The study of issues specifically related to space travel and space exploration, including space medicine.

• Ajay Raghunath

  How is the best way to reach keppler 22-b early

  How is the best way to reach keppler 22-b early

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    Fernando Loup replied

    Warp Drive is not entirely impossible Pfenning in gr-qc/9702026 used a Shape Function that gives 10 tims the mass of the universe with the proper Shape Function the negative energy densityWarp Drive is not entirely impossible Pfenning in gr-qc/9702026 used a Shape Function that gives 10 tims the mass of the universe with the proper Shape Function the negative energy density requirements are very low 94.000 tons is better than 10 times the mass of the Universe see this http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/INSMI/hal-00599640/fr/

    2 days ago

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    Muhammad Zaman replied

    Very interesting information provided by Mr. paul. Whether the matter was available before big bang for the big bast or it was in the form of energy which was later on converted in to matter gettingVery interesting information provided by Mr. paul. Whether the matter was available before big bang for the big bast or it was in the form of energy which was later on converted in to matter getting denser and denser. We can not imagin a real creation of the matter with out the answer to the question about the creator. what ever was the origin of the big bang if we for the time pend the discussion, the results show that beyond the matter energy exists ant that too again divided into the levels with respect to its frequency, travelling speed etc. More than the speed of light the time gets constant. This means that in the region of very high frequency of energy, we can say it the ultimate source of universe, is indipendent of time. Which means no time limits i.e no beginnings and no ends or we can say it for ever. Unless we get out of time the problem will remain un solved. The concept of God, who created the universe just by saing "Be" and it happened with that power can more satisfy us. the enrgy is still comming from him. It is not a matter of size of the universe as the same laws are prevailing in the whole universe, it is to be considered that how we reached to the state of matter and what will further happen, a complete black out or condensation of matter and another big bang or the staedy state condition as we see. All the possibilities are based on some presumptions , the true sport of the theory is difficult as the distances of the universe are so big that the information ( immage) take millions light years some time to reach the other distant point. With our limited sources we are still in the stage of expariments with out any final conclusion. We see the black holes and dying stars but we also see the generating stars and expansion of the universe. We do not know what is out side the existing space in which universe is expanding, means the space is getting created continously, all this is with in the fourth component called time. If we take out the time what will happen? will the universe collaps to a single point or it will remain a stoped matter which is not possible as the motion of matter right from electron to the planets is keeping the space created and we see the matter and the universe. If no time, the electron and proton will combine, the structure of the matter collaps and same for the planets and a result can be a big big collision and with what....? There can be many prsumptions and possibilities but looking at the universe the time is in one direction and we see the entropy of the universe increasing. Energies are converted in the matter every where. The matter which is converted into the energy ( heat, light and other radiation) mostly from stars is very very slow and it appears that tha process of expansion of universe will remain dominant over the contraction and black hole actions and can be retrached back with one word of God just by reconverting the matter into into energy of very high velocity. Or We may come into contact with a bigger universe which can suck our universe matter in no time. So the we can think with more broad mind than the only theories alredy created. There can be world where there is no matter and no physical laws and no time exist but how can we visualise it after all we are the matter, our world is matter and we live with in time. We should try to create some thing to stop the time and then see what can happed..... I am talking childish but there is no way at this point but to agree that there is a big power who created the matter and time for us including our earth and sky. I will be keen if some one can describe a more clear picture of matter and time for guidance

    4 days ago
• Shruthi Gopal

  Burning wastes...

  Day by day we are using a lot of plastics, papers, other non bio degradable items in Earth. Disposing them is becoming difficult. So, can we just carry those in a rocket and drop it in space? We llDay by day we are using a lot of plastics, papers, other non bio degradable items in Earth. Disposing them is becoming difficult. So, can we just carry those in a rocket and drop it in space? We ll make a low cost machine which will carry some wastes and goes to the sun by itself after we drop it somewhere close to the sun....

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    James Garry replied

    No. Even if you had a perfectly efficient way of lifting material from the Earth's surface, it will still take ~100MJ per kg simply to get it into orbit. The energy needed to get material intoNo. Even if you had a perfectly efficient way of lifting material from the Earth's surface, it will still take ~100MJ per kg simply to get it into orbit. The energy needed to get material into orbit is about 5 times *smaller* than that needed to drop that material into the Sun. Do not forget, we are in orbit around the Sun, and one would need to remove the Earth's orbital speed (30 km/s) for the object to fall into the Sun. This make a bad idea even worse from an energetics point of view. Surely a better approach is to make less waste?

    5 days ago
• Zengpo Zhou

  What is the color of the Moon?

  As we observe the Moon on the Earth, the Moon is white and gray. But if we stand on the Moon, what's the actual color of different parts on the Moon?

