Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.

• Hui Wang

  What are specific markers for activated human B cells?

  Especially, when activating human B cells with LPS.

  Recent replies ⋅ Show All (9)

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    Tatyana Tsfasman replied

    Thank you very much! I was quite astonished to reveal that there are lots of things in biology that were investigated a lot at one period of time, and that were virtually forgotten as research topicsThank you very much! I was quite astonished to reveal that there are lots of things in biology that were investigated a lot at one period of time, and that were virtually forgotten as research topics afterwards. Perhaps I am just too young to conceive this. :)

    1 hour ago
• Jiawu Zhao

  To do cytokine staining in lymphocyte (e.g. IFN-g), are simutaneous stimulation and Golgi block essential?

  Hello everyone. I want to use antibody to stain IFN-g in lymphocyte, after initial activation for 2 days, is it essential to add in extra stimulus (e.g. anti-CD3e) when I add in Golgi stop? ManyHello everyone. I want to use antibody to stain IFN-g in lymphocyte, after initial activation for 2 days, is it essential to add in extra stimulus (e.g. anti-CD3e) when I add in Golgi stop? Many thanks for sharing your experience.
• Tatyana Tsfasman

  How can one activate resting B cells and how can you check if they were really activated?

  Dear colleagues, We are going to stimulate human B lymphocytes isolated from PBMCs from blood of healthy subjects (negative selection with MyltenilBiotech magnetic beads). It should be a controlDear colleagues, We are going to stimulate human B lymphocytes isolated from PBMCs from blood of healthy subjects (negative selection with MyltenilBiotech magnetic beads). It should be a control experiment just to see if we observe the same effects as we do observe with B cells incubated with HIV and HIV proteins. We have decided to use the following combinations of reagents and final concentrations that we will have in the medium with B cells: Combination 1. anti-IgM (10 mkg/ml) and IL-4 (20 ng/ml) Combination 2. IL-4 (20 ng/ml) and anti-CD40 (1 mkg/ml) Variant 3. PHA (10 mkg/ml) We are going to take cell samples at 24, 48 and 72 hours after addition of the activating reagents. After that we will fix the cells and perform a 3D FISH for our genes of interest and at the same time we should check if the cells were activated. Question 1. What do you think about these combinations and concentrations? For instance, is it OK to use 1 mkg/ml anti-CD40? I have taken it from an article (Lefevre et al, J Immunology, 1999), but I have another article in which they take 20 mkg/ml anti-CD40. Question 2. Which way is better to check whether our B cells were really activated? 1. I do not think we would be able to use the 3H-thimidine method. 2. We can use FACS or immunostaining with antibodies to an activation marker 3. Is it possible just to count the cells and to check if they have proliferated or not? Question 3. As for the activation marker, we should know for sure that the marker we select should be present on activated B cells 48-72 h after incubation with antibodies or PHA. Could you tell me, which one would be better? We have already got an anti-CD71 and anti-CD23. Will it work? A friend of mine advised me to use anti-CD80 or anti-CD86. I would appreciate your help, Regards, T.T.
• Patrick Owiafe

  What is the best ELISA method and standard to use in measuring IgA from Breast milk?

  Hello, I’m trying to measure the level of IgA in breast-milk by ELISA but I’m having problems with the standard (Sandoglobulin) which doesn’t show any colour development after adding theHello, I’m trying to measure the level of IgA in breast-milk by ELISA but I’m having problems with the standard (Sandoglobulin) which doesn’t show any colour development after adding the p-Nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) substrate but the sample does.
• Ramesh Parjapath

  Do sex hormones influence the cytokines production and their signaling?

  Agonists and antagonists of androgens, other steroid hormones. Any plant ,bacterial steroids related to sex hormone structure, any of these have a role in cytokines production and their signaling?

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    Ramesh Parjapath replied

    Thanks. Can you elaborate "autoimmune progesterone dermatitis"

    4 days ago
• Amit Umesh Joshi

  Any additive to improve primary cortical neuron survival?

  Hello, I am facing a small problem with my mouse cortical primary neurons. The cells look good for the first week but by the time I want to start my experiment (DIV 12), they are dying off. I amHello, I am facing a small problem with my mouse cortical primary neurons. The cells look good for the first week but by the time I want to start my experiment (DIV 12), they are dying off. I am using the following protocol: Cortices from D18 embryonic mice, Seeding at 3*10^5, Plates coated with Poly-D-Lysine+ Laminin, Medium - DMEM + 5% Horse serum + 5% FCS + 2mM Glutamine + 2% P/S, AraC added after 3 DIV and medium changed at Days 5, 8, 11 (Always 50% medium changed). I have read in an article that adding 25uM B-Mercapto improves cell survival in hippocampal neurons. But I am not too sure of using it. I am unable to figure out the reason why the cells are dying. Some help would really be appreciated!! Thanks!!! Amit

  

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    Jonathan Gilthorpe replied

    An update.......Just grew some mouse neurons to Day 10 on 10ug/ml PDL and the ones where I changed the media 50% on Day 5 all migrated together in to little ganglia. The ones where the media was notAn update.......Just grew some mouse neurons to Day 10 on 10ug/ml PDL and the ones where I changed the media 50% on Day 5 all migrated together in to little ganglia. The ones where the media was not changed look much happier and the migration did not really happen. I am sure it is partly a coating issue - on plastic the migration doesn't happen (10ug/ml PDL). Probably need to use 100ug/ml for glass. Plating in 500ul/24-well might be a bit too little media for drying out so I am going to try plating in 750ul instead and just leave them, without media change.

