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Question asked in Cancer Biology
New Is there any way to concentrate the protein after the sample buffer has been added ?
I need it for Mass spec, western blot.

I need it for Mass spec, western blot.

By Arun Pradhan · Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

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Answer added in Ethnoecology
23 Are high-mountain medicinal plants popularly considered more effective than lowland ones?
By Guillermo Benítez · European University of Madrid

Saurabh Pandit · Jaypee University of Information Technology

Hello all. High mountain medicinal plants consist of high medicinal value secondary metabolites. Actually with altitude secondary metabolites content ... [more]

Hello all. High mountain medicinal plants consist of high medicinal value secondary metabolites. Actually with altitude secondary metabolites content increases due to changes in other factor such as high light intensity and low temperatture. At high altitude under low temperature plant cant take proper growth, so carbon allocated for the growth of the plant get transfer for secondary metabolite production.

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Question asked in Primates
New Any and all Chlorocebus locality data would be greatly appreciated to assist mapping areas of anthropogenic risk to these adaptable monkeys
I am conducting my PhD research in Primate Conservation at Oxford Brookes University, UK. I am focused on the Chlorocebus genus and the conflict that ... [more]

I am conducting my PhD research in Primate Conservation at Oxford Brookes University, UK. I am focused on the Chlorocebus genus and the conflict that arises when these adaptable monkeys live in close proximity to humans. Part of my research consists of developing distribution maps that highlight areas of potential conflict between humans and vervets. Any locality data would be greatly appreciated.

http://www.vervet.org ×
Vervet Monkeys and their Conservation

Learn about Africa's most ubiquitous primates - the vervet monkeys - and their distribution, conflict with humans, and conservation.

By Aoife Healy · Oxford Brookes University

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Answer added in Plant Tissue Culture
1 Does somebody have experience with plant in vitro culture on acrylamide gels?
By Jouve Laurent · L&J Biotech

Pamela Moon · University of Florida

another option: Sigma makes a high gel strength agar. It's product number A9799. We use it at 8-9 g/L.

another option: Sigma makes a high gel strength agar. It's product number A9799. We use it at 8-9 g/L.

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Answer added in Gel Electrophoresis
2 Is there any way to concentrate the protein after the sample buffer has been added ?
By Arun Pradhan · Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

Arun Pradhan · Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

I need it for Mass Spec.

I need it for Mass Spec.

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Answer added in Plant Biology
118 Why are plants green?
By Ralf Niemann · University of Cambridge

Buhara Yucesan · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi

Now the idea of need energ for seperation of e- from h+ charges is clear to me... :)

Now the idea of need energ for seperation of e- from h+ charges is clear to me... :)

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Answer added in Fisheries Management
5 Someone knows a fish population that was administered by more than one stock, no biological justification???
By Francisco Santa Cruz · University of Concepción

Allain Barnett · Arizona State University

Here is one paper written by James Acheson that describes the Maine groundfishery and its shortcomings. Coming up empty: Management Failure of the Ne... [more]

Here is one paper written by James Acheson that describes the Maine groundfishery and its shortcomings. Coming up empty: Management Failure of the New England Groundfishery http://www.marecentre.nl/mast/documents/PagesfromMAST10.1_Acheson.pdf

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Answer added in Teaching English
8 How do we encourage greater participation in asynchronous discussions?
By Gary Stobbs · University of Abertay Dundee

Marie Joubert · University of Nottingham

In my experience there are a number of things to consider. For example, does the situation feel authentic? Is there a good reason for students to cont... [more]

In my experience there are a number of things to consider. For example, does the situation feel authentic? Is there a good reason for students to contribute to a discussion? Also what's in it for them? See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232966422_Discussing_Ethical_Issues_in_School_Science_An_investigation_into_the_opportunities_to_practise_and_develop_arguments_offered_by_online_and_facetoface_discussions?ev=prf_pub for a discussion of student interaction in an online forum for discussion of ethical issues in science.

