Larry, You did not understand my last posts and it is why you think that I think that science should be compromised on the basis of religious beliefs. I do not think that science should be compromised at all. What I am against is scientism extremist which is an unjustified unlimited extrapolation to all domains of culture of scientific knowledge. In the same spirit that the sacred scriptures allegories should not be literally interpreted , the scientific knowledge should not be over interpreted and falsehood be spreaded in the name of science. Political instrumentation of religions and of science have a long sorry history. For example, Darwinism has been over interpreted in the past to establish superiority of certain classes over other, superiority of certain races over other, etc. More recently, Dawkins is over interpreted Darwinian in the field of culture with the meme idea. The Nazis and the lennism thought themselves as being very scientific. We have to keep in check this kind of scientism. This is where the compromise should not be accepted. When someone says SCIENCE SAYS … We should immediately start to be worry.

I can well believe this signal would be tiny. So are you scanning the laser to form this image pixel by pixel? From what little I've read about this it doesn't appear that the bandwidth of the light source is really the driving factor. As I recall HeNe lasers are neither high power nor particularly fast as lasers go. Diode sources in the watts both CW and pulsed are cheap. Anyway, just thoughts of a non-expert and probably not a valid one.

In Photoshop there is the "Quick selection tool" that allows you to select pixels of the same color. After you select the areas you want to measure, you press Shift+Control+M and Photoshop will give you a value in pixels, relative to the area you have selected. If you do not have Photoshop, the freeware ImageJ can do the same job. http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/ There are many tutorials in the internet and many papers showing methods for what you need, using ImageJ. For example: http://www.med.upenn.edu/cellbio/documents/ImageJ_ColorSegmentpdf.pdf http://serc.carleton.edu/eyesinthesky2/week2/get_to_know_imagej.html#spatial_measurements http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/~meicenrd/anatomy/Ch14_IndependentInvestigation/Brief%20Instructions%20for%20ImageJ.html

Perhaps the above answers are more helpful for the actual RNA extraction, but what kind of lysozyme are you using? There are various enzymes that act as muramidases. Frequently, our lab uses mutanolysin, but we also work with Lactobacillus acidophilus much of the time. As a point of interest, the type of Lactobacillus matters when it comes to cell wall rigidity and susceptibility to enzymes. See: Shida, et al (2006). Induction of Interleukin-12 by Lactobacillus Strains Having a Rigid Cell Wall Resistant to Intracellular Digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 89:3306–3317. Good luck!

I agree with Swaminathan, it is most likely to be the conservation of that nucleotide in that particular postition of the alignment. It's a notation I have never seen before, though. The value Slimane is refering to is the big number at the top of the image, which does represent the position of the consesus sequences shown in the figure.

Systemic steroids are only used in the acute setting, but should not be used as chronic management due to the rebound after withdrawal and the medium to long term side effects. Patients with erythrodermic or pustular psoriasis are controlled with steroids, but additional anti psoriatic treatment should be commenced at the same time.

look up peter siegel (csu pomona), a good paper on Lambda hypernuclei

Check this out :http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=degree%20of%20freedom%20human%20leg&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDAQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.29-32.1728.pdf&ei=D_mfUa77KoyVrAf36YGACA&usg=AFQjCNGYwTBUriuSWLYBfGfbVEqJQwKY3w&sig2=F0x3t9Mh3gSXVTZOaxMqlQ&bvm=bv.47008514,d.bmk

What Color is a square you ask? Well that depends on how fast it is traveling through space! John W. Allen

The "wheel" bears a striking resemblance to some diatoms. Is it possible that there was a source of diatomacious earth contamination in the lab. These could have come even from the polish used to clean up metal components of the TEM.

Hitachi washing machine sort of testing the load by spinning the drum when the laundry was loaded in the first place. The revolution sensor kind of detecting the friction of the load and can determine the water level.