    7 days ago
• Sumia Mohamed Essid

  Is there any new method to investigate intracellular protein expression such as MAP Kinase?

  I would like to ask if there is any new method to investigate the intracellular protein expression such as MAP Kinase.

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    Sumia Mohamed Essid replied

    thank you every one for concern, Joachim m thanks for very helpful websites

    7 days ago
• Namjin Chung

  Do T reg cells secrete IL-2?

  I know they would like to pick up IL-2 but are they known to secrete IL-2?

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    Graham Mayrhofer replied

    I think of the role of IL-2 as homeostatic in the maintenance of Tregs, in much the same way as IL-7 is involved in classical T cell homeostasis. In addition, the expression of the IL-2R by TregsI think of the role of IL-2 as homeostatic in the maintenance of Tregs, in much the same way as IL-7 is involved in classical T cell homeostasis. In addition, the expression of the IL-2R by Tregs makes them susceptible to activation by the greater abundance of IL-2 at sites of established immune responses (probably at the level of individual DCs or aggregations of DCs), essential to their role in regulating or terminating on going responses.

    11 days ago
• Lakshmi Mundkur

  Inducing oral tolerance to protein in rabbits.

  How do you decide on the range of doses in rabbits? I know the dose in mice which gave us good tolerance. How is the dose escalation from mice to rabbits work? Especially to induce low dose oralHow do you decide on the range of doses in rabbits? I know the dose in mice which gave us good tolerance. How is the dose escalation from mice to rabbits work? Especially to induce low dose oral tolerance.

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    Arno van der ark replied

    You can calculated the dosis per kg body weight of the mouse and extraplate it the the body weight of the rabbits you want to use

    12 days ago
• Lakshmi Mundkur

  Induction of mucosal tolerance to small proteins in rabbits

  What is the basis of deciding the doses? how does one calculate the dose escalation from mice to rabbits for low dose tolerance induction?

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    Sveinbjorn Gizurarson replied

    Dear Mr. Mundkur The dose is not easy to find, but as a general rule, ultra-low dose is more risky. Regarding changing dose from mice to rabbits, please use the metabolic rate as the conversionDear Mr. Mundkur The dose is not easy to find, but as a general rule, ultra-low dose is more risky. Regarding changing dose from mice to rabbits, please use the metabolic rate as the conversion factor, never use ug/kg or mg/kg - that will not work. There are several formulas you can use. Best greetings Sveinbjorn Gizurarson, professor (sveinbj@hi.is)

    12 days ago
• Paul Moorehead

  Vaccines activating innate immunity?

  Is there a vaccine, preferably an inactive or killed vaccine, that is known to activate a toll-like receptor or other specific component of the innate immune system?

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    Farah Soumeya Rebbouh replied

    I would like to have any opinion regarding anti-toxins vaccines? Since toxins are generally recognized as poor immunogens, it is not easy to apprehend THE Best Response against. Do you believe in aI would like to have any opinion regarding anti-toxins vaccines? Since toxins are generally recognized as poor immunogens, it is not easy to apprehend THE Best Response against. Do you believe in a vaccine against a mixture of scorpion venom? to prevent envenoming? Knowing that scorpion venom toxicity is mainly due to its Neurotoxins that are poor immunogens. Thank you for sharing your thoughts.

    12 days ago
• Koshika Yadava

  Assessing lung function of mice.

  We are trying to look into lung function in mice using a scireq machine. How much does the frequency of ventilation affect the various perturbations such as airway resistance and elasticity ?
• Satheesha Avunje

  Why is Poly I:C a more potent PRR stimulator?

  Among many synthetic PRR ligands, like imiquimod, CpGs, poly I:C is stronger stimulator of IFN and ISGs. Does any one has a detailed reason for this? Can you recommend any publishedAmong many synthetic PRR ligands, like imiquimod, CpGs, poly I:C is stronger stimulator of IFN and ISGs. Does any one has a detailed reason for this? Can you recommend any published literature? Thanks, Satheesh

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  • 
    Satheesha Avunje replied

    Dear Zissis Chroneos, thank you for your suggestions and also the articles.

    13 days ago

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  • 
    Jernej Godec replied

    We use PBS + 1% FBS + 2mM EDTA

    15 days ago
• Devi Prasad

  Restricting immune response

  Can the T and B cells be inhibited for a particular antigen alone? if yes, how?

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    Colin C Anderson replied

    To Hamid: What I suggested was to use an agonist, not an antagonist. I also said it will only suppress those T and B cells that are engaging antigen, or have recently engaged antigen, and thereforeTo Hamid: What I suggested was to use an agonist, not an antagonist. I also said it will only suppress those T and B cells that are engaging antigen, or have recently engaged antigen, and therefore it would not be pan-inhibition, it would indeed be relatively antigen specific.

    19 days ago