In doing so the term "Sustainability" should be taken as "mutual sustainability". It must not go towards "Self sustainability" Because firstly it is impossible to make everything self sustainable. Secondly, and more importantly, it is not desirable. If everything is self sustainable everything within a short period will cease to exist. The nature, too, is not self dependent and has interdependency within its various constituents. Similarly, a region, (The size depends) must have inter dependency or mutual sustainability among its units, urban, rural, resources, communities, opportunities, contribution etc. Self sustainable city--- The very idea is frightening. If it comes out I am horrified with the fear of seeing numerous dead bodies of rural settlements around such a stalwart city.

Dear Jean, I have not studied this but J Hill et al have published this paper which you may be interested in:: Hill JA, Southwood S, Sette A, Jevnikar AM, Bell DA, Cairns E. Cutting edge:the inversion of arginine to citrulline allows for a high-affinity peptide interaction with the rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DRB1*0401 MHC class II molecule. J Immunol. 2003 Jul 15;171(2):538-41 Best wishes Frank Wollheim

This is not so easy, because one first needs to be sure that a stable co-crystal has formed. In first instance, mixing two components would lead to eutectic phase behavior no matter what their final equilibrium may be (there is no sure-fire way to know whether the system has reached equilibrium, thus quick and dirty methods will certainly not help you in such a case, even X-ray will leave you in the dark of the real equilibrium). If equilibrium establishes quickly, then again it depends on the information available on the system. If the system is unknown, I would say that an X-ray powder diffraction pattern would give most useful information. Generally the diffraction patterns of the two pure solids that are mixed are known (or can be measured quite quickly...). A cocrystal must have a different diffraction pattern, because it has a different structure. Thus comparison of the diffraction pattern of the mixture with those of the pure components will quickly show whether there are additional peaks in the pattern that necessarily belong to a cocrystal (and if the diffraction has disappeared altogether, the system most likely has formed an eutectic liquid). Of course, once the melting point of the cocrystal is known, DSC measurements will be very quick to establish if the cocrystal is present in a mixture, but necessarily a lot of work has to done, before one can rely on this quick measurement. Also the eutectic temperature can be quickly established by DSC

SnCl2 in 96% EtOH...generous reaction ;-) it always gives over 95% yields...easy and straight forward but use DCM for a work up as SnCl2 is soluble in EtOAC. Have a look at this "SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF AROMATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS WITH STANNOUS CHLORIDE IN NON ACIDIC AND NON AQUEOUS MEDIUM" F.D. BELLAMY*, K. OU. Tetrahedron Letters,Vol.25,No.8,pp 839-842,1984.

Hi， Adrian， I agreed with Frida, GA3 may help, but we used 20-30ppm for rice seed. Good luck!

Dear Sven, I believe Brazil has such examples, but the hardest point of your question - sustained fish stocks - is almost impossible to get a precise answer, once due to our Fisheries Ministry lack of objectiveness, we do lack long term landing monitoring projects. Anyway, in Brazil, subsidies come from many government sources nowadays (not really related to the fisheries itself), which may cover such analyses. Let me give you some possibilities to investigate: Mamirauá (http://www.mamiraua.org.br).

Dear Shivesh Yadav, One possibility to determine the structure of your samples is to inspect them using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The best thing would be to increase the TEM magnification so that the image (in real space) is filled by the feature of interest (in your case the nanowires) as much as possible. Then you should check and analyze the electron diffraction pattern (in reciprocal space) corresponding to the image. Thus, you should be in the position to obtain a similar info in comparison with the analysis of a powder X-ray spectrum. You should watch for the background, though. Indeed, the electron beam of TEM could pass right through your wires, and this could mean you end up analysig the underlying support. Hope it helps. Best Regards

Goutam- and do you see the same recovery of signal in both your YFP-tagged gene of interest and an untagged YFP control? FRET is a difficult business, especially because it is strongly affected by orientation of the chromophores, accidental photobleaching of your samples, and a small dynamic range of change in FRET efficiency (among other problems). What other evidence do you have that there is a protein-protein interaction in your system, independent of FRET? While there are any number of reasons a FRET probe might fail, the most obvious is that the interaction is not present, or is too weak/transient to detect by this method. Are you working in vitro, in cellulo, or in vivo? What cell type?

He, have a look at this publication: Plant Resistance Against Gall-forming Insects: The Role of Hypersensitivity Tatiana G. Cornelissen, Daniel Negreiros,G. Wilson Fernandes or have a look in the publication in the attachment. Cheers, Nadine

Wrapped in aluminium foil...

