As already mentioned, using two N2 bands or two N2+ bands is probably the easiest, with a range between 300 and 700-800 nm. The automatic fitting will quickly give you a best fit and you don't need to know the exact mole fraction of your species or the shape of your plasma. If you know your plasma composition, including the mole fractions of, for example, N2 and N2+, you can also use these two different electronic states in a smaller wavelength range. The automatic fitting will again return a good fit as long as the magnitude of two bands are not different by orders of magnitude. A final option is to simply fit the absolute magnitude of a single band. Specair can be used fit the absolute intensity of a spectrum as long as you know the composition and size of your plasma, and have a well characterized apparatus (i.e., having a good measurement or estimate for the slit function).

Thank you all for your valuable suggestions.

Louis, I would finish my last point by pointing out that quantum laws are not negated by the observation that events (appear or do) take place in an unpredictble manner" nor does it suggest that the universe runs in a mechanistic manner. Indeed, quantum theory subsumes a wide range of phenomena and the use of the word “laws” should not be confused with the more rigid laws of Newtonian physics. Perhaps we agree on this. I did a search of recent posts and see that I did use the term “quantum mechanics,” but quantum mechanics has little to do with the traditional mechanical view of the universe as typically used by philosophers and in the sense that you are attributing it to me. And of course there are things in the universe which seem beyond laws as we know them, e.g., black holes. Nevertheless, I adhere to my basic thesis which is that black holes, and electrons, and consciousness are all the products of nature and thus will have qualities and behaviors that are “natural.” To suggest that human consciousness or electrons or black holes some how stand outside of nature and its propensities and guidelines (if the word ‘laws’ seems to rigid) seems to unnecessarily objectify nature as if humans somehow stood outside of it in whatever way. You then note that, "The emergence of the complexity of life cannot be explained mechanistically either." What exactly are you intimating here. If you are suggesting divine intervention of some sort, then why not say so. If that is the case, I thought we had moved past the era of the Scopes trial.” To be clear, I have not invoked the concept of a mechanical universe to explain the origin of life either…I have, on the other hand, suggested that a scientific approach suffices without recourse to super or extra-natural intervention. I mentioned that Dawkins has explained this at length and noted my willingness to quote from his book on this issue. I do not have his book with me. However, I bought a book today that makes a my point in a similar manner: “Taken at face value [non-equilibrium thermodynamics] suggests that the emergence of life is an inevitable consequence of the laws of classical thermodynamics…the emergence of complex life is in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, and there is no paradox hiding in the emergence of our magnificent complexity.” Sure higher creatures abide by and create their own laws, but these do not contradict the laws of physics nor do they stand outside the realm of physics. (The Wonders of Life, Brian Cox, 2013). By the way, Brian’s opening quote in the book is from Erwin Schrodinger who asks, “How can the events in space and time which take place within the special boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry.” Brian is a British particle physicist, a Royal Society University Research Fellow, PPARC Advanced Fellow and Professor at the University of Manchester. He is a member of the High Energy Physics group at the University of Manchester, and works on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland. Leonardo. I am not sure if you are expostulating your own beliefs or responding to mine or both. To clarify though, I have not aligned myself with atheists and indeed, as I mentioned before, do not suggest that there is no afterlife.

Hi Prambhat, I understand you and agree that the oxytocin is released in the brain as well as travels in the blood. In addition the autonomic nervous system is involved. Additionally adrenaline blocks oxytocin at the receptor sites.Oxytocin is released in optimal amounts and received at the receptor sites in the reproductive organs in both men and women. Certainly being in a parasympathetic state is necessary both for easy birth and good sex (as well as for breastfeeding).

