yes there are several studies going on in aquatic toxicology testing adaptation and nanomaterials. look into CEINT, which is a group from Duke University that deals with Nano research and they have a lot of evo integrated in it. hope that helps

SEM is mostly used for the surface characterization and the magnification mechanism is based on the electron from the sample. TEM is used to characterize very thin sample and the electron penetrates through the sample and magnifies onto imaging device

TEM is the most reliable way to determine the nanoparticle diameter since you will measure it directly from the micrograph. While DLS does give the hydrodynamic radius, if your solvent is not water though you I have seen students get wildly varying values for your measurement. Depending on the material that you are making, it may be possible to determine the size via UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy (this works pretty well for some of the direct band gap semi-conductor materials).

When one involves humans as the objects of research, whether in biomedical or in social sciences research, the investigator must analyze the benefits and the risks for the participants. Risks can be psychological (emotional) or physical or absent. Once the researcher identifies the possible risks, someone has to decide whether the researcher has proposed adequate measures to minimize these risks or to agree that in fact, the research poses no risk. The researcher CANNOT make this decision because it is an obvious conflict of interests (hence scientific misconduct). In countries where national regulations concerning human research exist, this evaluation has to be carried out by a research ethics committee. In countries without regulations, international guidelines must be used--- and all suggest that an ethics committee should review the proposal. To use humans and animals as our research subjects is a privilege. And this entails the responsibility of respecting them. Ethics committees had to be created in order to ensure that researchers respect the dignity and welfare of those being studied.

Louis comment meant for Larry is what i like to see in this forum to be discussed in more detail. I have already presented what i feel about Consciousness. I wrote a mss ' Relevance of Consciousness in Science/Technology' and the same was published in a Journal in India. <nnath32@ymail.com>

Thank You, Karen, John, Jose and everyone above for suggestions and Michael for the question. With such great answers I hope we finally will be able to overcome the problem of tissue loss:)

I agree with Barry, my thought on first seeing is that the image resembles that of a diatom.

Dear Gianrocco, Your comments are stimulating and provide a more global view of individuals associating themselves with groups. This complex dynamic of bonding with various groups reminds me of a clustering technique developed by Gauda and Krishna that I used many decades ago in data analysis. As I recall the technique used a measure of attraction called the Mutual Nearest Neighbor (MNN) metric. Although it was used to cluster abstract data in multidimensional space, the concept was inspired by considering how people tend to associate themselves with various groups. The older concept of classification or clustering was based on nearest neighbor distances. In brief, the distances between a given point and all other point in the space are computed and ranked. Then, a parameter, called "k" is varied, where k is the number of distances to be considered. For example, for k=5, then the 5 shortest distances to the given point are examined. If the majority of the distances are associated with one particular subset, then the given point is associated with that subset. By varying the value of k, you might detect how most of the points tend to cluster into separate subgroups. This technique was not very robust or adaptive. Gauda and Krishna added the property of mutualism. For example to determine which group to associate a given point, you not only compute and rank the "Euclidean" distances to the given point, but you also rank the distances of the members to all other points. For example, suppose the given point is at the "edge" of a very tight cluster, even if this given point's nearest neighbors are all in this cluster, they may be so tightly clustered that from the point of view of members of this cluster the given point is not among their nearest neighbors. So the given point may not have a sufficient MNN to be associated with this tight cluster. The opposite situation to this would be: The given point is near a loosely clustered subset. Here, if many of the nearest neighbors to the given point belong to this subset, then it is likely that members of this subset may include the given point as among their nearest neighbors too. So, the given point would have a sufficiently low MNN to be associated with them. Analogs in real life could be: the tightly clustered group being a snooty country club that does not welcome outsiders; and the loosely clustered group being a casual group of hikers that is happy to welcome another hiker into their group. Of course, there is a continuum of tightness that can be characterized by the parameter k. Sometimes mathematical modeling/simulation can help elucidate more complex issues. The important property of mutualism needs to be included in any analysis. The association is a two-way street. In a closed, conservative society, it may be nearly impossible for an open-minded, innovative individual to be accepted. So, if this individual recognizes the situation, then, if possible, he/she should leave to find a more open society. A kind of "brain drain" phenomenon is the result. This is an argument for a society, in its own self-interest, to try to be open and inclusive.

I can well believe this signal would be tiny. So are you scanning the laser to form this image pixel by pixel? From what little I've read about this it doesn't appear that the bandwidth of the light source is really the driving factor. As I recall HeNe lasers are neither high power nor particularly fast as lasers go. Diode sources in the watts both CW and pulsed are cheap. Anyway, just thoughts of a non-expert and probably not a valid one.

