Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. In general the methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation, biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.

• Anahí Ginestá Anzola

  Where can I find the taste/odour thresholds concentrations of halo acetic acids in drinking water?

  In a Flavor Profile Analysis, one of the descriptor among the "chemical" odour is the "pharmaceutical/medicinal", caused by halogenated DBP, like chloro- and bromophenols, iodized THM and HAA. ThereIn a Flavor Profile Analysis, one of the descriptor among the "chemical" odour is the "pharmaceutical/medicinal", caused by halogenated DBP, like chloro- and bromophenols, iodized THM and HAA. There are a lot of papers with the odour thresholds concentration of iodized THM, chlorophenols and for the odorous halogenated DBP, like geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), but anything about HAA.

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    j.cyril Kanmony replied

    Dear Sir I am not a scientist to reply this question.

    1 day ago
• Bharat Patil

  How to remove cod of ethyl acetate+acetic acid+ethanol mixture in water for short duration before installing etp?

  Etp with ahr is under installation but effluent generation is started to receive. Can anyone suggest how cod can brought @150 mg/l by a process for short duration?
• Boopathy Ramasamy

  Is it possible to separate hydrochloric acid from a mixture of hydrochloric acid and inorganic and organic salts? Possibly using dialysis or electrolysis?

  In the Reverse Osmosis (RO) reject stream, hydrochloric acid is mixed during the operation. So, we focused to separate out hydrochloric acid. Any suggestions?

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    Mark Addison replied

    An ion exchange membrane in an electrolytic cell can be used for such a separation process,

    19 days ago
• Nripendra Kumar Sarma

  UV treatment of water and the mutation of bacteria

  By treating drinking water by UV light, are we increasing the problem? People are advised to use UV lamps for drinking water treatment, assuming that the exposure to UV light kills bacteria andBy treating drinking water by UV light, are we increasing the problem? People are advised to use UV lamps for drinking water treatment, assuming that the exposure to UV light kills bacteria and viruses. But some experts think that rather than killing, it might initiate the further multiplication, due to mutation effect. Based on that few researchers are scared to think that rather than making our water safe we may be adding several types of mutated bacteria and virus to our system. These microorganisms are supposed to be of unknown nature and they may be more dangerous than the ones we are trying to get rid of and much more resistant to what we know of controlling them. The Researchers are of the view that "Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur in the DNA of individual cells at some time during a person’s life. These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be passed on to the next generation."

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    Nripendra Kumar Sarma replied

    The WRF reports do not seem to be based on the study of this topic / reference !!!!!

    24 days ago
• Ashok Singh

  What are alternative uses of saline water having EC more than 6dS/m

  In hyperarid zones of Rajasthan the ground water is saline. What alternative usage other than crop cultivation could add to livelihood?

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    Amir Sigal replied

    Hi Ashok The only irrigation method, used in Israel, for agriculture as well as for gardening, anywhere in the desert as well as on the shore, is the computer controlled drip irrigation system. BothHi Ashok The only irrigation method, used in Israel, for agriculture as well as for gardening, anywhere in the desert as well as on the shore, is the computer controlled drip irrigation system. Both of them the drip pipe and the computers were innovated, many years ago, by Israeli scientists. The schedules is up to the ambient conditions in your area like: where you get the water from, how muddy/salty are the water, how much rains you have in your area, when, do you need the system year around, what kind of water you use, how much water you, currently, use, what is the shape of your field, is it flat, hilly or sloppy, how salty is the soil, what is the water pressure, what fertilizers you use, for how many years? did you make a soil test to learn about its content? etc, etc. Yes, this is science business and everything must be very accurate and controlled precisely. There are many parameters to be checked in order to learn about the system that will suite your needs. The crop, as I already wrote, depend on the conditions you have. No figure of quantity and/or quality can be quoted and if I do it it is irresponsible. And, please bear in mind that in order to make money you must invest, first, money. The full system is not cheap, but by using it you save a lot of money and you make a lot of money, due to the high yield and quality of the crop. I suggest that if you think seriously about adopting this technology, you check your soil, the quality of the water and only after that you put a small pilot, in order to check you ability to get good crop. Only after you passed all these, and more tests, satisfactorily, you can expand your farm. Please be aware of the following: IN ORDER TO SUCCEED, THE MANAGEMENT OF SUCH A PROJECT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUE. Never let workers do the job without your supervision, as this is an approved formula to ruin the project and to loose money. If you need more info please call. In friendship Amir

    28 days ago
• Akram Ansari

  Catalytic Oxidation Method

  I am intending to do a research regarding iron removal in drinking water at a high efficiency. For that I suppose to use the Catalytic Oxidation Method. Can anyone reccomend any good researchI am intending to do a research regarding iron removal in drinking water at a high efficiency. For that I suppose to use the Catalytic Oxidation Method. Can anyone reccomend any good research articles?

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• Jack Fu

  Anti-fouling membrane technology

  I am interested in the antifouling UF and RO membrane technology, and would like to share some ideas and technologies with all the friends.