Hi Fabienne, I've been meddling with this for a while now. I'll try to answer ur questions in an orderly manner: - how many cells do you label? Which concentration of CFSE gives you the best result? I currently label 10x10E6 in 1ml PBS/5%FCS with 5mM CFSE stock diluted in 110ul PBS. 2-5 X 10E8 cells/ml with 5mM of CFSE is best! the concentration that you use is ok too so long as there is FCS. however, to obtain the best tightest peak, always make sure you vortex for 5-10 seconds once the CFSE solution enters the PBS/cell mixture. - how long do you incubate after CFSE labeling? I do 5 minutes at RT in the dark, but have seen protocols asking for 10min at 37C. For this, I normally use 7 minutes in the dark at 37oC. However, to ensure better staining, I repeat the staining step twice! - do you quench with ice cold medium after incubation and do you keep sample on ice for 5 min afterwards? I just add 5x volume warm PBS/5%FCS and wash 2 times afterwards. I don't really like putting warm cells into cold media. I always use warm media + 10%FCS for 30 minutes at the end of my 2 rounds of staining. - how many cells do you put in culture and which culture dish are you using? I have used 96wp with WAY too many cells, and am currently using 12wp with 10x10E6 cells in 1ml T-cell medium... I think this part is OK! the cell numbers are pretty high for 1ml media. if they grow with the stimulation you are causing them to not unhappily. - how do you stimulate your cells? I am using CD3/CD28 Dynabeads in 1:1 ratio. Any experiences with lower ratios? I tried up to 1:3... Plate bound CD3 and soluble CD28 have been suboptimal for me. The ratios are fine so long as the growth media are fine. Its important to remember they need space to grow! - silly one: do cultures need agitating during the culturing period to prevent dynabeads from settling to the bottom of the culture dish? I've tried agitating them before, no difference! but make sure you mix them well and gentlely at the begining - how long do you culture cells for? I have done 72h but only seem to get two very broad and untidy peaks, even with very strict gating on CD3+CD8+DAPI- lymphocytes... 72 hours is pretty good, it could go up to 7 days! try to get a read out every day with a tiny amount of cells. I dont know if you want to try, but you can always add some IL-2 (50U/ML) after 72 days of stimulation to watch them grow further and make sure that the media is changed if it ever gets yucky

@ priyanka viabilty will affect a bit less than -120 shows affect if u stores for longer period below to this temp

Dear Steingrimur, Nevertheless, asking a question does not assure the reaching of the appropriate audience. The matching of a question via key works presented by publications of given senior scientists with credentials in a given field tends to create a better match than the "hit and miss" nature of questions posed in RG format. As an example, PublicationListing. org presents via the capturing of key words of publications, the areas of documented expertise if such expertise is indeed supported by the publication listing.

Hi Vivian, In general, if it is agarose gel and your fragment is linear, then yes. If it is polyacrylamide gel then it is not always. DNA curvature, which is an intrinsic property of the sequence being considered, can alter significantly its electrophoretic mobility.

The short-medium storage is possible by using encapsulated explants in many species at 4°C. Our experiences were conducted on apple, kiwifruit, lilum and olive. Now we are collaborating with a local nursery interested to use the synthetic seed also to store the micropropagated cultures during the aseptic production and I'm studying the use of room temperature or 7-8°C. For very long storage I agree for cryopreservation.

Nikodem, you can find pure PMMA emission spectrum under excitation at 355 nm in Fig 2b of the paper by Molard et al. in Chemistry - A European Journal, Volume 16, Issue 19, pages 5613–5619, 2010 (full text: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.200902131/pdf ). The spectrum exhibits a maximum at about 450 nm. The long wave edge of the absorption spectrum is also plotted in the same figure. I suspect that the single photon technique can easily detect some fluorescence from pure PMMA at 655 nm even under anti-Stokes excitation at 405 nm.

Hi Christian, I completely agree with Jason. It is not about winners but interaction with your peers makes you foresee the reactions and concerns that reviewers will tell you had your work to be sent for publication. I think you should imperatively use input. I am not sure about the rest as you didn’t provide more details about your experiment, understandably though. You don’t need to respond to this. Are you considering a TF and a mutant variant which you think has higher affinity for HDAC complexes? Do they still bind the same DNA sequence and is it with the same affinity? Anyway, assaying for HDAC in input is not a big deal. I will always try to optimize the extraction procedure for both the TF and its variant, etc…At least you should show that they extract equally well...

I am suggesting to select as many plants as possible and conduct an experiment where you plant that during the time in the year that is hottest in your area. If you want to determine vegetables crop species it must be vegetable species that are used in the experiment and if your interests is on fruit trees the plants to be used must be fruit trees. Do recording on the plant performance such as growth, time taken to start with flowering stage, the avarega number of flowers that would be produced per branch, the number of flowers that would fall down on hot days, fruit setting and growth of fruitles up until they get ripe. The one that has more, quality and the size of the adible part in case of fruit or vegetable is the one that best suit in your hot environment.

Dear Jose, - In general, to use a three-electrode setup is a good idea, as it allows you to decouple current flow from the determination of the potential, thus achieving a much higher accuracy in your measurement. - One of the biggest issues is to minimize ohmic drops. Thus, you should place counter and reference electrodes as close to the working electrode as possible without short-circuiting the cell. You should also take into account that in general reference electrodes include a very concentrated electrolytic solution. Those ions might diffuse out from the reference electrode, contaminating your cell. In some instances, that could be deleterious. - In general, the "ex-situ" CV measurements only emulate the functioning of the real device, thus it is expected that to change the electrolyte would affect the behavior of the system. In particular, watch out for the compatibility between working electrode and electrolyte, to take into due account possible spurious decompositions of the electrolyte and/or of the Ge thin film. Hope it helps! Best Regards

Might contact the WUFI team and see what they have: http://www.wufi.de/index_e.html

The procedure could change depending on species and season of collection. In general, ethanol sterilizes the surface, but it can dehydrate the tissues. Mercuric chloride is very strong, and very dangerous and toxic (also for you), but is effective for bacteria contamination. PPM is a good product, but you have to individuate the correct concentration in relation to the species.

Say you have a library of small molecules and an enzyme to target. You want to know which one is the best molecule to inhibit that enzyme. You can screen your whole library of molecules in vitro by doing some enzyme assay or binding studies. But that will be time consuming and needs a lot of manual labour. The screening on the other hand can also be done in silico (on your computer, on a virtual space) using some softwares in no time. Virtual screening may give you a very good approximation, a head start. One must validate the virtual screening results in vitro. Because, most of the times it fails.

Indeed, Very helpful. Thanks.