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    James Garry replied

    Firstly, don't forget that the average albedo is rather small (~0.05) and thus there are no 'bright' colours. Secondly, there *are* visible colour variations - recall that Jack Schmitt foundFirstly, don't forget that the average albedo is rather small (~0.05) and thus there are no 'bright' colours. Secondly, there *are* visible colour variations - recall that Jack Schmitt found distinctly orange regolith during Apollo 17. Note, this was a tightly localized patch and the average colour of regolith is a very dark grey. Heiken et al. in the Lunar Sourcebook have a nice quote "The Apollo 12 astronauts added the observation that colors were deceptive and changeable, depending largely on sun angle, with the same surface changing from gray to ark or tannish brown " So - phase angle matters. Location matters. Depth (and maturity of the regolith) matter. But it's not like the children's section at IKEA.

    5 days ago
• Philip Metzger

  Should We Terraform Mars?

  As we continue to explore farther out into our solar system and beyond, the question of habitation or colonization inevitably comes up. Manned bases on the Moon or Mars for example, have long been aAs we continue to explore farther out into our solar system and beyond, the question of habitation or colonization inevitably comes up. Manned bases on the Moon or Mars for example, have long been a dream of many. There is a natural desire to explore as far as we can go, and also to extend humanity’s presence on a permanent or at least semi-permanent basis. In order to do this, however, it is necessary to adapt to different extreme environments. On the Moon for example, a colony must be self-sustaining and protect its inhabitants from the airless, harsh environment outside. Personally I believe we should. Some say that we shouldn't simply because we should preserve the 'environment', but there are plenty other places out there and we as a species need to evolve past the Earth.

  http://www.universetoday.com/91920/should-we-terraform-mars/

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    Demosthenes Ark replied

    Maybe Mars suffered the same destiny the earth is suffering, maybe Mars was once like earth, with water and living animals, maybe even intelligent species, but now it's a desert. If we terraformMaybe Mars suffered the same destiny the earth is suffering, maybe Mars was once like earth, with water and living animals, maybe even intelligent species, but now it's a desert. If we terraform Mars, we should not commit the same errors we did with earth.

    6 days ago
• phani raj Lolakapuri

  How does nuclear space shuttles work?

  In case of normal shuttles, a lot of thrust is created by hot gases and due to conservation of momentum the shuttles moves forward. Then in nuclear space shuttles how does the shuttles moves forwardIn case of normal shuttles, a lot of thrust is created by hot gases and due to conservation of momentum the shuttles moves forward. Then in nuclear space shuttles how does the shuttles moves forward in vaccum by conserving momentum?
• Tikemani Bag

  The intermediating particles of all interactions are bosons,why?

  In all interactions mediating particles are boson.

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    Tapio Ala-Nissila replied

    Of course you can but the point here is that they don't have to be bosons only.

    19 days ago
• Tapomay Hazra

  Is there any direct relation between "solar wind" and "temperature/radiation" on earth? Does solar wind directly influenced cloud top temperature?

  Solar wind is the flow of protons and other charged particles from the surface of Sun. It affects the magnetic field surrounding the Earth, and a little portion of that particles come to the Earth.Solar wind is the flow of protons and other charged particles from the surface of Sun. It affects the magnetic field surrounding the Earth, and a little portion of that particles come to the Earth. Does that small portion of solar wind influence the earth's atmosphere?

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    Tapio Ala-Nissila replied

    As far as I know there's no scientific proof of this, because Earth is shielded from the solar wind by its magnetic field. In addition, the solar wind constitutes a tiny fraction of the Sun's energyAs far as I know there's no scientific proof of this, because Earth is shielded from the solar wind by its magnetic field. In addition, the solar wind constitutes a tiny fraction of the Sun's energy flux on Earth. This means that any correlation analysis w.r.t. the solar activity would be dominated by effects other than the solar wind. There's a mass of crank postings on the web claiming the opposite, but are there any credible (=published) scientific papers?

    23 days ago
• Ippokratis Karakotsoglou

  Controlling and tracking helium balloons to near space

  Controlling: I am working on a project to send an helium balloon to near space atmosphere, preferably over 50,000 feet, to take some measurements and photographs. I am looking a way to guide thisControlling: I am working on a project to send an helium balloon to near space atmosphere, preferably over 50,000 feet, to take some measurements and photographs. I am looking a way to guide this balloon via some controller if possible. Specifically to control its direction in open air in some way. Should I research for a solution or should I leave it all to the wind? Tracking: About tracking the helium balloon, should I use an Android phone with GPS or open tracker? Any other suggestions?

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    phani raj Lolakapuri replied

    I don't have much experience in this area but, i hope this link will help you which i found recently. Http://www.sciencefriday.com/videos/watch/10435 all the best with your experiment

    26 days ago
• Megan Gannon

  Will we ever mine asteroids?