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    Orren Schneider replied

    The has been some work performed by Advanced Hydro, Inc. (based out of Austin, TX) using polydopamine coatings on membranes to reduce fouling

    Apr 25, 2012
• Ritesh Sevanthi Dilipan

  Removal of nitrates from a solution without affecting the chlorate concentration

  I am trying to remove nitrate from a solution containing 1000 ppm and 10 ppm of nitrate(NO3-N) and chlorate(ClO3). Do you have any suggestions about how to do that?

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    Ritesh Sevanthi Dilipan replied

    the method i have decided to test on a lab scale, is to reduce nitrate with the aid of elemental Al...from what i have read, it looks the nitrate reduction reactions tries to reach equilibirum,the method i have decided to test on a lab scale, is to reduce nitrate with the aid of elemental Al...from what i have read, it looks the nitrate reduction reactions tries to reach equilibirum, before the chlorate can be reduced...

    Apr 25, 2012
• Samina Rehman

  I am hoping to develop a water filter by using rice husk ash and activated charcoal.

  What should I consider in terms of water purification? Rice husk ash and charcoal can be utilized as a filter to remove color, turbidity, hardness, florides and heavy metals.

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    Rahul Gupta replied

    Hi, u can also measure efficiency at domestic level...u can prepare known conc. Solution and then continuously stirred for 24 hr and again check the conc. Of solution...the difference shows theHi, u can also measure efficiency at domestic level...u can prepare known conc. Solution and then continuously stirred for 24 hr and again check the conc. Of solution...the difference shows the ability and efficiency of the adsorbent..

    Mar 29, 2012
• MUEZ ARAYA Tefferi

  Water balance computations of the reservoirs along the whole stretch of the Blue Nile

  What could be the significance of reservoir located upstream in Ethiopia than those located in Sudan and Egypt?

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    Amir Sigal replied

    Hi Muez Please submit more info. The significance can variet as from the height of the reservoir, to get water pressure, in order to produce power, to drinking water quality, to irrigation, to animalHi Muez Please submit more info. The significance can variet as from the height of the reservoir, to get water pressure, in order to produce power, to drinking water quality, to irrigation, to animal feeding, purification, to...to...to...

    Mar 27, 2012
• Derrick Ferree

  Can a naturally created whirlpool be used in a hydroelectric power system, such that the process might be repeated at extremely high efficiency?

  Nature1.doc

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    Amir Sigal replied

    Do you mean perpertuum mobile? We tried it. Never worked, as it against the laws of phisics. If you, or somebody else, have a good idea please let me know as well.

    Mar 27, 2012
• Kathiriya Sagar

  How to remove pesticides from drinking water?

  In our village all sources of water are polluted by pesticides, insecticides & herbicides and the water supply is carcinogenic.

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    Safaa Kadhum replied

    Ion exchange method it is also good method for removing polluted

    Mar 22, 2012
• Shridhar Kumbhar

  What type of cost effective treatment should I apply to polluted groundwater to make it potable?

  I have analyzed groundwater for Sangli (Maharashtra, India) and have found that groundwater quality has deteriorated very badly.

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    Jocelyne Mwabi replied

    It is important that you specify the type of contaminants for more specific advise on which treatment to use. However I assume the major contaminants of ground water are mostly chemicals such asIt is important that you specify the type of contaminants for more specific advise on which treatment to use. However I assume the major contaminants of ground water are mostly chemicals such as arsenic, magnesium and others. Maybe you can use clinoptilolite zeolite see the links below: http://www.academicjournals.org/jcems/PDF/pdf2011/November/Mahlangu%20et%20al.pdf http://www.svf.stuba.sk/docs/sjce/2008/2008_2/file1.pdf http://www.zeoliteindia.com/domprod.htm

    Mar 22, 2012
• Reda Gadelkareem

  For granular activated we use steam every 6 months for 2 hours to re-activate the carbon bed. Is this correct?

  This is in enhanced filtration system for water treatment by using lime, ferrous sulfate, and chlorine.

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    Jorge Gonzalez Gonzalez replied

    I have no a clear idea, which is the objective of your carbon filter? Do ypu remove chlorine? Anyway, in my experience if you want to re-activate your carbon you need heated upon 800 ºC to recover toI have no a clear idea, which is the objective of your carbon filter? Do ypu remove chlorine? Anyway, in my experience if you want to re-activate your carbon you need heated upon 800 ºC to recover to its original state, if you use steam you are only sanitazing the filter the steam temperature durig the two hours only can rise 150 ºC as much inside the filter, perhaps you watch an improvement but is very small, and when time pass it will be poorer. What is usual and preferible, and cheaper, is to change it for a new load of carbon. If you want to continue with this practice could be a good idea use the steam one time per month, you avoid microbiological growing and a relative slower saturation.

    Mar 21, 2012
• Satya Yuvi

  Can you recommend a permeable reactive barrier to treat total dissolved solids in groundwater remediation?

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