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4 What is the average COD and BOD content of restaurant wastewater when compared to other industrial wastewater?
By Kristine Salvador · Mapúa Institute of Technology

Ramaraju Bendi · Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

Its depends

Its depends

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New Is there anyone that can help with the basic layout design of a plant producing METHYL ACETATE from dimethyl ether and carbon monoxide
The plant is to produce 90 000 metric tons per annum of METHYL ACETATE, with a purity of 99.5 wt%

The plant is to produce 90 000 metric tons per annum of METHYL ACETATE, with a purity of 99.5 wt%

By Michael Umahi · University of South Africa

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2 What are the conditions for hydrogenation of oleic and linoleic acids to stearic acids? What is the highest conversion rate that can be achieved?
By Wong Mun · National University of Malaysia

Albert Dijkstra

Since you are aiming at complete saturation and are not worried about selectivities, you can use a high hydrogen concentration to speed up the process... [more]

Since you are aiming at complete saturation and are not worried about selectivities, you can use a high hydrogen concentration to speed up the process. this is required since the rate of hydrogenation drops to low levels when the residual double bond concentration gets low. So use the process invented by Magnus Härröd as explained for instance in US Patent 5,962,711. This process employs high hydrogen concentration since it uses an alkane like propane to dissolve the oil, which alkane is also miscible with hydrogen. The result is an extremely compact hydrogenation unit. Use a packed bed palladium catalyst that allows low temperature operation and which is acid resistent.

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New How hydrogen is removed from the mixture of hydrogen and furan?
Hydrogen is in large excess (more than 100 times_

Hydrogen is in large excess (more than 100 times_

By Ahtesham Javaid · Polytechnic University of Bucharest

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3 When do we exactly say an emulsion is unstable?
By Reyhaneh Mehrvar · University of Tehran

Titus Sobisch · LUM - Berlin, Germany

As often the answer very much depends on the view of the persons who have to judge on it and it depends on the application. If you sell a box of cosme... [more]

As often the answer very much depends on the view of the persons who have to judge on it and it depends on the application. If you sell a box of cosmetic cream and the customer observes an oil layer on top he will call it unstable. For one customer even the slightest sign of a film will be enough to call it unstable but others will tolerate much more separation. From the point of application the question is whether you can restore the original properties by moderate agitation or not. As additional mechanism of emulsion degradation Ostwald ripening was already mentioned, which means larger droplets grow on expense of the smaller ones due to diffusion through the continuous phase. Further mechanisms of degradation of original emulsion properties are flocculation and phase inversion.

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New What size could a single cyclonic wet scrubber reach?
I'm asking especially according to height dimension.

I'm asking especially according to height dimension.

By Łukasz Wieczorek · Lodz University of Technology

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3 Does anyone have information about HCN hydrolysis?
By Rogelio Najera · Innovak Global

Krishna Verma · Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya

A little nomenclature correction: HCOONH2 is formamide (amide of formic acid); carbamic acid is NH2COOH (amide of carbonic acid).

A little nomenclature correction: HCOONH2 is formamide (amide of formic acid); carbamic acid is NH2COOH (amide of carbonic acid).

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33 When using HPLC, how do you deal with split peaks?
By John Nduko · Hokkaido University

Hassan Aboul-Enein · National Research Center, Egypt

Peak spillitng may be due to: contamination of the mobile phase partial blocking of the analytical column or guard column problems in the pumping syst... [more]

Peak spillitng may be due to: contamination of the mobile phase partial blocking of the analytical column or guard column problems in the pumping system

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New I have been successful to isolate pure(over 99%) 2,6-Anhydrogalactose. Are there any needs of 3,6-Anhydrogalactose or industrial applications?
Purification of 3,6-Anhydrogalactose from red sea weeds.

Purification of 3,6-Anhydrogalactose from red sea weeds.

By Jong Park · Pohang University of Science and Technology

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New Various parts of nipa palm are useful, has anybody ever used their stems or leaves in nanotechnology?
This could lead to a value added application of the palms, which are not so popular as other palm tress..

This could lead to a value added application of the palms, which are not so popular as other palm tress..

