Yes, maybe, I admit, I did not get deep into the issue. But, again, can you tell - in some sentences - how to do it practicallly? Concerning NaOCl. as an example for commonly accepted. and for rubber dam. as not commonly accepted. Can you give us with this example your decision making? and how you manage to introduce your decision? and how new ideas shall be integrated? And, concerning missing EB: that is our responsibility. Why don't we complain? Why do we defend our non-knowledge, by assuming from some in vitro studies that those results have any relatiion to real llife? 70 years were not enough?

Hi! How about to try some HEPES-based saline solution with adjusted pH instead of using aCSF or neurobasal media which ususlly require oxigenation. I use HBSS if I need to patch neuronal cell culture or heterologous cell culture and, of course, aCSF in case of patch clamp experiments in slices. Best, Miroslav

you are welcome, Sujatha

Have you done O2 Plasma treatment of ITO? What is the thickness of each layer? The normal structure of this device should be ITO (O2 treated)/NPB(70 to 100 nm)/Alq3(40 to 60 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(>100 nm). Do you see any sparks when the device burn off? What is the voltage for the burn off? And how large is the device current?

It is almost like a ellipsometer, where you don't need any step height. It can also give the refractive index. In ellipsometer you can get the thickness almost up-to 8 layers but in FTP 2 layers maximum. FTP is less costlier than ellipsometer.

TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA) buffer is used as both a running buffer and in agarose gel. Its use in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis methods for broad-range mutation analysis has also been described. TAE has been used at various concentrations to study the mobility of DNA in solution with and without sodium chloride. However, high concentration of sodium chloride (and many other salts) in a DNA sample retards its mobility. This may lead to incorrect interpretations of the resulting DNA banding pattern. Compared with TBE buffer, TAE buffer offers advantages in subsequent enzymatic applications for the DNA sample. For example, if a DNA sample is going to be used in a cloning experiment, the step that follows its running on an agarose gel is to ligate (covalently link) to a cloning vector (most likely a plasmid). DNA sample from TAE Buffer is suitable for this purpose, while DNA from TBE buffer is not. Borate in the TBE buffer is a strong inhibitor for many enzymes. This enzyme inhibiting property made TBE buffer very popular in its realm for two reasons. First, a DNA sample run in a TBE buffer can better keep its integrity. The other main reason is that the purpose for many agarose gel electrophoreses is to analyze the size of DNA molecules.

i would recommend winnonlin too as it is easy to handle and gives good enough data....

Mr. Tarun Verma, and Mr. Bilal Shafique Sir actually my paper "ThermalNeutron Accelerator " accepted and received call from: i) (World Academy of Science and Tecnology) WASET at Madrid ii) (World Academy of Science and Tecnology) WASET at Phuket iii) European Strategy Preparatory Group by the European Strategy for Particle Physics iv) SSP2012 - 5th International Symposium on Symmetries in Subatomic Physics v) ERICE 2013 - International School of Nuclear Physics 35th Course Nutrino Physics And had been peer-reviewed by : i) International Journal of Applied Physics ii) International Journal of Engineering and Science iii) Journal of Physical Science and Application. All my calculations and mathematical proofs are available in my paper if you are interested you an send me your mail-id Sir i will send you the paper But sir i need to get my paper reviewed by individual researchers... So please help me sir......... Thanking You, C.Amareshwar Prasa

Hi, You have a method for measurement of the concentration of bacteria in the vase solution? Thanks

I am agree with Sundarajan Kannan and Angie Dull. I have done experiments on RAW cells. To increase the solubility I have used 1% of DMSO. But when I am diluting the same to get my desired concentration of drug/compound, I am getting less than 0.5% of DMSO. Which I found to be safe in RAW cells. You can do run DMSO tolerance assay in you cell lines. It is also important to consider the time of DMSO in drug/extract will in contact with cells. Theoretically DMSO should be less than 0.1% but practically you have decide by doing the assays/tests in your laboratory facility. Good Luck

Thank you for your informed response. Would sequencing of the whole exome stand to yield anything more than sequencing of the MEFV gene? Are you looking for more genetically challenging FMF cases to add to your database?

I know diferential equations but this isn't I need. Relationship of species isn't only predator-prey relationships. And my model isn't deterministic, but stochastic. I want to summarize the possible combinations of species in the communities and to identify more stable combination (most frequent). Possible combinations include species more occur together.

Check Crystallographic Open Database. I too am searching for 3 and 4 Formylbenzonitrile cell parameters.

Agreed. It must also be remember that Rowhani lead the nuclear negotiations and has started he believes Iran should have a nuclear capacity although he failed to state to what purpose or extent the nuclear capacity should entail. Geneva 2 has the potential to be a talk feast with neither the US or Russia changing their stance(if Russia attends) What ever the results of the Geneva 2 any action should pass through the UNSC and this is itself a problem given the veto used by both China and Russia in the Syria debate.

Exapsy prosite tool can predict all post translational modification sites in a single step. just need to scan the protein sequence, but not sure how far reliable......

Robert, gaming GPUs have exactly the same precision as "non-gaming" GPUs. The difference is in using ECC memory (and more memory), and in the case of NVIDIA, artificially limiting the DP speed on the non-Tesla GPUs.