hi Amir you can try one of the following methods, which ever eases you Isolation of DNA from Agarose Gels (Paper Slurry Method) This procedure isolates DNA from agarose gels by filtration through a filter-paper column. The column is made in a 500 µL tube from a slurry of filter paper in TE buffer. Materials • Whatman 3MM filter paper: 50 cm2 piece • TE Buffer (10X): dissolve 186 mg EDTA and 605 mg Tris in 50 mL dH2O; pH to 8.0 with HCl. Store at 4°C, dilute ten times before using. • Paper Slurry: cut 50 cm2 of filter paper into tiny (1-2 mm2) pieces; add to 40 mL of TE buffer in a 50 mL tube. Shake vigorously by hand for at least 5 minutes. Store at 4°C. • Agarose gel with DNA to be isolated • Clean razor blade • Filter column: Punch a small hole in the bottom of a 500 µL tube with a 23 gauge needle. Remove paper slurry piecewise with tweezers and place over the hole in the 500 µL tube. Pack with a 200 µL pipet tip and remove excess liquid. Repeat until paper column is approximately 3 mm high. Place inside a 1.5 mL tube to collect eluent. Procedure 1. Excise the DNA band from the surrounding gel with a clean razor blade; be sure to remove as little gel as possible. 2. Dice the excised gel fragment into small pieces with the same razor; transfer onto filter column. 3. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at highest speed (approximately 20,000g) in a microcentrifuge. 4. Transfer eluent to a fresh tube; recentrifuge agarose 5. Combine eluent with that from previous centrifugation 6. Assemble a second spin column and transfer remaining agarose to the new column. Spin again. 7. Combine all eluent fractions and concentrate via cold ethanol precipitation or you can use this protocol Gene-Kleen protocol Purification of DNA from agarose gels is an essential method involved in the sub-cloning of DNA fragments. The following method describes a variation of the method of Vogelstein and Gillespie, 1979 (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 76, (2) 615-619). 1) Excise the band of interest from the TAE gel using a clean scalpel blade and place in a pre-weighed eppendorf tube. 2) Add 3 volumes of 6M NaI, 0.1% sodium thiosulphate solution and allow agarose to melt (approx. 5 minutes with vortexing). For TBE gels, 0.1 volumes of 1M mannitol should also be added to aid gel solubilisation. 3) Vortex glass suspension (finely crushed glass scintillation vial suspended 1:1 in sterile nanopure H2O or Fluka analytical filter aid resuspended 1:4 in sterile nanopure H2O) and add 7.5ul to agarose solution (7.5ul should be used for up to 5ug DNA and thereafter an extra 1ul should be used for each extra ug DNA). 4) Allow DNA to bind for 15-20 minutes at room temperature. 5) Spin down glass-DNA for 30 secs. in a microfuge at maximum speed and carefully remove supernatant. Discard supernatant. 6) Wash pellet in 500ul 4.5M NaI, 0.1% sodium thiosulphate, re-pellet and discard supernatant. 7) Wash pellet 2 x 500ul in 1 x TE, pH 7.5, 200mM NaCl, 60% EtOH. After last centrifugation, remove all trace of the supernatant and allow to air-dry for 5 minutes. 8) Elute DNA at 37 - 55°C in 25ul TE, pH 8.0 for 5 minutes. N.B: It is important to elute in a buffer with a pH of ca. 8 as elution in water or lower pH buffers decreases the yield markedly. 9) Spin down glass for 5 minutes at maximum speed in a microfuge and carefully remove supernatant to a clean eppendorf tube. 10) Repeat elution step and pool supernatants. Discard pellet. Respin pooled sample to remove traces of glass for 5 mins and transfer clean supernatant to a fresh, sterile eppendorf tube. All reagents are made from the highest grade chemicals available (esp. important for the NaI). NaI solutions were made with sterile, nano-pure H2O and final ethanol was made minus ethanol, autoclaved and ethanol added to a final concentration o f 70% (v/v) after sterilisation. Glass 'beads' were made from a finely crushed scintillation vial (i.e high quality glass) by crushing with a pestle and mortar. Glass is crushed basically until your wrist feels like it's about to fall off...and then some (should behave like cooking flour). Alternatively, I have recently tried Celite Analytical Filter Aid (Celite AFA, Cat. No. 22137 - I think thats the catalogue number anyhow!) from Fluka in place of the crushed glass with brilliant results. you may use the below protocol Elution of DNA fragments from agarose DNA fragments are