This is an interesting issue...I would say, that the mean of 3 such determinations should be enough. The only reason to do this standard curve is to be able to determine your protein's concentration. But I think, that some poeple wouldn't agree with this.

Lutz - Correct. I agree for now that it's a sufficient criterion only. To define further would require that we dig deeper into what specifically we mean when we say a phenomenon is "nonlinear." The order of the system, it's Lyapunov dimension, etc. would all have to be examined. We all have also been taught that in linear systems a second order system is necessary, but not sufficient, for oscillation. There are similar nonlinear criterion for chaos. I also suspect that if one cared to look into it, we would find an analogous criterion for gain given the diverse and plentiful examples we see before us.

@Michael Berger. I agree that people often believe that hydrophobic compounds are transferred at higher concentrations than expected in serial dilutions. ADCcehm (http://pipeline.corante.com/archives/2013/05/03/drug_assay_numbers_all_over_the_place.php) agrees with you. However, the data in the patents from AstraZeneca suggest that tips are doing the exact opposite of this--they are reducing the concentration of the test compound as the dilutions are attenuated. This is also seen in Harris D, Olechno J, Datwani S, Ellson R, Gradient, contact-free volume transfers minimize compound loss in dose-response experiments. J Biomol Screen 2010 15: 86–94. Data from Bristol-Myers Squibb (Spicer T, Fitzgerald Y, Burford N, Matson S, Chatterjee M, Gilchrist M, Myslik J and O’Connell J. 2005 Pharmacological evaluation of different compound dilution and transfer paradigms on an enzyme assay in low volume 384-well format. Drug Discovery Technology. Boston) suggests that the compound that exhibited the greatest loss of material during transfer had a logP value of 2.87. I think that dilutions, an area that one might expect to be simple, are actually fraught with complications and deserve more attention. I hope that researchers will read the PLOS ONE article and that pharmaceutical companies (the holders of much similar data) will release the data for subsequent analyses.

Jonte, Truth can't be realized through seeking because mind deceives us by perpetuates this seeking, But truth can be realized through direct seeing.For an example when we try to attain a permanent happiness, It wouldn't last without unhappiness, Once we directly see this, Truth is realized ,that is, Permanent happiness is not attainable. RAJ

What kind of SDS gels do you use? (8%,10%,12%,...) Depending on this, the volume of APS and its molarity is important to let a gel polymerize completely.

I couldn't ask for better proof of my point than the platitudes that have erupted from the bozosphere in response.

I prescribe 1000-1500mg daily,divided dose for 3-6month.patient before,during and after use should be checked ;liver enzyme,cr,...

I concur with Serge Söntjens. I prefer to add a small amount of methanol (CD3OD) to chloroform (CDCl3) solutions. This works miracles with lipids for instance, but I have seen sharper spectra with other substrates as well.

Buy 2-pentanone (commercially available), dissolve in THF, react with vinylmagnesium bromide (also commercially available), done.

Dear, Michael, we have the same problem. I would like to ask Karen or anyone who has suggestion: since the slides are dried at 50C to activate the bonding between proteins and glass coating, do You know whether it would be a good idea to keep the slides at 50C after the dewaxing step too? I think we tried every variation for HIER using Na Cit and still have tissue loss, especially in human skin samples?? Thank You:)

Planck length as the grav. radius of the particle appears in spherically-symm. solution and the cutting concerns the radial momentum. The grav. radius in GR has the same properties as the light cone and is relat. invariant.

woops, had overlooked Jochen answer above ! sorry for the spam ...

Depends. Salicylic acid is one compound with these activities, there are probably others.

Thank you Dr. Sandra for your answer. Could you give me more details. I appreciate your kind help very much

Siliva, Interesting, my answer has been rated by Muhammad Firoz Khan. But I have prepared the answer to the question raised from the link below, by Owen "How many papers are people expected to publish a year?" https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_many_papers_are_people_expected_to_publish_a_year While I sent it wrong, this makes me believe that the answer can be related to both questions. !

