Hello Sven, There are lots of examples of this in the "Coral Triangle" region, which includes the Philippines and Indonesia. There is a rich literature on the implementation and success of small-scale, community-based (and managed) marine reserves by researchers such as Garry Russ (JCU), Angel Alcala (SUAKCREM), Perry Alino (UP), and Robert (Bob) Pressey (ARC CoE).

Dear Steingrimur, what I mean by commitment of a senior scientist is an agreement to respond to the request for assistance/advice from one whose key words match the area of expertise of the senior scientist. This is no different from being a member of a committee that guides the Ph.D candidate except it is a transient arrangement based upon need as opposed to a degree of permanence associated with a Ph.D. committee.

Dear Frank, Dear Eddie, The main strength of the Hill paper you are referring to is its trendy title. However, it demonstrates shared epitope binding for ONE citrullinated vimentin peptide. At the same time, we have done a thorough study of the direct binding of 200 peptides encompassing the entire A and B chains of fibrinogen, to HLA-DRB1*0401, *0404, *0101, *0402, *0701. Whenever we met an arginine residue, we synthesized both the citrullinated and native forms of the peptide. In the end, for every allele, we observed binding of as many arginine as citrulline peptides. Indeed, it would have been easy to pick ten citrullinated shared epitope binders and ignore another ten non citrullinated shared epitope binders. It would have made easier the publication of this serious paper which finally made it into Arthritis and Rheumatism in 2005 (Auger et al, Arthritis and Rheumatism 52,3424-3432). A recent paper from Alex Sette and Paola Migliorini (J Rheumatol 2012;39;1490-1493) also fails to demonstrate preferential binding of citrullinated viral peptide to shared epitope positive HLA-DR molecules. At this point, there is no serious point to the flashy hypothesis that shared epitope binds citrullinated peptides. Demonstrating this point would require showing preferential binding of most citrullinated peptides from a given protein as compared to their uncitrullinated versions, to shared epitope positive alleles and not to shared epitope negative alleles. We did not observe this with fibrinogen, and Sette and Migliorini did not observe it either with their peptides from EBV. The "shared epitope binds citrullinated peptides" is a flashy, trendy, UNdemonstrated idea. Fashion does not replace good science!

Hi James, Thank you for your answers. I would like to monitor the temperature of a motor, which vibrates consistently. I need the measurement to be accurate up to several hundred °C with ±2°C approximately. I could reach the machine to install a sensor but it is not so easy to do, so I do not want to do it often. According to your answer, a simple magnetized steel block with a milled out groove for a platinum resistance thermometer seems fit the work. Thank you again for your kind answers. :)

I did not realize you could only add one article. Here is the additional information for the ECQ.

Hi Siddharth. No, the acid is concentrated enough to solubilise the nanotubes without surfactant. When finished, neutralise in ~40x volume of ice cold DI water, allow to settle, then decant through polycarbonate filters, rinse until the filtrand pH stabilises and dry overnight @80C. Alternatively, resuspend immediately in H20 without allowing the filter cake to dry out at all - if the tubes are functionalised enough you will get a stable, surfactant-free aqueous solution.

Thanks professor Chen and professor Rodriguez. So we could say that it is may depends basically how we design our agents? Thanks to both again for your contributions

Thank you all for your answers

The mixture of Chloroform:Isoamyl Alcohol in ratio of 25:1 will serve the purpose of purification best. And so will the ammonium acetate (2.5M) precipitation method. When precipitating the DNA, it is better to use 2-2.5 volume of cold ethanol absolute or isopropanol (at -20C), add ammonium acetate and incubate in cold. Then wash 2-3X with etOH 70%. The must important thing is to dry very well the pellet before use.

Dear Jeevan, An antigen is a large molecule on which there are epitopes that are recognized by the antibodies. Denaturation of a protein may or may not disturb the structure of epitope for its interaction with Antibody. Again, it is important to note that what kind of antibody you are using if its monoclonal antibody or Polyclonal. In case of polyclonal Antibody it would bind to the denatured protein as well as denaturation may not result in disruption of all the epitopes present on the Antigen. Hope this is useful. best of luck. If you have more query you may mail.

In a research paper quality of content is ensured by the the fact that the paper has been peer reviewed. I am not sure how will you enure this in a podcast. Therefore i will prefer the original source to a podcast. My research paper will always remain for posterity to refer to its references but not necessarily the podcast.