In Photoshop there is the "Quick selection tool" that allows you to select pixels of the same color. After you select the areas you want to measure, you press Shift+Control+M and Photoshop will give you a value in pixels, relative to the area you have selected. If you do not have Photoshop, the freeware ImageJ can do the same job. http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/ There are many tutorials in the internet and many papers showing methods for what you need, using ImageJ. For example: http://www.med.upenn.edu/cellbio/documents/ImageJ_ColorSegmentpdf.pdf http://serc.carleton.edu/eyesinthesky2/week2/get_to_know_imagej.html#spatial_measurements http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/~meicenrd/anatomy/Ch14_IndependentInvestigation/Brief%20Instructions%20for%20ImageJ.html

Perhaps the above answers are more helpful for the actual RNA extraction, but what kind of lysozyme are you using? There are various enzymes that act as muramidases. Frequently, our lab uses mutanolysin, but we also work with Lactobacillus acidophilus much of the time. As a point of interest, the type of Lactobacillus matters when it comes to cell wall rigidity and susceptibility to enzymes. See: Shida, et al (2006). Induction of Interleukin-12 by Lactobacillus Strains Having a Rigid Cell Wall Resistant to Intracellular Digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 89:3306–3317. Good luck!

I agree with Swaminathan, it is most likely to be the conservation of that nucleotide in that particular postition of the alignment. It's a notation I have never seen before, though. The value Slimane is refering to is the big number at the top of the image, which does represent the position of the consesus sequences shown in the figure.

Systemic steroids are only used in the acute setting, but should not be used as chronic management due to the rebound after withdrawal and the medium to long term side effects. Patients with erythrodermic or pustular psoriasis are controlled with steroids, but additional anti psoriatic treatment should be commenced at the same time.

look up peter siegel (csu pomona), a good paper on Lambda hypernuclei

Check this out :http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=degree%20of%20freedom%20human%20leg&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDAQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FAMM.29-32.1728.pdf&ei=D_mfUa77KoyVrAf36YGACA&usg=AFQjCNGYwTBUriuSWLYBfGfbVEqJQwKY3w&sig2=F0x3t9Mh3gSXVTZOaxMqlQ&bvm=bv.47008514,d.bmk

What Color is a square you ask? Well that depends on how fast it is traveling through space! John W. Allen

Hitachi washing machine sort of testing the load by spinning the drum when the laundry was loaded in the first place. The revolution sensor kind of detecting the friction of the load and can determine the water level.

I agree with you, Jon, that this is a welcome question. Micheas, when I first saw your question, my initial thought was -- Homo sapiens! (chalk that up to me being an anthropologist), and Ahmed did already touch on the fact the terms "polyandry" and "polygyny" are typically applied to humans. But, I am also a primatologist, and both of these terms are widely used in the primatological literature. Jon has also intimated that there is certainly a good degree of intraspecific variability in mating systems that might well confound our propensity to classify things into groupings or types. That being said, however, primatologists generally recognize at least six general forms of social organization (with their attendant mating systems) among nonhuman primate species (although individual species may vary from this general typology). They are: i) "dispersed polygyny" (where individual females tend to have separate home ranges from each other, and dominant males have larger home ranges that encompass the home ranges of two or more females; low-ranking male are transient, not having their own home range, but may mate with a female opportunistically when a resident male is not in the area) -- species that exhibit this sort of mating system include a majority of nocturnal prosimian primates (lorises, bushbabies, and many nocturnal lemur species), as well as orangutans; ii) "pair-bonded" groups (which is used in preference to "monogamous", as for most species we do not have the long-term field data necessary to confirm life-long monogamy); species with this form of social organization occur in family groups, such as gibbons and siamangs (family Hylobatidae), the indri (Indri indri) from Madagascar, and the titi monkeys (genus Callicebus) of the Neotropics; iii) "one-male, multi-female groups" -- this terminology describes a polygynous mating system; it characterizes species of the Old World monkey genus Cercopithecus (native to Africa), many colobine monkey species (found both in African and Asia); this is one of the most common forms of social organization/mating system found in the Order Primates; iv) "multi-male, multi-female groups" -- this is the other most widely occurring form of social organization/mating system found in the Order Primates; it would encompass both polygynous mating by socially dominant males, and promiscuous mating by both some males and some females -- baboons (genus Papio) and macaques (genus Macaca) exhibit this form of social organization and mating system; clearly, individuals (males especially) under this form of social organization can have varying and multiple mating strategies; v) "polyandry" -- this pattern has been described in many callitrichid (marmoset and tamarin) species; social organization can vary in callitrichid species, but icases where they appear to exhibit multi-male, multi-female social organization, the mating system is actually one where only a single, socially dominant female mates with the several males in the group, and those males provide infant care and support (e.g., male callitrichids typically carry newborns, with the mother of the infants actually handling them only when they nurse). vi) "fission-fusion" social organization -- a number of primate species have been described as exhibiting this flexible form of social organization (where subgroups form, and coalesce, and re-subgroup throughout the day); how this might translate in terms of patterns of reproductive behaviour is unclear (although some species are better studied than others) -- primate species that have been described as having "fission-fusion" social organization include: spider monkeys (species of the genus Ateles), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) which seem to show a drastic seasonal shift in group size. forming "hordes" of several hundred individuals at some times of the year. So, a long answer to the question but, yes, I think species can exhibit both polyandry and polygyny.