I agree with you, Jon, that this is a welcome question. Micheas, when I first saw your question, my initial thought was -- Homo sapiens! (chalk that up to me being an anthropologist), and Ahmed did already touch on the fact the terms "polyandry" and "polygyny" are typically applied to humans. But, I am also a primatologist, and both of these terms are widely used in the primatological literature. Jon has also intimated that there is certainly a good degree of intraspecific variability in mating systems that might well confound our propensity to classify things into groupings or types. That being said, however, primatologists generally recognize at least six general forms of social organization (with their attendant mating systems) among nonhuman primate species (although individual species may vary from this general typology). They are: i) "dispersed polygyny" (where individual females tend to have separate home ranges from each other, and dominant males have larger home ranges that encompass the home ranges of two or more females; low-ranking male are transient, not having their own home range, but may mate with a female opportunistically when a resident male is not in the area) -- species that exhibit this sort of mating system include a majority of nocturnal prosimian primates (lorises, bushbabies, and many nocturnal lemur species), as well as orangutans; ii) "pair-bonded" groups (which is used in preference to "monogamous", as for most species we do not have the long-term field data necessary to confirm life-long monogamy); species with this form of social organization occur in family groups, such as gibbons and siamangs (family Hylobatidae), the indri (Indri indri) from Madagascar, and the titi monkeys (genus Callicebus) of the Neotropics; iii) "one-male, multi-female groups" -- this terminology describes a polygynous mating system; it characterizes species of the Old World monkey genus Cercopithecus (native to Africa), many colobine monkey species (found both in African and Asia); this is one of the most common forms of social organization/mating system found in the Order Primates; iv) "multi-male, multi-female groups" -- this is the other most widely occurring form of social organization/mating system found in the Order Primates; it would encompass both polygynous mating by socially dominant males, and promiscuous mating by both some males and some females -- baboons (genus Papio) and macaques (genus Macaca) exhibit this form of social organization and mating system; clearly, individuals (males especially) under this form of social organization can have varying and multiple mating strategies; v) "polyandry" -- this pattern has been described in many callitrichid (marmoset and tamarin) species; social organization can vary in callitrichid species, but icases where they appear to exhibit multi-male, multi-female social organization, the mating system is actually one where only a single, socially dominant female mates with the several males in the group, and those males provide infant care and support (e.g., male callitrichids typically carry newborns, with the mother of the infants actually handling them only when they nurse). vi) "fission-fusion" social organization -- a number of primate species have been described as exhibiting this flexible form of social organization (where subgroups form, and coalesce, and re-subgroup throughout the day); how this might translate in terms of patterns of reproductive behaviour is unclear (although some species are better studied than others) -- primate species that have been described as having "fission-fusion" social organization include: spider monkeys (species of the genus Ateles), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) which seem to show a drastic seasonal shift in group size. forming "hordes" of several hundred individuals at some times of the year. So, a long answer to the question but, yes, I think species can exhibit both polyandry and polygyny.

A lot of migration has occurred ,but most of the time people are aware of there roots and if not, today it is a lot easier than earlier times to find our roots using internet. It is not always possible. However I believe there exists an environmental effect on our genes and hence the genetic make up can be used as a tool to estimate a possible location of the ancestry.

MDA-MB-468 is a basal BC cell line while MDA-MB-231 is a claudin-low cell line - a point Hamed Helal made above, to his credit - with claudin-3, claudinin-4 and claudinin-7 low, and typically with low Ki67 and E-cadherin, in contrast to MDA-MB-468 absent these and itself with high Ki-67 [1,2,3], and as I noted [4], MDA-MB-231 shows enrichment for markers associated with EMT and the expression of features associated with mammary cancer stem cells (CSCs), such as the CD44+CD24-/low phenotype, features NOT shared with MDA-MB-468, so they can be different in molecular and phenotypic behavior. Many studies on potentially active agents for triple negative breast cancer disease have been conducted using, indifferently, MDA-MB-231 or MD-MD-468 (there are dozens of examples, many right here in ResearchGate), but MDA-MB-468 most closely maps basal tumors (EGFR-positivity and cytokeratins 5/6) while MDA-MB-231 closely maps not basality, but rather the new claudin-low (E-cadherin, claudin-3, claudinin-4 and claudinin-7 low) molecular subtype, and clearly these are vastly different in molecular and phenotypic behavior, with MDA-MB-468 being highly proliferative and prognostically highly compromised relative to MDA-MB-231 (which is NOT highly proliferative), so it matters vastly which cancer cell line is chosen, and of course it will also matter vastly as to outcome obtained from any given preclinical study trying to determine the efficacy and responsivity of a particular therapeutic agent against one versus the other cell line, yet basic scientists often slur these together as "triple-negative" cell lines. So MDA-MB-231 is characterized more critically by claudin-3 and claudinin-4 downregulation, low expression of the Ki-67 proliferation marker, enrichment for markers associated with EMT (the epithelial-mesenchymal transition), and, importantly, the expression of features associated with mammary cancer stem cells (CSCs), such as the CD44+CD24-/low phenotype, features NOT shared with MDA-MB-468. (As a final note, despite mistakenly being thought so, MDA-MB-435 is not a TNBC cell line, and indeed is not a breast cancer cell line at all, and is officially listed by all authoritative Cell Line Databanks/Registries (including ATCC among others) as a misidentified/misclassified melanoma cell line that should not be further used in the breast cancer context (see my paper: The Boundaries and Limitations of Preclinical Research: A Mini-Review [4]). 1. Prat A, Parker JS, Karginova O, et al. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the claudin-low intrinsic subtype of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2010, 12:R68. 2. Neve RM, Chin K, Fridlyand J, et al. A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell 2006, 10:515-527. 3. Kang Y, Siegel PM, Shu W, et al. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 2003, 3:537-549. 4. Kaniklidis, C. The Boundaries and Limitations of Preclinical Research: A Mini-Review. (2013; publication pending: available from my ResearchGate Profile. Constantine Kaniklidis Director of Medical Research, No Surrender Breast Cancer Foundation (NSBCF) European Association for Cancer Research (EACR)