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Answer added in Geomorphological Mapping
3 How do the sampling strategies affect the quality of logistic regression models for landslide susceptibility assessment?
By Cristian Patriche · Academia Romana

Filippo Catani · University of Florence

Dear Cristian, your question is a very central one in landslide susceptibility assessment and it has no definite answer so far. Depending on several ... [more]

Dear Cristian, your question is a very central one in landslide susceptibility assessment and it has no definite answer so far. Depending on several factors, the choice of keeping 0 and 1 sample points even might be good or bad. For example, when dealing with an area where environmental factors (such as slope, geology, rainfall etc) have a relatively low spatial variability (so, high autocorrelation) your approach may be ok. Conversely, when dealing with a heterogeneous study area, there may be problems of under-representation of some of the existing covariates combinations if you have a sample point density outside landslides which is lower than inside. The regression (or classification) method itself conditions the impact of sample size on the result. Artificial neural networks, for example, tend to consider the most represented parameter combinations as more likely (sort of weighting the relative number of learning vectors) so that it will be more advisable to keep the proportion between landslide and non-landslide sample points as similar to the ratio between landslide and non-landslide area as possible. I have a paper in the NHESS Discussion online library right now which treats some of this problems. You can find it here: http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/1/583/2013/nhessd-1-583-2013.pdf I hope this can be of help!

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Answer added in Drug Development
4 Should serum be added to drug dilutions made in cell culture media?
By Neha Singhal · International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Susan Ross · The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences

If your cells are growing in serum, then you are always going to have the issue of drug binding to serum proteins. If you are truly interested in elim... [more]

If your cells are growing in serum, then you are always going to have the issue of drug binding to serum proteins. If you are truly interested in eliminating this possiblity, then you need to have a serum-free cell culture system. Then you would make up your dosing solutions in the absence of serum.

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Answer added in Ecology
5 How can i best economise biological sampling effort on such a large scale, while attaining a sufficient level of richness representation?
By Ashley Hand · University of Derby

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Answer added in Ecology
4 Will the venation pattern of two or more plants of the same species exposed to different light intensities differ?
By Keth Reston · Ateneo de Manila University

Saurabh Pandit · Jaypee University of Information Technology

There are no. Of variations mainly the size, shape and seration of leaves of same species may vary with different exposure to light. But these changes... [more]

There are no. Of variations mainly the size, shape and seration of leaves of same species may vary with different exposure to light. But these changes are not enough to treat it as another species. o authenticate your species u can send your samples to botanical society. Best of luck.

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Answer added in Electrophoresis
3 What happens when less TBE than mentioned in the recipe was used to prepare gel and run DNA?
By Aruna Govindaraju

Nadine A. Gund · Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft

Hi, Spaska is right. Your concentration is higher and the DNA will need more time to run through the agarose matrix. Cheers, Nadine

Hi, Spaska is right. Your concentration is higher and the DNA will need more time to run through the agarose matrix. Cheers, Nadine

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Answer added in Natural Sciences
240 Philosophy and Science, what is the connection?
By Issam Sinjab ·

Larry Carlson · United Tribes Technical College

I am familiar with the idea of tradeoffs between energy/matter or wave/particle or position/momentum. An area of contention and confusion seems to de... [more]

I am familiar with the idea of tradeoffs between energy/matter or wave/particle or position/momentum. An area of contention and confusion seems to deal with the question as to whether or not the conceptual/empirical indeterminacy that researchers witness is just a result of their own limited physical tools and mathematical frameworks or a reflection of the actual indeterminate or random nature of the "objects" being studied independent of our efforts as well. From a linguistic point of view, it seems difficult for the layperson to put many concepts into syntactically correct sentences, e.g., that a particle (regardless of our own impressions) ultimately cannot have both momentum and position at the same time. Indeed, one can read nowadays that an electron never really has a actual position in the first place. I read yesterday that the idea of time going backward has been used by some to explain nonlocality so perhaps the layperson should dispense with commonsense conceptions of time post Einstein/Bohr. In this regard, (speaking of atomism and logic), one can't help recalling the last line of the Tractatus: Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen. (Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.). This suggests to me that one should not bet too hasty in drawing conclusions. My point is not really to make any (lay) comments about physics per se, but rather to suggest that a possible role for philosophy might be to apply linguistics to current problems in order to update and clarify certain terms or find new ones with less connotative baggage. .

