Malaria

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2 What is the current status of artemisinin for the treatment of malaria?
By Mrinal Singha · National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research

Mvumbi Dieudonné · University of Kinshasa

Some cases of artemisinin resistance has been discovered in the Thai/Cambodian border. It seems that this is yet the only foci of art resistance. Some... [more]

Some cases of artemisinin resistance has been discovered in the Thai/Cambodian border. It seems that this is yet the only foci of art resistance. Some molecular markers have been proposed for surveillance as PfATPase S769N but no good results have been found. WWARN suggest to use another marker: MAL and MAL13. Finally, one artemisinie derivative (artesunate) is now preferred instead of Quinine for severe malaria cases

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2 Is there any available protocol to separate live male and female gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum?
By Anil Sharma · International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Anil Sharma · International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Thanks Amit, Thank you for the reply. I shall go through this paper and get back to you. Regards Anil

Thanks Amit, Thank you for the reply. I shall go through this paper and get back to you. Regards Anil

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10 Which insects are the predator of anopheles?
By Milad Latifi · Hamadan University of Medical Sciences

Shanthakumar S.P. · M S Swamininathan Research Foundation

Belastomids like deplonichus sp, nepa sp are excellent predators of mosquito larva,other than this naids,notonecta and elephant forest mosquitoes are ... [more]

Belastomids like deplonichus sp, nepa sp are excellent predators of mosquito larva,other than this naids,notonecta and elephant forest mosquitoes are the insect predators naturally available

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1 Can anyone suggest some 'in vivo' study designs to assess drug efficacy on the hepatic stage of P. vivax and/or P. falciparum
By Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden · University of Antwerp

Singh Shivakumar · Stanley Medical College

The present strategy for treatment of P .falciparum is to use Artemisinin combination therapy for eliminating the erythrocytic stage of the parasite .... [more]

The present strategy for treatment of P .falciparum is to use Artemisinin combination therapy for eliminating the erythrocytic stage of the parasite . High dose Primaquine in a single dose is used to eliminate gametocytes on day 2 to prevent spread of parasite to mosquitoes . Relapse does not occur with P. falciparum . If fever recurs , it is due recrudescence , which occurs due to incomplete treatment or due to new infection in an hyperendemic area . What is the proof that there is a hepatic form of new infection already present in the patient ? I feel that even if this occurs , this would be eliminated by Primaquine , which is used to eliminate the gametocytes ( if there is a new infection in the liver ) . If fever does not occur later , it is probably due to partial immunity which is protective , as long as they reside in that area . In Africa , children are vulnerable to severe falciparum malaria , but when they become adults , they do not get the disease , even if they are slide positive for malaria . Control strategy is to eliminate the gametocyte in the human host to prevent spread to mosquitoes .

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6 microRNA on Tropical Diseases?
By Harapan Harapan, MD · Universitas Syiah Kuala

Harapan Harapan, MD · Universitas Syiah Kuala

Dear All, here is a review work. I will send you the outline soon.

Dear All, here is a review work. I will send you the outline soon.

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2 Does rubella vaccine have an influence on parasitemia level of Plasmodium?
By Harapan Harapan, MD · Universitas Syiah Kuala

Harapan Harapan, MD · Universitas Syiah Kuala

This is a premature research. Therefore, I hope there are the other research which can explain more about this hypothesis.

This is a premature research. Therefore, I hope there are the other research which can explain more about this hypothesis.

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5 Which protozoa causes turkey malaria (avian malaria)?
By Rasool Jafari · Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

Omolade Okwa · Lagos State University

Haemproteus meleagridis (turkey) , haemoproteus columbae(pigeon). check this genera on wikkipedia.

Haemproteus meleagridis (turkey) , haemoproteus columbae(pigeon). check this genera on wikkipedia.

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Question:
Open Is this a package of counterfeit Coartem anti-malarial?
On a visit to Tanzania, a colleague stumbled upon a package of Coartem he became suspicious about - a hyphen was missing - and he suspected that it co... [more]

On a visit to Tanzania, a colleague stumbled upon a package of Coartem he became suspicious about - a hyphen was missing - and he suspected that it could be counterfeit. I took pictures of it. I could not find out how a real package of Coartem looks like, Novartis Global Media Relations did not answer, other, more relevant, contacts I could not find. Can somebody here shed some light on this question? Please look at the pictures in the link. Thank you!

http://www.bg-sentinel.com/en/counterfeit_anti-malarial.html ×
Is this counterfeit Coartem?

By Andreas Rose · Biogents

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23 I would like to know any one working on traditional antimalarials or plant based antimalarials?
By Prakash BN · Institute of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Prakash BN · Institute of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Thanks. Do you have any experience on working with traditional herbal malaria prophylaxis?

Thanks. Do you have any experience on working with traditional herbal malaria prophylaxis?