  A new space exploration company called Planetary Resources is getting a lot of buzz for announcing it will unveil plans on 4/24 "to help ensure humanity's prosperity." Speculation abounds that thisA new space exploration company called Planetary Resources is getting a lot of buzz for announcing it will unveil plans on 4/24 "to help ensure humanity's prosperity." Speculation abounds that this means asteroid mining. Do you know any good articles/resources about the possibility of asteroid mining? Or do you have any thoughts about that possibility and what it will mean for us earthlings? (press release for event is here: http://www.museumofflight.org/event/2012/apr/24/future-of-space)

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    Edward Majden replied

    Yes, mining will happen but not in the near future and only when we run out of minerals on Earth. Look around the World at todays economies. There isn't any money available for this at the presentYes, mining will happen but not in the near future and only when we run out of minerals on Earth. Look around the World at todays economies. There isn't any money available for this at the present time. Private money, if these people want to spend their money on this let them do it but don't come running to governments for a bail out when they run out of funds. Japan was mentioned. Hell they have a terrible economy and the USA is nearly in the same boat! Sad but true!

    Apr 27, 2012
• Thiyagarajan Ramamoorthy

  What is white hole?

  Need details about the white hole

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    Suresh KP replied

    Just because there's a black hole,it is assumed that there is white hole,mathematically nothing has been described yet,as far as I know,the mathematics of black holes is very clear and solid withJust because there's a black hole,it is assumed that there is white hole,mathematically nothing has been described yet,as far as I know,the mathematics of black holes is very clear and solid with enough rigorous proof,the same cannot be said of a so called "white hole",the quasars were reputed to be 'white holes' till it was found that all the output is actually due to matter falling in a black holes.It is speculated that matter after falling in a black hole isn't destroyed or disappears in abyss or chasm but actually emerges somewhere else in time and space,aka through a wormhole,hope it answers your question to some extent.Cheers

    Apr 17, 2012
• Imtiyaz Rather

  Time (t),Distance (d or s) are two parameteres of physical law (i.e Physics a subject).These two contributions,t & s are synonomous to each other only when you try to prove a 't' at place whereTime (t),Distance (d or s) are two parameteres of physical law (i.e Physics a subject).These two contributions,t & s are synonomous to each other only when you try to prove a 't' at place where gravity 'G' is manyfold increased than at planetary surface of Earth.The place like black hole in Active sun has a universal time 't' zero (0) and in time t(0) distance (s or d) travelled is also zero (0), is time t & s distance Synanmous.
• Yamini navya sree Mandalapu

  Time and black holes

  How does time act like near a black hole? Is it possible for human beings to orbit a black hole? Is it slow when compared to the Earth or faster? If so how does time compare against those on Earth?

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    Yamini navya sree Mandalapu replied

    Thank you...

    Apr 9, 2012
• Tapio Ala-Nissila

  Should we react more decisively (and how?) to the threat of an asteroid collision with Earth?

  It's been on the news that next year there's another close call of an asteroid passing close to Earth. The Tunguska asteroid in 1908 would have demolished a whole city had it not landed in the middleIt's been on the news that next year there's another close call of an asteroid passing close to Earth. The Tunguska asteroid in 1908 would have demolished a whole city had it not landed in the middle of tundra in Siberia. In view of this, I'd like to know your views on the two issues: (i) Should we be prepared to handle these events (ii) How should we do it?

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    Fernando Loup replied

    Nicolas i know once the asteroid is spliited into parts then the trajectory of the fragments would be difficult to calculate a Supercomputer like a Cray or a Thinking Machine or a CYBER would beNicolas i know once the asteroid is spliited into parts then the trajectory of the fragments would be difficult to calculate a Supercomputer like a Cray or a Thinking Machine or a CYBER would be needed,,to compute the trajectory of the debris there exists a German Supercomputer made by Siemens i dont remember the name of the German Supercomputer but it is one of the fastest in the World ,, i was not thinking about my PC ,to calculate the orbits and if some of these fragments have size enough to penetrate the Earth atnosphere these would needed to be destroyed also.. .this is the reason why we need an asteroid killer produced at an industrial scale.....we already have one SS-18 North America Aerospace Defense Command NORAD was based in bunkers at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain SS-18 24 megaton warhead 1200 times Hiroxima was conceived to destroy this chain of mountains.. Cheyenne Mountain is larger then a 10 kilometers K-T asteroid the planetary defense of Earth already exists.......all we need is 1)-detect the asteroid at a safe distance and in time fo prepare the countermeasures NASA/JPL/Caltech Near Earth Hazardous Objects program cannot fail 2)-prepare boosters for the SS-18 to allow these to have speeds to go to interplanetary space 3)-Barack Obama (he have the technology to detect the asteroid) must have very good relations with Dmitri Melvedev or Vladimir Putin(both have the weapon to selltle this argument) ...

    Apr 1, 2012
• Naglaa Sadik

  What about corrosion in space?

  I want to know more about the corrosion in space?

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    Samudrala Nimeelitha replied

    Is it real

    Mar 25, 2012