switching aids (snubbers) in your circuitry . This is to limit inrush currents and voltage spikes, especially at turn-off in an inductive circuit. (Remember V = Ldi/dt?) The turn-on and turn-off times can be controlled by adding resistors in series between the gate drive and the gate of the IGBT. (Semikron drivers usually have seperate resisitors for turn-on and turn-off) I agree that IGBTs have to be properly rated for the application. As a rule of thumb, one would normally not use an IGBT in a circuit with an inrush current of more than two times the rated current, as IGBT's latch up, act a bit like a thyristor and doesn't turn off in a DC circuit, (escpecially catastrophic in a bridge configuration, resulting in cross conduction)