I mean after transformation reaction (100 µl of Cells) I grew them in 1ml for 2 hours, then I plated this suspension on LB with amp/IPTG/xgal.

Yes, interesting discussion, but it doesn´t change the fact that crystallite has a clear definition, for which the size can be calculated or estimated by Diffraction techniques. There is often a confusion between grains and crystallite, as it can be the same thing... or not. In conclusion, the definition and clarity can only comes when you specify the technique that is used to examine the material. But back to the question of Shaopeng, there is indeed no problem. He is asking for crystallite size.

So, you need your own mutex semaphore with blackjack and hookers? Thats not unix way.

Hello Geir, do you receive the answer?

Dear Jose, I'm a non-physicist, but I know of some physicists who actually question the existence of dark matter - at least in specific conditions. As a physicist, do you really think that gravitational lensing provides "undeniable evidence" of dark matter's existence? As I understand, justification for the existence of dark matter was established within the physics community by the evidence presented of a 'galaxy rotation problem' - that the rotational velocities of test objects within spiral galaxies did not diminish as a function of their radial distance. Afterwards, confirmation was found in evaluations of gravitational lensing - from a discrepancy between the magnitude of distortions identified in background objects and the estimated aggregated mass of compound lensing objects. No requirement for dark matter has ever been identified for a discrete object of mass, such as a black hole or neutron star, or any planetary system. Only evaluations of very large scale, compound objects comprised of many billions of discretely interacting massive objects have produced discrepancies between approximations of the aggregated masses of observed objects and identified gravitational effects. This was noticed early on by some who conjectured that gravity works differently at large scales and proposed changes to gravitational theory to account for the identified discrepancies - with mixed results. As a highly experienced information systems analyst, these problem conditions suggested to me the that there has most likely been errors in the application of well proven (for discrete objects) simplistic methods of gravitational evaluation to much more complex, enormously compound, self-interacting objects. In the brief, informal essay posted to my profile, I've identified formal, published studies that have at least largely addressed the perceived 'galaxy rotation problem' by much more completely representing the actual planar distribution of mass and gravitational interactions found in spiral galaxies. The use both Newtonian and relativistic gravity without modification or compensatory mass. Perhaps we can discuss gravitational lensing - now commonly considered to be the best evidence for dark matter - later. There are additional issues, even for some physicists.

My mistake, it is , of course 800°C and 350°C.

Dear Fatih: Tadalafil PDE-5 Inhibition Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction Thanks for the tips and personal experience, especially on tadalafil (Cialis) because to date there has been no evidence of efficacy in ADT-induced sexual dysfunctions, for the excellent reason, not of any demonstrable failure, but rather because it has never in fact been tested in that context at all. There is a randomized Phase II trial of it but only in post-radiotherapy prostate cancer patients, not patients on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) which several lines of evidence show to compromise the normal expected response to PDE-5 inhibitors (the failure to test it in the ADT context may have been secondary to early concerns of cardiac safety but other than avoidance of coadministration with nitrates, alpha-blockers and antihypertensives, a rapid review I undertook of cardiosafety data was in fact reassuring). Therefore the protocol you outline and the success you've had with it in post-ADT PC patients appears worthy of further exploration, with one proviso that I suspect you are already aware of: I am not sanguine about the use of testosterone in a prostate cancer context where it is contraindicated by numerous guidelines including the current Endocrine Society Guidelines. There is unequivocal evidence that testosterone can stimulate growth and aggravate symptoms in men both with locally advanced and with metastatic prostate cancer. However, patients deemed successfully treated for prostate cancer in the context of subsequent to radical prostatectomy, and then consequently diagnosed with hypogonadism can be candidates for limited short-term testosterone therapies but if and only if after a prudent interval that confirms no clinical or laboratory evidence of residual disease. Folinic Acid/FA (Leucovorin/LCV) for Oncologic Fatigue This too is intriguing and suggests further exploration. There appears to be no data directly on the use of FA/LCV in oncotherapy-induced fatigue; and the excellent study you undertook was in the special context of CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome) where all patients had prior Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) exposure and 72% even had reactivated EBV exposure, so extrapolation is limited, but I hasten to add not rendered implausible. That's because you nonetheless appear to be on to something here if the data you cite is confirmed (of a fatigue-remediating benefit from folinic acid in the oncologic context of vinca alkaloids and, most intriguingly, in that of the anti-folate agent MTX (methotrexate)). Given this oncologic connection and the findings of your article, I am rather surprised that this promising potential intervention hasn't as far as I am aware been pursued further for oncotherapy-induced fatigue, something of a missed opportunity, like that of tadalafil, above, for erectile dysfunction secondary to ADT, certainly plausible in properly cardio-safety selected populations. ECGC We have little evidence to that effect although it remains plausible. Rather, in the vast literature, anti-fatigue protection was most highly correlated with the lowered levels of lipid peroxidation and restoration of reduced glutathione levels in the brains, elevating the activity of oxygen radical species-metabolizing enzymes, especially SOD, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, strongly suggesting the pivotal role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of CFS, with the ability to decrease inflammation via decreasing the levels of TNF-a (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and TGF-b (tissue growth factor-beta), as well as IL-6 and IL-8 (via attenuation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NFk-b (nuclear factor kappa-B) in human mast cell line-1 cells), and with a potential contribution from its metal-chelating capabilities (neutralizing ferric iron to form redox-inactive iron, hence protecting cells against iron-mediated oxidative damage). Thanks again for the highly stimulating ideas and discussion! Kind regards Constantine