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Question:
Open Should the criteria to define acute renal failure in severe Malaria be modified ?
Acute renal failure in severe Malaria has been defined as serum creatinine of 3mg% or more . In the recent RIFLE Criteria , Acute Kidney Injury (AKI )... [more]

Acute renal failure in severe Malaria has been defined as serum creatinine of 3mg% or more . In the recent RIFLE Criteria , Acute Kidney Injury (AKI ) has been defined as Risk : sr . creatinine : 1.5 - 1.9 : Injury : 2.0 -3.0 ; Failure : 3.0 mg% or more ( if normal creatinine is taken as 1.0 mg% ) . We feel that AKI in severe Malaria should be defined as sr. creatinine > 1.5 mg% . For eg . if a patient with fever due to malaria has a blood urea of 100 mg% & sr creatinine of 2.8mg% , this will not be classified as severe malaria in the existing guidelines , but in the RIFLE criteria , it should be classified as AKI . This has implications in treatment , as this patient has to be treated as severe Malaria . We have found this modification very useful in detecting severe Malaria early & starting treatment early .

Aetiology of Acute Febrile Diseases – A Study of 500 Cases from Chennai × Murugananth S, Shivakumar S

By Singh Shivakumar · Stanley Medical College

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10 RNAi in mosquito larvae?
By Julien Pompon · Université de Strasbourg

Olivier Roux · Institut de recherche pour le développement

Hi Julien, Zwiebel's Lab injected dsRNA in 2nd instar larvae of An. gambiae to knockdown odorant receptors. However, no info was given on survival rat... [more]

Hi Julien, Zwiebel's Lab injected dsRNA in 2nd instar larvae of An. gambiae to knockdown odorant receptors. However, no info was given on survival rate. See Liu et al 2010 in PLoS ONE (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000467)

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Question:
Open Can malaria be described as co-infection in patients with HIV or more aptly concomitant infection?
Given the fact that HIV is a chronic infection, whereas malaria is an acute episodic infection. Should any infection, be it acute, short lived, or not... [more]

Given the fact that HIV is a chronic infection, whereas malaria is an acute episodic infection. Should any infection, be it acute, short lived, or not in people with HIV, be described as co-infection as in the same light as HIV1/HIV2 co-infection?

By Gabriel Ofovwe · University of West London

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1 What are the socio-economic, cultural and political issues that could arise from using insecticide treated nets as a prevention for malaria?
By Chidiogo Muoneme · Anglia Ruskin University

Mark Laing · University of KwaZulu-Natal

1. The biggest long-term problem will be resistance by the mosquitoes to the insecticides, since only pyrethroids are being used. 2. Resistance by Ano... [more]

1. The biggest long-term problem will be resistance by the mosquitoes to the insecticides, since only pyrethroids are being used. 2. Resistance by Anopheles species to pyrethroid treated mosquito nets has already been recorded in Benin. 3, Hence the marvellous results recorded in West Africa for the reduction of malaria as a result of this technology is likely to be short-lived. 4. Therefore we need an alternative strategy to support or to replace the insecticide-treated nets, if and when this strategy fails. 5. there are viable biocontrol options which could and should be developed into commercial products. See Blandford et al 2005 Science 308: 1638-1641. Scolte et al. 2005 Science 308: 1641-1642. Hancock PA. Combining Fungal Biopesticides and Insecticide-Treated Bednets to Enhance Malaria Control. PLoS Comput Biol, 5(10): e1000525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000525

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Question:
Open What is the advantage/disadvantage of using a cryofrozen cell pellet (without WBC) and cryofrozen whole blood for the quantification of heat shock proteins?
Blood sample processing.

Blood sample processing.

By Suru Stephen · Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

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1 Has anyone conducted a review on antimalarial drug toxicity in children?
By Sheba Ndagire · Ecole des hautes études en santé publique

Ruben Dammers · Erasmus MC

Dear Sheba, this article might partly answer your question, I believe: Keiser J, et al. Antiparasitic drugs for paediatrics: systematic review, form... [more]

Dear Sheba, this article might partly answer your question, I believe: Keiser J, et al. Antiparasitic drugs for paediatrics: systematic review, formulations, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy and implications for control. Parasitology 2011;138(12):1620-1632 Sincerely, Ruben Dammers

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Answer added to:
6 Can MTT be efficiently used in quantifying malaria parasite?
By Denis Zofou · University of Buea

Deepak Pakalapati · Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani

ready to use LDH kits are available for malaria detn. Also LDH based ELISA was used earlier for quantification. As advised by Simon, MTT production wa... [more]

ready to use LDH kits are available for malaria detn. Also LDH based ELISA was used earlier for quantification. As advised by Simon, MTT production was linearly and directly proportional to the number of ookinetes seeded into microplate wells. U could giveit a try

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Question:
Open Conformation changes in PfCRT proteins
Does anyone know whether there are conformation changes (between wild type and mutant) in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistant protein (PfCRT) as a... [more]

Does anyone know whether there are conformation changes (between wild type and mutant) in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistant protein (PfCRT) as a result of nucleotide changes?