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Answer added in Semiconductor
1 In chemical mechanical polishing(CMP), what role does the slurry chemical play?
By Soumendu Sinha · Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute

Abdelhalim Zekry · Ain Shams University

I worked with chemical, mechanical and chemical mechanical polishing of silicon. I assume that you have chemical mechanical process as it is the best ... [more]

I worked with chemical, mechanical and chemical mechanical polishing of silicon. I assume that you have chemical mechanical process as it is the best concerning the planarity of the polished surfaces and the removal the damaged layer from the surface of the material. Normally the polishing material consists of an etching solution in which a very fine mechanical powder is suspended. Without the mechanical motion and pressure on the wafers the etch rate is very small. So, the mechanical motion with pressure result in friction which increases the surface temperature of the wafer. This activates the etch process and speeds up the reaction. I observed as the speed of the polishing machine increases the etch rate increases.

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Question asked in Embedded Systems
New How micro air vehicles are programmed ?
Which language ?

Which language ?

By Venkatakrishnan Muralidaran · SASTRA University

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Answer added in Delusion
45 What constitutes a "bizarre delusion" that meets Criteria A for a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia?
By Neil Krohn · Sr. Analyst, WellPoint, Inc.,

Laurence Mckinney ·

Maybe you've all heard about Decarte's Waterloo when it came to the proof of his own belief when his hostess asked if he's like a glass of wine. "I t... [more]

Maybe you've all heard about Decarte's Waterloo when it came to the proof of his own belief when his hostess asked if he's like a glass of wine. "I think not," he replied .. and disappeared,

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Question asked in OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION
New Is there any function , or any program to convert binary image to gray scale
just like we are having a function rgb2gray,im2bw are we having any inbuilt function or any prog for this purpose I need them for determining recogni... [more]

just like we are having a function rgb2gray,im2bw are we having any inbuilt function or any prog for this purpose I need them for determining recognition accuracies on grayscale images, as its is written in many papers that accuracies on grayscale images are higher than binary images. and most importantly i have dataset of binary images only so i need it to convert my dataset into grayscale one and then perform testing on it.

By Rakesh Singh · Punjabi University, Patiala

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Question asked in Micro Air Vehicles
New How micro air vehicles are programmed ? In which language ?
Do they use a controller or a processor ?

Do they use a controller or a processor ?

By Venkatakrishnan Muralidaran · SASTRA University

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Answer added in Enzymology
8 What is the best way of immobilizing an enzyme on a modified glassy carbon electrode?
By Thabani Mpanza · Mangosuthu University of Technology

Harikrishnan Jayamohan · University of Utah

I guess there are umpteen ways to do it. But any pointers on why one is better than other or more importantly what are the factors that determine a "b... [more]

I guess there are umpteen ways to do it. But any pointers on why one is better than other or more importantly what are the factors that determine a "better" immobilizing method- cost, sensitivity, stability ? and i guess most important is repeatability :-)

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Answer added in Academic Writing
451 Citing Wikipedia?
By Abdessamad Mouzoune · University Mohammed V Agdal

Sherry Bryant · Ball State University

Sometimes, I consult Wikipedia to find out the general idea or definition on a subject. Then, I look for there to be a bibliography to substantiate wh... [more]

Sometimes, I consult Wikipedia to find out the general idea or definition on a subject. Then, I look for there to be a bibliography to substantiate whatever is written there. Then, I would look up the original source and cite from there. I do this with textbooks, as well, even though I would be comfortable citing from a textbook in some cases. I would not be at all confident about citing a Wikipedia entry, especially since I've encountered error and misinformation there on a subject about which I am informed.

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Answer added in Satellite Image Processing
15 What is the best software to implement an image processing algorithm?
By Saeed AL-Mansoori · Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology

Filippo Catani · University of Florence

I agree with Jorge suggestion. The coupled use of ENVI and IDL offers the best framework for a remote sensing programmer. Of course, at a cost. If you... [more]

I agree with Jorge suggestion. The coupled use of ENVI and IDL offers the best framework for a remote sensing programmer. Of course, at a cost. If you are looking for a free software solution you can rely on Python-OpenCV but you will have to handle a lot of basic routines yourself and you will likely be left with less time to do your work.