eluted from low-melting temperature agarose gels using an unpublished procedure first developed by Dr. Roe. Here, the band of interest is excised with a sterile razor blade, placed in a microcentrifuge tube, frozen at -70degC, and then melted. Then, TE-saturated phenol is added to the melted gel slice, and the mixture again is frozen and then thawed. After this second thawing, the tube is centrifuged and the aqueous layer removed to a new tube. Residual phenol is removed with two ether extractions, and the DNA is concentrated by ethanol precipitation. Protocol 1. Place excised DNA-containing agarose gel slice in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and freeze at -70degC for at least 15 minutes, or until frozen. It is possible to pause at this stage in the elution procedure and leave the gel slice frozen at -70degC. 2. Melt the slice by incubating the tube at 65degC. 3. Add one-volume of TE-saturated phenol, vortex for 30 seconds, and freeze the sample at -70degC for 15 minutes. 4. Thaw the sample, and centrifuge in a microcentrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature to separate the phases. The aqueous phase then is removed to a clean tube, extracted twice with equal volume ether, ethanol precipitated, and the DNA pellet is rinsed and dried. you may use the below protocol DNA Purification - Freezing Method 1. Remove gel slice contain DNA fragment and place in 10 volumes of: 300 mM NaOAc, pH 7.0 (300 mL 1 M NaOAC, pH 7.0) 1 mM EDTA (2 mL 500 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) (698 mL ddH20) 2. Incubate at 22° for 30 min. Transfer gel slice to a fresh tube. 3. Place tube in a Dry Ice/Ethanol bath for 5 min. 4. Puncture the bottom of a 0.5 mL microcentrifuge tube with a needle. Place the gel slice into this tube. Place this tube inside a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. 5. Centrifuge for 15 min. 6. Collect the Eluent from the 1.5 mL eppendorf tube. Extract and precipitate the DNA. you may use the below protocol Another Method for Elution of DNA fragments from agarose DNA fragments are eluted from low-melting temperature agarose gels using an unpublished procedure first developed by Dr. Roe. Here, the band of interest is excised with a sterile razor blade, placed in a microcentrifuge tube, frozen at -70degC, and then melted. Then, TE-saturated phenol is added to the melted gel slice, and the mixture again is frozen and then thawed. After this second thawing, the tube is centrifuged and the aqueous layer removed to a new tube. Residual phenol is removed with two ether extractions, and the DNA is concentrated by ethanol precipitation. Protocol 1. Place excised DNA-containing agarose gel slice in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and freeze at -70degC for at least 15 minutes, or until frozen. It is possible to pause at this stage in the elution procedure and leave the gel slice frozen at -70degC. 2. Melt the slice by incubating the tube at 65degC. 3. Add one-volume of TE-saturated phenol, vortex for 30 seconds, and freeze the sample at -70degC for 15 minutes. 4. Thaw the sample, and centrifuge in a microcentrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature to separate the phases. The aqueous phase then is removed to a clean tube, extracted twice with equal volume ether, ethanol precipitated, and the DNA pellet is rinsed and dried. you may use the below protocol DNA Fragment Purification from Agarose or Acrylamide For fragments from 200 bp to 10 kb the agarose purification is ideal. For smaller fragments (20 bp to 400 bp) the acrylamide purification is preferred. Solutions Crush and Soak Solution 500 mM NH4OAc 3.3 g NH4OAc 0.1% SDS 0.1 g SDS 0.1 mM EDTA 20 ml 500 mM EDTA up to 100 ml with Q store at room temperature 3 M NaOAc pH 5.2 24.6 g anhydrous sodium acetate pH to 5.2 with acetic acid and bring up to 100 ml with Q store at room temperature Other Reagents DMCS treated glass wool (Alltech Assoc. Inc. #4037, 50 g) 0.22 mm disposable micro tip filters (syringe type) blue tips with melted tips to serve as pestle for crushing acrylamide Procedure agarose gels • Prepare spin columns by cutting off the cap of a 0.5 ml eppendorf tube and forming a hole in the bottom with a hot 18 ga needle. Fill this "mini-column" with a small ball of DMCS treated glass wool and pack down with a pipet tip. • Cut out the desired band from an agarose gel and place in a spin column