So far NS2 is the common simulator for wireless sensor network, however you might have look on on Omnet++

I hope I can help with some information regarding begomoviruses in tomatoes. First of all, it is known that there is no resistance gene for tomatoes that confers immunity to infection to any of the begomos. Lawrence and Peter comments are important and should be taken into consideration. So, if there is no resistant material, it is always difficult to do a screening test. If you inoculate in a too high pressure, all the plants will become infected and possibly with severe symptoms. Therefore, it is essential to set experiments with some controls. I believe resistant hybrids will be available in your country as commercial materials. Contact the seed company distributors, Try them, and always include a susceptible material. Try also to test two different whitefly populations, maybe 5 and 20 insects per plant. In Brazil, it is difficult to do a screening for begomos by whiteflies, as crinis may be present. This comment can be applicable to other hosts. As a first step, I would advise you to go to the field and talk with growers and extension service. They know a lot. Good luck, Alice

I'd just add that it is rare that one would quote parity as -1 or 1. Generaly we say odd or even, respectively, coming from the fact that the sum of l's is an odd or even number.

Hi Mohammed, Ideally the baby won't need vitamin D supplementation if the mother's vitamin D status is fine. It should have enough stores to see it through the first few months of life. However, as you know vitamin D deficiency is extremely prevalent in the Gulf, especially among young mothers due to a combination of cultural factors. As such, it is likely that many deficient mothers will not transfer sufficient vitamin D to the fetus during the third trimester to meet its ex utero needs. Under such circumstances supplementation of the newborn infant is the most appropriate course of action as supplementing the mother - even at relatively high doses of 2,000-5,000 IU/day - may not always improve breastmilk sufficiently to prevent deficiency in the typical Gulf infant.* That said, it's likely that the mother may benefit from supplementation during lactation for her own health as well as that of her baby. * Saadi HF, Dawodu A, Afandi B, et al. Effect of combined maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status of exclusively breastfed infants. Matern Child Nutr. 2009;5(1):25-32) There should be adequate amounts of vitamin D in most reputable brands of infant formula milk, but obviously one would not recommend switching to formula feeding purely on this basis since there are many important health advantages to exclusive breastfeeding and supplementation of the mother and infant is simple, easy and safe, providing the dose does not exceed 400 IU (10ug) per day. Drops need to be carefully administered as infants are much more susceptible to hypervitaminosis D and the consequences could be extremely serious. The Tolerable Upper Limit in Europe and North America has been set at 1,000 IU (25ug) per day and there is some risk that intakes could exceed this amount if the infant is both supplemented AND formula fed. 'More' is definitely not always 'better'! I gather vitamin D drops are freely available in KSA, although a colleague recently discovered the other day that one of more common brands contains very small amounts of ethanol! Presumably this is to keep the hydrophobic vitamin D in solution and you'd probably ingest a lot more ethanol in naturally fermented foods. But if you're extremely strict about alcohol intake then this may be an issue that you need to check out with the manufacturer, just to be sure! Hope this helps, Simon

That's a great response, Adrienne. As I look back over my original response, in truth I focused too much on the concept of "personality" at the expense of the *social* side of "sociability". The problem with using the term "personality" is that there is the implication that organism can be thought of as a "person", thus demonstrating some level of intentionality, including the ability to direct the 'self' in behaviors that may exist in discord with selective fitness (a dolphin expending needed calories in the act of ferrying a human to a beach, taking the risk that the human will not behave as a predator during the situation, while limiting mating opportunity and foregoing fish acquisition). In the case of hymenoptera, it is unlikely that we will ever note a small collection of workers that rise up in solidarity against their queen and fight their way to freedom and establish a pack system as opposed to the hive - that is to say, I do not suspect bee intentionality will ever be.

Mansour, The calculation of peak power during a jump from accelerometer data could be very sensitive to the inertial characteristics of the task. Mass will have to enter into the calculation somewhere and, in this case, the mass that the accelerometer is tracking will actually vary over time. This could potentially confound measurements of peak power, especially when comparing across different subjects. Average power over multiple jumps could be much more robust, such as described here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6681758 I agree with Dr Richards that you will probably want to use a filter that preserves the high-frequency content of the signal. If you have access to Matlab, there are some very powerful filtering tools that can be useful for your purposes. A recursive Butterworth filter is often used, but I have also had success using wavelet filtering, which can remove very tight bandwidths of noise without affecting the signal too much.

It is really good! Thanks a lot :)

Exactly .. just immerse your film in acetone and IPA then wash it with DI water and dry it with Nitrogen or Just use the spinner and ofcourse all of that should be done in clean room. if you will perform sonication make sure that your film "sample" is floating in the water bath to avoid the localized heat points in the base which will damage the nanorods. and make sure not to leave it over a min. as it is only for washing away the sticky particles and i'm not sure of the exact effect of long sonication time on ZnO nanorods.