By Dziedzom de Souza · Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research

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6 How prevalent is vivax malaria in Africa?
By Gasim Gasim · Qassim College of Medicine

Ian Boulton · Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

The G6PD incidence is a big challenge. In Asia-Pacific, where primaquine has been used for a long time, doctors are aware of the risks of using it and... [more]

The G6PD incidence is a big challenge. In Asia-Pacific, where primaquine has been used for a long time, doctors are aware of the risks of using it and so look out for the symptoms of haemolysis. In Africa, with no such history, the risk of doctors missing the symptoms early in treatment (when the drug can be stopped) is a major risk factor. Newer 8-aminoquinolines (e.g. tafenoquine) with much shorter dosage regimens (3-days) increase this risk as all the drug will have been taken on board by the patient before symptoms of haemolysis become apparent.hence the critical need for a G6PD RDT to add more complexity to the treatment regimens in the control programme.

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1 Where can I get WR99210?
By Ning Jiang · Jilin University

Ian Boulton · Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

The obvious first stop is Sigma Aldrich (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/w1770?lang=en&region=GB) or other similar reagent suppliers... [more]

The obvious first stop is Sigma Aldrich (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/w1770?lang=en&region=GB) or other similar reagent suppliers. ChemSpider lists ABI Chemicals as another source (http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.108629.html). You don't say why it didn't work but I assume it was due to poor quality manufacture.

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Question:
Open Can anybody share a protocol on beta hematin inhibition assay on plasmodium falciparum?
I would like to set up an assay on beta hematin inhibition. Any protocols or any papers on the topic shall be helpful to me.

I would like to set up an assay on beta hematin inhibition. Any protocols or any papers on the topic shall be helpful to me.

By Priyanka Haldar · Syngene International Ltd.

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3 How do we develop a durable G6PD deficiency assay for malaria field studies?
By Peter Zimmerman · Case Western Reserve University

Didier Menard · Institut Pasteur International Network

Hi Pete, Access Bio is currently developping a third generation of the CareStart G6PD RDT. We are planning to evaluate this new point of care, early n... [more]

Hi Pete, Access Bio is currently developping a third generation of the CareStart G6PD RDT. We are planning to evaluate this new point of care, early next year and compare its performance with spot test and quantitative assay. To my knowlegde, Binax RDT works well but need to be performed at max 25°C. Not useful in tropical areas.

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1 Should we discard the ELISA methods of incriminating a malaria vector and look for other methods or go back to microscopic examination?
By Touhiduddin Ahmed · Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research

Eric Ochomo · KEMRI / CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration

The idea is not to abandon ELISA in totality, but to complement methods. Not one method is 100% precise. Dissection has the limitation of being labor ... [more]

The idea is not to abandon ELISA in totality, but to complement methods. Not one method is 100% precise. Dissection has the limitation of being labor intensive and too slow thus not suitable for a laboratory handling thousands upon thousands of samples. PCR is expensive and given the limitations should only be applied in QA. The best way to go about this is to go back to dissection where samples are few and to use both dissection and ELISAs where samples are numerous.

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4 The attached two papers are interesting but has anyone followed them up with practical implementation of the findings ?
By Mark Laing · University of KwaZulu-Natal

Exélis Pierre · University of Malaya

This is very interesting indeed. There is a team at University Malaya faculty of science working on mosquitoes in Malaysia. The approach of research i... [more]

This is very interesting indeed. There is a team at University Malaya faculty of science working on mosquitoes in Malaysia. The approach of research is more genetically based. The issue of acquired resistance is an actual focus that need to be taken care of indeed. The consequences on management cost are obvious and would become a nightmare scenario as well. I m working on insecticide resistance management using entomopathogenic fungi like Beauveria bassiana on oil palm pests in Malaysia. Problems are encountered for tall palm trees in field. The mortality is low by 25/30%. I suggested a combination with selective pesticides to enhance the lethal ability of the formulations. So in the case of the mosquitoes i m curious to ask the following. Is there any large scale figure of an implementation of this in the field? Can you provide a specific exact figure if available? thanks a lot

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27 About Malaria: why not focus on community knowledge and awareness to strengthen behavioral change and reduce transmission, rather than going for the difficult way?
By Mohamed Alasow · Kasetsart University

Mohamed Alasow · Kasetsart University

Dear Elias, Your are promoting war from a different angle, don't forget all wars require propaganda. If we take your suggestion, "to forget knowledg... [more]