A lot of migration has occurred ,but most of the time people are aware of there roots and if not, today it is a lot easier than earlier times to find our roots using internet. It is not always possible. However I believe there exists an environmental effect on our genes and hence the genetic make up can be used as a tool to estimate a possible location of the ancestry.

MDA-MB-468 is a basal BC cell line while MDA-MB-231 is a claudin-low cell line - a point Hamed Helal made above, to his credit - with claudin-3, claudinin-4 and claudinin-7 low, and typically with low Ki67 and E-cadherin, in contrast to MDA-MB-468 absent these and itself with high Ki-67 [1,2,3], and as I noted [4], MDA-MB-231 shows enrichment for markers associated with EMT and the expression of features associated with mammary cancer stem cells (CSCs), such as the CD44+CD24-/low phenotype, features NOT shared with MDA-MB-468, so they can be different in molecular and phenotypic behavior. Many studies on potentially active agents for triple negative breast cancer disease have been conducted using, indifferently, MDA-MB-231 or MD-MD-468 (there are dozens of examples, many right here in ResearchGate), but MDA-MB-468 most closely maps basal tumors (EGFR-positivity and cytokeratins 5/6) while MDA-MB-231 closely maps not basality, but rather the new claudin-low (E-cadherin, claudin-3, claudinin-4 and claudinin-7 low) molecular subtype, and clearly these are vastly different in molecular and phenotypic behavior, with MDA-MB-468 being highly proliferative and prognostically highly compromised relative to MDA-MB-231 (which is NOT highly proliferative), so it matters vastly which cancer cell line is chosen, and of course it will also matter vastly as to outcome obtained from any given preclinical study trying to determine the efficacy and responsivity of a particular therapeutic agent against one versus the other cell line, yet basic scientists often slur these together as "triple-negative" cell lines. So MDA-MB-231 is characterized more critically by claudin-3 and claudinin-4 downregulation, low expression of the Ki-67 proliferation marker, enrichment for markers associated with EMT (the epithelial-mesenchymal transition), and, importantly, the expression of features associated with mammary cancer stem cells (CSCs), such as the CD44+CD24-/low phenotype, features NOT shared with MDA-MB-468. (As a final note, despite mistakenly being thought so, MDA-MB-435 is not a TNBC cell line, and indeed is not a breast cancer cell line at all, and is officially listed by all authoritative Cell Line Databanks/Registries (including ATCC among others) as a misidentified/misclassified melanoma cell line that should not be further used in the breast cancer context (see my paper: The Boundaries and Limitations of Preclinical Research: A Mini-Review [4]). 1. Prat A, Parker JS, Karginova O, et al. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the claudin-low intrinsic subtype of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2010, 12:R68. 2. Neve RM, Chin K, Fridlyand J, et al. A collection of breast cancer cell lines for the study of functionally distinct cancer subtypes. Cancer Cell 2006, 10:515-527. 3. Kang Y, Siegel PM, Shu W, et al. A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone. Cancer Cell 2003, 3:537-549. 4. Kaniklidis, C. The Boundaries and Limitations of Preclinical Research: A Mini-Review. (2013; publication pending: available from my ResearchGate Profile. Constantine Kaniklidis Director of Medical Research, No Surrender Breast Cancer Foundation (NSBCF) European Association for Cancer Research (EACR)

So far NS2 is the common simulator for wireless sensor network, however you might have look on on Omnet++

I hope I can help with some information regarding begomoviruses in tomatoes. First of all, it is known that there is no resistance gene for tomatoes that confers immunity to infection to any of the begomos. Lawrence and Peter comments are important and should be taken into consideration. So, if there is no resistant material, it is always difficult to do a screening test. If you inoculate in a too high pressure, all the plants will become infected and possibly with severe symptoms. Therefore, it is essential to set experiments with some controls. I believe resistant hybrids will be available in your country as commercial materials. Contact the seed company distributors, Try them, and always include a susceptible material. Try also to test two different whitefly populations, maybe 5 and 20 insects per plant. In Brazil, it is difficult to do a screening for begomos by whiteflies, as crinis may be present. This comment can be applicable to other hosts. As a first step, I would advise you to go to the field and talk with growers and extension service. They know a lot. Good luck, Alice