inside a 1.5 ml eppendorf tube with the top cut off. • Spin at 6,000 rpm in a microfuge for 10 minutes. • Phenol/chloroform extract the flow through and EtOH precipitate with glycogen or tRNA and 10% v/v of 3M NaOAc pH 5.2. • Wash and dry, resuspend in 20 microliters TE, run 10 microliters on a gel and use 1-2 microliters for a ligation. acrylamide • Run a 4-6% acrylamide gel in 1X TBE, stain in EthBr (1-10 mg/ml) and cut out the desired band. • Crush the acrylamide with a p1000 tip with a melted end to resemble a pestle for the eppendorf "mortar." • Add 1 ml crush and soak solution and incubate overnight at 37° C. • Spin in the microfuge for 10 minutes at 14,000 rpm. Remove as much liquid as possible and add another 500 microliters of crush and soak solution. • Repeat the spin and pool the recovered supernatant. • Add 0.1 volume of 3M NaOAc, 2.5 volumes of EtOH and carrier (see above). • Spin as usual, wash and dry. Resuspend in 20 microliters TE. you may use the below protocol Rapid elution of DNA from agarose gels A method of quickly purifying agarose gel DNA fragments for use in subsequent reactions such as further restriction enzyme modification, T4 ligase, Taq polymerase, Klenow, or polynucleotide kinase. Although higher yields of purified DNA can be obtained from commercially available purification kits, greater ligation efficiencies per given amount of DNA have been seen with the use of these described spin columns. Materials 650 microliter Eppendorf tubes 1.7 ml Eppendorf tubes Sterile silanized glass wool Hypodermic needle and syringe Glass wool spin column preparation 1. Using a clean hypodermic needle, drive a hole in the end of a 650 microliter Eppendorf tube from the inside then cut off the cap. 2. Wearing gloves, pull off a small piece of glass wool and roll it into a ball between hands. Place the glass wool plug in the bottom of the 650 microliter tube. You may need to use a 1ml pipet tip to pack the glass wool in the bottom of the tube. Do not cut the glass wool, as this may produce small glass fibers that can pass through the hole in the small tube. 3. Place the tube with the glass wool in a 1.7ml Eppendorf tube. This completed spin column is now ready for use. Eluting DNA from agarose gel fragments 1. Visualize ethidium bromide stained agarose gel with a transilluminator on low setting. Working quickly to minimize UV exposure to the DNA, excise the fragment of interest with a clean razor blade. After removing excess liquid with a Kimwipe, place the agarose fragment in the spin column. 2. Centrifuge the tube at 2874 xg for no more than 45 seconds to elute the DNA. Spinning longer coelutes substances that are inhibitory to further enzymatic reactions. 2874 xg corresponds to 5500rpm for Eppendorf centrifuge model 5415; 5000rpm for model 5417. 3. Using a transilluminator, check eluent in bottom of outer tube for the presence of ethidium bromide stained DNA. 4. The eluted DNA can now be used directly in enzymatic reactions. For ligations, no more than 40% of the total reaction volume should be eluted DNA, as this reduces ligation efficiencies. 5. The DNA fragments can be further purified by ethanol precipitation. The addition of 2-4 micrograms of carrier tRNA prior to precipitation can increase yield, and its presence in ligation reactions is non-inhibitory. or you may use the below protocol Recovery of DNA from LMP (Low Melting Point) Agarose Gel 1. Separate DNA fragments through an LMP agarose gel containing ethidium bromide (0.5 microgram/ml). 2. Detect DNA by irradiating the gel with long-wave ultraviolet light (wave length: 355 - 360 nm). 3. Cut out the region of the gel containing desired DNA. Transfer the gel slice into a microfuge tube. 4. Add to the gel slice about 1-3 volumes of TE. Add 0.3 volume of 3M sodium acetate (pH7). 5. Heat the tube at 65 C. Eventually tap the tube to mix the melted gel and TE. 6. Add about equal volume of phenol saturated with TE. Vortex mix for 30 seconds. 7. Centrifuge for 2 min at room temperature, then for 5 min at 4 C. 8. Transfer the aquaous phase into new tube. 9. Add about equal volume of TE-saturated phenol. Vortex for 30 seconds. 10. Centrifuge for 5 min at 4 C. 11. Transfer the aquaous phase into new tube. 12. Extract the solution with an equal volume of ethylether to remove trace amount of phenol dissolve in the DNA solution. 13. Concentrate DNA with ethanol precipitation. Best Regards Sibtain