I don't know what organism you are working on, but you would probably have the sequence of the genes ( mRNA ) that you want to test expression on, or you can find it on a database? . You can predict the size of the PCR product based on the location of the primers on the sequence. In fact, if you are performing two-step rt-PCR, I would recommend that detection primers, if possible, generate a PCR fragment spanning an intron, so that you can either distinguish DNA from cDNA amplification (DNA amplified products should be larger), or that only cDNA amplification is possible (depending on the size of the intron).

Old references : A. Bouacha, " Alors dans le discours pédagogique: épiphénomène ou trace d'opérations discursives? ", Langue Française, n° 50/1981 M.-B. Hansen, " Alors and donc in spoken French: A reanalysis ", Journal of Pragmatics, n° 28/1997, p. 172. Fernandez, J. (1994), Les particules énonciatives, Paris, P.U.F. On line Robert Bouchard, 2002, Alors, donc, mais..., « particules énonciatives » et / ou « connecteurs » ? Quelques considérations sur leur emploi et leur acquisition, Syntaxe et sémantique 2002/1 (N° 3), http://www.cairn.info/revue-syntaxe-et-semantique-2002-1-page-63.htm

Hi Bojan, Well, your statements are exactly what I meant by plotting power spectrum diagram, except that all low frequency noises are not associated with electrode movement, however, from my point of view this is the most relevant cause in your case. In addition, I’ve performed filtering by using MATLAB R2009a software. If you think that my filtering approach is reasonable and sufficiently efficient, then I’ve two recommendations: - To send you MATLAB codes to apply them to your data. - To send me your data, then I’ll filter them and send you back the cleaned data. As I mentioned before, I’d be glad to help in any way. Regards, Fariba

i think the convention of negative frequency arise simply from introducing Euler's theorem for mathematical simplicity. And for the directional approach, if we start defining the frequency as a vector quantity including direction, like a wheel rotating in anti clockwise direction or clockwise direction, we can think of negative frequency. My idea is that the occurrence of negative frequency will be only in the mathematical world.

The answer by Zaid, especially no. 3 will be main driving for LTE-TDD. As WiMax is going away and all is heading to LTE, data companies, like Sprinit-USA, which were main advocates of WiMax, which is TDD, will go to TD-LTE rather than to FD-LTE to effectively utilize the spectrum previously assigned to their WiMax systems without the need for paired spectrum. Companies which evolved from the 3GPP stream are more slower in heading to TDD mode of LTE. Thanks. @AlDmour.

I don´t think it is necessary as long as your positive results lie within standard range. Do you have any experience about this assay and what values you have to expect? If there are values bejond the 1000pg point you should increase your standard range of course. The positive measurements must lie on the curve so you can be sure your assay works properly. Based on own experiences there are assays that run within a certain "standard window" and lie beyond the curve when this intervall is exceeded. On the contrary, other assays have a much wider efficiency range.

Hi, Jannie. The quote is interesting, thank you. Can you give us the full citation, please?

a proliferation assay with CFSE it´s not too expensive (even less expensive than MTT).

Dear SabitaChaichandran How will you determine vaginal site specific defect for cysto and rectocele? Can you tell me the sensitivities of those procedure?

Correct and being connected to either an AC or DC source matters very little.

I agree with Uttam. Very good explanation. Another cheap method is to use TLC and revealing by a ninhydrin solution. It is ver sensitive for amino acids and cheaper because you don't need a HPLC system/solvents or UV reader.

Thanks for this paper. I asked the question because I wanted a discussion about "natural" and "synthetic" vitamins.

Thanks for all responses and papers, all are being really useful.

@Alessandro G: I see and got what you mean! But Alessandro, to reach to this point you must be very very confident isn'it? I do not know if youngest feel this way. A good point for " aging". Many thanks

wen you go for validation of specific method or test, its recommended that , the result should be reproducible apart from all variability including man power. anyways comparing MFI for a specific fluorophore with different set up is surely not appreciable. Instruments differ in settings and also laser sensitivity.

i agree with yyou Mohammad Sadegh for germination it is better to use a simple support since seed is a nutriment stock so you nedd just to keep it far from contaminations

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I have a completly inverse problem. I use exactly your protocol to measure B-glucosidase activity, but my problem is a very high absorbance (A>2) The problen with the p-nitrophenol is the need of a very basic pH to set the color yellow. You can try with NaOH 1mM . it's the method I use. Don't forget to do a "Enzyme Blank" of reaction only with buffer and Enzyme. Check the pH after addition of Sodium Carbonate it be over 10-11.

what kind of inflammation and where