Carbon-Carbon bond forming reaction and the basic mechanism of the aldol condensation reaction.A useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction is known as the Aldol Reaction or Aldol Condensation. It is an example of electrophilic substitution at the alpha carbon in enols or enolate anions. Traditionally, it is the acid- or base-catalyzed condensation of one carbonyl compounds with the enolate/enol of another, which may or may not be the same, to generate a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound—an aldol. It is reversible in nature. The reaction may occur between two molecules of aldehyde, two molecules of ketones or one molecule of aldehyde and a molecule of ketone. When two different carbonyl compounds react, it is known as mixed aldol/ Crossed aldol condensation. Reactions in which a larger molecule is formed from smaller components with the elimination of a very small by-product such as water are termed Condensations. Hence the following examples are properly referred to as aldol condensations. The dehydration step of an aldol condensation is also reversible in the presence of acid and base catalysts. Consequently, on heating with aqueous solutions of strong acids or bases, many α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds fragment into smaller aldehyde or ketones, a process known as the retro-aldol reaction. Experimental Procedure You will be assigned either procedure A (traditional experiment procedures) or procedure B (green chemistry experiment procedures). Comparison of two methods: Give percent yield and melting point temperatures to the TA so that they can be written on the board and you can then collect everyones’data. A. Traditional Experiment Procedure Pre-heat your water bath to 60-70°C. 1.Place a stir bar and 0.4 g of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 0.3 g of acetophenone and 0.10 g of sodium hydroxide in a 10 mL round bottom flask. NOTE: Acetophenone is a liquid with a density of 1.03 g/mL. Add 3.5 mL of 95% ethanol and heat the reaction mixture to 60-70°C while stirring for 20 minutes. Do not overheat your product otherwise you will polymerize your sample. Add 5 mL of ice-cold 1.0 M HCl, stir, and cool in ice for 10 minutes. If a semi-solid forms, you may need to continue stirring the cold mixture for a few minutes. Isolate the product by filtration with a funnel, and wash with 1-2 mL of water. 1.Scrape the crude product into a 30 mL beaker, add a magnetic stir bar, 1 mL of 95% ethanol, and heat with stirring at 70-80°C. Add additional ethanol, 10 drops at a time, until the solids have dissolved. Cool to room temperature, and scrape the inside of the flask with a glass rod to induce crystallization. Once crystallization has begun, cool in ice for ten minutes, isolate your product by filtration on a Hirsch funnel, and wash with 1 mL of ice cold ethanol. Dry for 5 minutes in the funnel, then scrape onto a filter paper and let dry for 10 minutes. 2.Obtain the mass, melting point and IR of your recrystallized product. Caution Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic in nature. Cap the vial immediately after every use. Do not over heat in step 3, over heating may cause a black tar substance that is due to the decomposition of your product to form. B. Green Chemistry Experimental Procedure Pre-heat your water bath to 60-70°C. 1.Place a stir bar and 0.4 g of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde and 0.3 g of acetophenone in a 10 mL round bottom flask. NOTE: Acetophenone is a liquid with a density of 1.03 g/mL. Weigh out 0.10 g of sodium hydroxide and crush into a powder with a spatula or the flat bottom of a 5 mL conical vial. Add the powdered NaOH to the 10 mL round bottom vial with the other reagents. Grind the "semi-solid" mixture with a glass stirring rod at 60-70°C until thoroughly mixed, and continue grinding for a further two minutes. Wait 5 minutes, and then grind again for two more minutes. Repeat for three more cycles of grinding and waiting. 2.After grinding the reaction mixture for a total of ten minutes, add 5 mL of ice-cold 1.0 M HCl, stir, and cool in ice for 10 minutes. If a semi-solid forms, you may need to continue stirring the cold mixture for a few more minutes. Isolate the product by filtration on a Hirsch funnel, and wash with 1-2 mL of water. 3.Scrape the crude product into a 30 mL beaker, add a magnetic stir bar, 1 mL of 95% ethanol, and heat with stirring at 70-80°C. Add additional ethanol, 10 drops at a time, until all the solids have dissolved. Cool to room temperature, and scrape the inside of the flask with a glass rod to induce crystallization. Once crystallization has begun, cool in ice for ten minutes, isolate your product by filtration on a Hirsch funnel, and wash with 1 mL of ice-cold ethanol. Dry for 5 minutes in the funnel, then scrape onto a watch glass and allow it to dry for 10 minutes. 4.Obtain the mass, melting point and IR of your recrystalized product. 5.One sample will be taken for NMR studies. Caution Carefully grind the NaOH. Do not add ethanol in the first step. Ethanol is required only during recrystalization.

In my opinion research and teaching should go hand in hand and balanced. Whenever this balance is not there problems will be created. Without research teaching will become obsolete and without good teaching skills research will remain obscure.

Thank you Mircea Pop & Patrick Bisson

We routinely do PCR of crude samples (mouse tails often). Except for a quick protease treatment b4, everything is petty much there (no purification cleanup steps) and we have had no problems, The initial denaturation usually takes care of almost everything that is there.