Hi Giancarlo, Thanks for your response. I have been working with captive bred African Painted Painted Dogs for the last couple of years looking at how effective a vaccine is to canine parvovirus. During this time I have also been assessing their stress levels when captured, both remotely through fecal hormone analysis as well as in blood collection. It is well known that stress does affect immunity but how does it relate to ox stress I'm not sure. I've been measuring a broad range of ox stress parameters e.g. TEAC, FRAP, TBARS, carotenoids etc. I have seen plenty of papers on birds, rodents but very few on larger mammals. In terms of endangered species there have been two that I have come across, (i) investigated the health of a rock wallaby species after a reintrodution attempt and (ii) baseline levels for a turtle species to assess potential pollution events and disease processes. Neither of which consider conidered immunity. So my enquiry was to whether there are any studies that have looked at immunity in OS and/or large mammals/carnivores/endangered species Regards

Hi Mattia... The best method to address that is the Isolation with Migration model, as defined by Jody Hey... http://genfaculty.rutgers.edu/hey/software It allows distinguishing ancestral polymorphism from gene flow...IM and IMA can deal with 2 populations only, IMA2 can deal with more population (but requires huge datasets...) I'm not sure what you mean with "molecular clock is the only possibility", because in any method you have to introduce the mutation rate at some point, right... But at least the IM models stands on a coalescent approach and in that sense is different from the "classic" datation used in phylogenetic methods... You can also use the Beast package but at the moment, Beast does not implement gene flow.. Another I think of is Migrate, which should be similar to IM somehow, but I have never used it.. Hope it helps

As you were asking about "personality", an article just published that explores personality from an evolutionary perspective (comparison across multiple primate models) that I thought you might enjoy: http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2013-16347-001/

Hi Daniel, thanks for your answer. To answer your questions: 1. I didnot confirm that, and i dont know the purity. 2. I did not check with trypan bule. I do have figure untreated with LPS (attachment). Actually, If the group in the left corner is not debris cells, the result is eactly what i want.

Both END NOTE and MENDELEY are good applications.The downside to Endnote is the license fee which varies as indicated on their website but as a lover of freeware,mendeley is the way to go,more to that you can add extra templates particular to any journal.e.g the different PLOS journals (with their unique bibliography style). However, Mendeley crashes once in awhile (they are working to rectify that issue),though easily recovered with just a click of the skip button with no damage to your existing pdf files.The settings could also be adjusted to automatic sync ,as you download files,they get organised on your mendeley library.

Niccolo, thank you for your information. After writing that I could not find relevant papers, I actually found them. They are hidden in the second page of your articles site. I read the paper "Japan and the Concept of Sustainability" and was amazed that you have summarized the long history of Japan in such a concise way. You are a good story teller. Many people in Japan argue also the Edo Period (under Tokugawa reign) gives us hints for more ecological and sustainable civilization. I roughly agree with them, but as you have written, it will not be easy for the modern Japanese to return to the life of Edo period. We are too much accustomed to the modern civilization which consumes a lot of fossil energies. Atomic generation was considered to be a possible path for some time, but Fukushima showed how fragile that path was. Now in economics, we have a new trend called global economic history (GEH). It makes part of global history but is also a part of economics I believe. Major part of its discussion is historical of course, but for some part I have some doubts on their theses. Many historians in GEH enquire why industrial revolution took place in 18th and 19th century Britain. They argue that industrial revolution emerged because wage rate was higher in England than in other European countries. This seems too simple as logic why machines came to be utilized by many of factories. Accidental factors must be more important. Another doubt is on the thesis that human life condition was practically constant since agricultural revolution up until to the Industrial Revolution (18th and 19th century Britain). My vague idea is different from this. As the time passes, the life standard became slowly improved. If you (and other contributors) are interested in these questions, I want to open another question box specialized on these topics.

Thank you Mr Pedro Torres. Yes, I already have the FBG reflection spectrum. I can only observe 1 FBG spectrum for a specific center wavelength. However, when I have multiple FBG spectrums with the same center wavelength, but different spectrum shape, I can't observe it. What should I do? Thank you.

That would be an interesting research.

Master's Thesis: Biologia de Fannia pusio (Wiedemann, 1830) em laboratório.