You can also lyse the RBCs after Ficoll sedimentation of granulocytes. Our lab routinely lyses RBCs after collecting the pellet from Ficoll centrifugation, and uses ddH2O for this step (for no more than about 30 seconds). After this, we resuspend cells in 12 ml RPMI containing 5 mM EDTA to reduce clumping.

In our current practice, we prefer dobutamine or norepinephrine as a first choice inotropic to support hemodynamics in cardiac surgical patients. The patient’s hemodynamics parameters play an important role in this selection. In a inquiry study from Germany, Kastrup et al. reported that epinephrine (41.8%) and dobutamine (30.9%) were the first-choice inotropic drugs for the treatment of low cardiac output syndrome, followed by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (14.5%). They also suggested that second-choice drugs for the treatment of low cardiac output syndrome were enoximone (29%), milrinone (25%) and dobutamine (25%) [Kastrup et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007;51(3):347-358].

I'm reading through it now. Thanks!

Matlab can be used ... But for that u need a computer.. But if u go for OpenCV you can program on a uC ... It would be easy ...

Dear Yurij Baryshev, Sorry for the delay, and sorry to go so far off-topic, but I'd like to respond to statements you made in a previous response to my statement: “... gravitons have only been discovered … in the sense that dark matter has been ‘discovered’ - by inference”. You stated: "The existence of gravitational radiation in the PSR 1913+16 is so strong as the existence of electromagnetic radiation from accelerated charge." As I understand, the field equations of GR by themselves predict observed orbital decays in binary systems without any direct requirement for gravitational radiation. The existence of gravity waves predicted to explain the orbital decay have not yet been detected. That's why there are still major experiments being conducted to detect gravitational waves - their existence has not been experimentally confirmed. There is also no direct observational evidence of their existence which could be provided by anomalous gravitational effects imparted to other objects in the neighborhood of such dense binary systems. You stated: "At least some dark matter in the halo of galaxies follows from gravitational lensing observations." Spiral galaxies, whose enormous elliptical dark matter halos might seem to provide excellent lensing properties, only rarely produce any identified gravitational lensing effects. Those lenses produced by spiral galaxies that have been identified most often in those that are viewed edge on with an elliptical central bulge, suggesting the it may be the central bulge that produces the lensing effect rather than any dark matter halo. By far, most single galaxy lenses are the products of elliptical galaxies - which are thought to contain little if any dark matter. The seemingly straightforward 'observation' of gravitational lensing is most often a very complex derivational procedure, except in the case of Strong Gravitational Lensing produced by discrete, dense objects of mass,. Gravitational lens effects are produced solely by discrete, dense objects of mass, such as a black hole or, at larger scales galaxies and galaxy clusters, which generally produce more dispersed weak lensing effects. There is no compelling observational evidence that a disperse mass, such as is considered for inferred vast expanses of dark matter comprising the proposed cosmic web, a dark matter halo enveloping a spiral galaxy or a galaxy cluster, or a large hydrogen cloud within a galaxy, can possibly produce gravitational lensing effects. The weak gravitational lensing produced by galaxy clusters, for example, is used to infer the presence of dark matter from the discrepancy between mass thought necessary to produce statistically derived minute optical distortions in light from many thousands of background galaxies and the estimated total mass of hundreds or thousands of galaxies contained within the cluster. There is potential for error in the derived extent of minute lensing effects identified, the estimation of the mass necessary to produce the derived lensing effects, and the total mass of the many galaxies contained within the cluster. For a brief example of the potential for systematic error in gravitational evaluations of galaxy clusters containing hundreds of galaxies and gravitational lensing evaluations involving statistical evaluations of to up to thousands of background galaxies, please see http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-11/ou-cm112912.php# which reports on the recent radical reevaluation of the dark matter attributed to the 'Train Wreck Cluster'.