Thank you, John!

In this case I mean peer reviewed journals with an IF. My strategy has been to try and publish in a wide variety of journals within my research area. Initially I started with national journals, then a mix of national and international. Also initially I had more first author stuff. Whereas now I supervise. I work on at least 2 a year principle but quality and novelty is my main purpose. All interesting points here.

I would only note that a similar "gravitational" analogy is given above by Ismat Aldmour "...This is analogues to the case of an athletic who is trembling in a room on some trembling device. First, he must ensure that the roof is high enough, which corresponds to Vcc value (or Ic=Vcc/Rl) and that the the selected level of the trembling device is somehow at half the room height (the dc operating point) to ensure the maximum swing above and below his starting point (operating dc point) without either hitting the roof or diving to ground..."

Dear Hadi, May i know currently which LC-software version you are using? had you ever tried the above asked task with software commands through PC? We can always control the requirement through the software commands, please check the options in your existing software. If your software does not provide the requirement ask your supplier to upgrade the software version with more user friendly commands. All the best.

Hi Tommy, I usually work with TAE and TBE. If its low molecular weight nucleic acid that you are aiming at, then TBE is a better substitute.You can make 5X TBE stock and use 1X for running the gel. You can trying keeping Ice packs below and at the Sides of the Tank during the electrophoresis. I guess, few have even tried transferring the whole unit in the fridge and running the gel. All the best :)

The main source of TB infection is patient with Lung TB (different forms), especially with cavities. Infection shared with droplets by speaking, singing, coughing of sick person. During 2 years people with lo immunity became sick, another can be sick during their life. It depend from special factors, which enhancing or weakening the reaction of people to infection. With regard to exposure to other types of infections (virus/bacteria/parasite/fungus) the sources depending of type of them - another people (hospital), environment (water, food, furniture, medical instruments, air). A devolopment of co-infection is actual in modern. It names nosocomial infection. This question related with program of epidemiological monitoring of nosocomial infection.

I think that there are quite a few differences between the nature of assurance provided by internal and external auditors. The actual auditing techniques (particularly when it comes to control tests) are going to be very similar, but the aim of the internal audit is to provide assurance about the sound functioning of the internal controls (whether financial or non-financial) for internal management purposes. When it comes to external audit, the aim to express an opinion on the financial statements. As a result, the scope of the external audit engagement will be quite different. The external auditor may be interested in some of the processes, systems and controls that have been tested by internal auditors and may even place reliance on some of their work. Nevertheless, there will be certain procedures performed by and focus areas for the external auditor that do not feature in a traditional internal audit plan. As for the issue of auditor independence, there are indeed a number of papers that point to a relationship between rendering non-audit services and impaired independence of external auditors. That said, there are some papers that argue that this relationship is not statistically significant. As a result, I don’t think that the debate on the rendering of non-audit services has been completely resolved. Related to this, almost all of these papers are empirical in nature. I am not totally convinced that they prove that non-audit services can threaten auditor independence. For example, an auditor with a high level of moral cognition may be able to render non-audit services and still provide a high quality audit engagement characterized by high levels of professionalism , integrity and objectivity. On the other hand, an auditor at a pre-conventional level (or one who is implicitly unethical) may lack independence and fail to carry out the engagement with integrity and objectivity even though he has rendered only audit services. AS a result I don’t think that simply introducing additional restrictions in SOX (or any other legislation) is going to make a material difference to auditor independence.

solutions get precipitated when the repulsion between the solutes is decreased or vanished. pH play very important role in precipitating solution as with pH the charge on the solute changes. sometimes solute makes stable insoluble or less soluble compounds upon gain of hydrogen or hydroxyl ions.

The validity of LB law assumes the measurement at one wavelength only. In case when there are issues related to sharp maxima due to inherent nature or interference, peak area can be taken as compromising solution for quantification

Mohit You have to reread the wikipedia entry. Isomers are moleculaes consisting of the same atoms but arranged in different order. Hydrogen and water exist only in one form?!

LINUX is more secure but a bit difficult for newbies. I use MAC OS which is secure more or less like LINUX Windows But at the same time easy and user friendly like Windows as well.

We use fluorescent substrates (MUF, MCA) for measurement of enzymatic activities in seawater and brackis waters.

Thank you Krzysztof Bielikowicz, Mark Krause, Saleem Naser, Phani Raj Karlapudi, Paweł Kubica and Piotr Jedziniak for all your guidance.. They were all very useful to me.

Based on your explanation about your system, I believe radiation is the main heat transfer to the plat and hence, the plate would have higher temperature than the surrounding air due to higher conductivity as explain by Don Hargis and also has higher heat capacity. You can do heat transfer calculation at the plate and the surrounding air to confirm this. If your plate enter the furnace vertically from the bottom then the bottom side of your plate will got more heat since it is expose to the heat longer than the upper surface. You may need to apply holding time when all of the plate (rather than slow down further the plate entering the furnace) inside the furnace to ensure thermally equilibrium.