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Question asked in Nanoparticle Synthesis
New Synthesis and Detection of Nanoparticles using Dual-Pulse Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
My Dear Friends, I am trying to defense my project "Synthesis and Detection of Nanoparticles using Dual-Pulse Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spec... [more]

My Dear Friends, I am trying to defense my project "Synthesis and Detection of Nanoparticles using Dual-Pulse Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy" and reply the reviewer comments. Could you help in the following comment. This proposal has two main objectives: (1) the use of a short pulse, femtosecond (fs) laser to generate nanoparticles by ablating a target and (2) use of the same laser to detect and identify these particles by the method of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, known as LIBS. *** While both claims are defensible, the proposal is weak for several reasons. From an applied standpoint, which is the main thrust of the proposal, the improvements likely to be realized using fs lasers are marginal. Regarding objective (1), while it is true that particles produced with fs lasers have different properties than those produced with ns pulses, it is unlikely that such effects will be competitive with chemical synthetic protocols. Nanoparticles used today in such areas as medicine, sensing, nanoelectronics, and photovoltaic cells have very sophisticated chemical and physical requirements, such as multilayer structures used for drug delivery or aligned nanorod ensembles used in dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells. While there may be specialized cases where laser-generated nanoparticles are preferable, for most applications this methodology is not very competitive with chemical synthesis. Regarding objective (2), ns-LIBS is already capable of detecting nanoparticles below the threshold for health hazards, as documented by ref. 54 as well as in a paper by Dutouquet et al. (Spectrochimica Acta B, 63, 1183 (2008)). In light of this success, and considering the much lower cost of a ns-based detector, the motivation for using a fs-based detector is weakened. A further weakness of the proposal is the absence of a plan for quantitative measurement, which is a consequence of using the same laser to generate and detect the particles. For realizing objective (2), it is necessary to use a well-defined mono-dispersed source of nanoparticles to calibrate the detection sensitivity.

By prof. Walid Tawfik · King Saud University

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Answer added in Plant Biotechnology
1 Does anybody have whole sequence information of pART7 vector?
By Hana Zandkarimi · University of Tehran

Sadeeq ur Rahman · VU University Amsterdam

http://nanolight.com/Uploads/121%20%20pART27%20info%20PDF.pdf. this is the general map that would help you out for cloning but if you need the whole s... [more]

http://nanolight.com/Uploads/121%20%20pART27%20info%20PDF.pdf. this is the general map that would help you out for cloning but if you need the whole sequence you need to ask it from the provider

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Answer added in Marine Ecology
12 Is it possible for two Phytoplankton Blooms to occur in the same place, at same time?
By Sai Elangovan · National Institute of Oceanography

Florian Koch · Stony Brook University

A bloom only occurs when growth processes are higher than the removal processes. Growth is influences by bottom up controls such as light and nutrien... [more]

A bloom only occurs when growth processes are higher than the removal processes. Growth is influences by bottom up controls such as light and nutrient availability while the removal is governed by grazing or physical removal via sinking etc. If one species grows better, maybe due to limited grazing or excess nutrients they will dominate since they can out compete all the others. This is highlighted in some harmful algal bloom events such as brown tides. These blooms are terminated when the removal processes catch up with growth. I think one answer to your question is that yes two species can bloom together as Yanni points out. For example during the spring bloom there are plenty of nutrients so diatoms who can grow quickly bloom. As nitrogen runs out you see those species with lower affinities for low N sources (higher half saturation constants) drop out of the mix and eventually when silicate, a requirement for all diatoms is sucked down you get succession to a whole other group, typically small flagellates with low nutrient and no silicate requirements take over. Phytoplankton blooms also frequently co-occur with bacterial blooms. During brown tide and some red tide blooms the heterotrophic bacterial community is an order of magnitude higher than during non-bloom conditions.

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Answer added in Electronics and Communication Engineering
6 What is "passive" and what "active" in electricity and electronics? Can we make passive elements become "less passive", "neutral" or even active?
By Cyril Mechkov · Technical University of Sofia

Lutz von Wangenheim · Hochschule Bremen

Quote Gregg Pulley: "Thus the traditional definition of passive -vs- active, in my thinking should really be based on the whether a device is capable ... [more]

Quote Gregg Pulley: "Thus the traditional definition of passive -vs- active, in my thinking should really be based on the whether a device is capable of non-linear behavior. resistors, capacitors, inductors are strictly first-order linear devices." Are they really? STRICTLY? I am not yet convinced that this definition is a good one. Perhaps I am somewhat too "pedantic", but - for my opinion - the difference in non-linearity between a resistor and a diode is not "qualitative" but only "quantitative". That means: Of course is the diode much more non-linear than a resistor, but is this a good criterion to discriminate linear from non-linear? What about a resistor with a relatively large temperature coefficient? And what about a thermistor? Where do you want to set the threshold between linear and non-linear? Lutz vW

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Vervet Monkeys and their Conservation

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