Dear Elias, Your are promoting war from a different angle, don't forget all wars require propaganda. If we take your suggestion, "to forget knowledge and propaganda", I believe the war is lost before it even begins and we are doomed to failure. I see you are promoting DDT and airial spay, but your are forgeting the enviroment, think about it! Your point might not be agreed by the Environmentalists as well. I leave to other esteemed scholars view point on this, I believe it might not go down well with the majority. Personally, I believe, what is needed is a comprehensive knowledge campaign complemented by other strategies including lab tests, treatments, LLINs, residual spraying bednet, etc. An intervention were the communities are the decision makers and government are facilitatotrs of the process. Meaning, people centered interventions. I am not denying successes made so far; RBM edndeavors and other malaria initiative are commendable, but, still, knowledge is a factor that needs to be looked upon, when people do not know the causes of malaria, health workers prescribe malarial injections for mild case, and treatment compliance is not adhered to.

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24 Measuring malaria incidence
By Clive Shiff · Johns Hopkins University

Clive Shiff · Johns Hopkins University

I agree with this, however ther is no need to discard API because it is a favourite of epidemiologists and serves to categorise a general statement e.... [more]

I agree with this, however ther is no need to discard API because it is a favourite of epidemiologists and serves to categorise a general statement e.g on maps where one cannot express the dynamic status of malaria disease. However for measuring change in malaria in a community the incidence rate per fixed period or per season (I prefer using week numbers say week 40 for late October) one will see how incidence changes when interventions are introduced. Incidence rate can be measured by the number of POS cases diagnosed in a clinic or health centre each week. simple and inexpensive.

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1 Malaria parasite prevalence
By Constance Bart-Plange · Ghana Health Service

Kris Cahyo Mulyatno · Airlangga University

May be, using API (Annual Parasite Incidence) or AMI (Annual Malaria Incidence) between 3 or 5 years to know high medium or low criteria..

May be, using API (Annual Parasite Incidence) or AMI (Annual Malaria Incidence) between 3 or 5 years to know high medium or low criteria..

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3 Can any one shed some light on the current researches on the biological changes (maybe at molecular level) of Plasmodium inside mosquito?
By Devojit Sarma · The University of Manchester

Clive Shiff · Johns Hopkins University

I dont know much about it, does it kill gametocytes?

I dont know much about it, does it kill gametocytes?

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3 Chloroquine Resistance in Malaria ?
By Akshaya Srikanth B · University of Gondar

Akshaya Srikanth B · University of Gondar

Chloroquine-Resistance Malaria Malaria is the major health problem in developing countries including India. Resistance to antimalarial drugs is provi... [more]

Chloroquine-Resistance Malaria Malaria is the major health problem in developing countries including India. Resistance to antimalarial drugs is proving to be a challenging problem in malaria control in most parts of the world. Chloroquine resistance has emerged independently less than ten times in the past 50 years and the most of the chloroquine resistance targets are localized in the acid food vacuole of the malaria. Resistance to P.falciparum may be due to increased capacity of the parasite to expel chloroquine to reach levels required for inhibition of the heme-polymerization. Resistance to sufadoxime-pyrimethamine, quinine and mefloquine is much higher than the chloroquine. Increased chloroquine treatment failure has led to change the drug policy to artesunate combined therapy (ACT) as first line of malaria treatment. The artesunate-based combination currently used in the established multidrug-resistant areas on different parts of world. With emerging resistance there is a urgent need of a fully synthetic drug such as arterolane, which has an activity profile that is similar to that of the artemisinins, provides an important potential in such an endeavor.

http://www.sciensage.info/journal/1345729031JASR_1007121.pdf ×
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10 In vitro culture for plasmodium
By Vishnu Kirthi · C. Abdul Hakeem College of Engineering and Technology

Yoann Augagneur · Université de Rennes 1

You can use the PROTOCOL HEMA3 staining. It is very fast. Deep 7 times in the fixative, 7 times in the solution 1 and 12 times in solution 2, then rin... [more]

You can use the PROTOCOL HEMA3 staining. It is very fast. Deep 7 times in the fixative, 7 times in the solution 1 and 12 times in solution 2, then rinse with water and let dry. Each deeping are very short (just do up and down) so your staining is performed in less than 30 secondes. Don't follow the recommendation of the manufacturer. Yoann

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2 In vitro trial of a herbal antimalarial drug
By Danlami Uzama · Sheda Science and Technology Complex (SHESTCO)

Sanjeev Chandel · Panjab University

Go for in vitro antiplasmodial assays. You may follow simple as well as highly sophisticated assays depending upon your lab facility. For more detail ... [more]

Go for in vitro antiplasmodial assays. You may follow simple as well as highly sophisticated assays depending upon your lab facility. For more detail you may follow my research paper. There is detailed protocol of in vitro antiplasmodial assay.

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About Malaria

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

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Malaria

Is this counterfeit Coartem?

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About Malaria

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