By Nantakan Muensit · Prince of Songkla University

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4 Acetone-water mixture
By Mustapha Ouhsaine · Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Electricité et de Mécanique de Casablanca

Mustapha Ouhsaine · Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Electricité et de Mécanique de Casablanca

Thank you very much for your answer. Is that you can send me the document because I have not free access to this document

Thank you very much for your answer. Is that you can send me the document because I have not free access to this document

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New Difference between turbulent and heterogeneous flow regimes in reactors?
I know that they overlap in some conditions but are absolutely different in some other conditiones.

I know that they overlap in some conditions but are absolutely different in some other conditiones.

By Reza Fattah · University of Tehran

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4 What is Pd and Au diffusion temperature on implanted Si?
By Sabariah Mat Said · Infineon Technologies

Dirk Luetzenkirchen-Hecht · Bergische Universität Wuppertal

In principle you may estimate the travel path of your Au/Pd if you know the value of the diffusion coefficient, or the activation energy. However I do... [more]

In principle you may estimate the travel path of your Au/Pd if you know the value of the diffusion coefficient, or the activation energy. However I don't think that the front side deposit will migrate to the back side at 400°C - this seems to be quite far, even if your wafer is at an elevated temperature for some time ...

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New How to control the anode dissolution potential during the electrorefining
During the electrorefining test of uranium or rare earth metal in the the molten salts e.g. LiCl-KCl and LiF-CaF2, dissolution of metal in the anode a... [more]

During the electrorefining test of uranium or rare earth metal in the the molten salts e.g. LiCl-KCl and LiF-CaF2, dissolution of metal in the anode and reduction in the cathode occurr simultaneously, the reduction potential can be monitored and controlled by the reference, e.g. AgCl/Ag or Pt QRE, but how to monitor and control the dissolution potential of the metal in the anode ?

By Rushan Lin ·

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2 How to achieve good adhesion between metal or ceramic support and catalyst?
By Cristián Cerda-Barrera · Temuco Catholic University

Muataz Khayoon · University of Science, Malaysia

In fact, the process can not be called adhesion since it almost involves chemical interactions by either weak London forces or strong Van der wals for... [more]

In fact, the process can not be called adhesion since it almost involves chemical interactions by either weak London forces or strong Van der wals forces OR combination of both. To enhance the chemical binding and to avoid the weak physical interaction, Strong Electrostatic Adsorption (SEA) method is well recommended. This method can achieve two functions; First, is the well dispersion of metal particles with possibility to reduce the particle size to few nanometers and, second, to avoid the aggregation and/or sintering of metal particles in aggregates. You can also Check the published articles by John. R. Regalbuto for this method. In general, You need to adjust the pH of the impregnation solution to certain value, at which the highest metal uptake might occur. Please don't hesitate to contact me regarding any supporting documents for SEA method. Good Luck

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4 Material, energy and momentum balance literature
By Łukasz Wieczorek · Lodz University of Technology

Rita Ávila · Universidad Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, UCLA

I´m agree with Mr. Maghbooli. In Bird et al., you can find all the mathmatics expressions of momentum, mass and heat balance for each transfer area g... [more]

I´m agree with Mr. Maghbooli. In Bird et al., you can find all the mathmatics expressions of momentum, mass and heat balance for each transfer area geometry, and learn about how to use them.

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5 Specific energy consumption for CO2 capture.
By Xuezhong He · Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)

Thomas Wayburn ·

Yes, even if we end the process with CO2 in a tank on the premises, the considerations regarding indirect energy expenses are the same. I am afraid I... [more]

Yes, even if we end the process with CO2 in a tank on the premises, the considerations regarding indirect energy expenses are the same. I am afraid I have been involved with these ideas for rather a long time and what seems obvious to me may seem strange to you. I am willing to answer questions about what I have written in my papers on energy. Write me at twayburn@att.net if you wish.

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5 VLE data for HCl solutions at varing temperatures.
By Bruce Wonder · Usalco

Dave Modeste · Elevance Renewable Sciences

Bruce As mentioned earlier, PRO II software, is a good choice. Also, Aspen Plus Electrolytes, or OLI software can be used to get quite accurate HCl... [more]

Bruce As mentioned earlier, PRO II software, is a good choice. Also, Aspen Plus Electrolytes, or OLI software can be used to get quite accurate HCl VLE in the range you mentioned.

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15 What is the best method to gain Hydrogen For Seasonal Energy Storage?
By Muhammad Sajid Qayyum · University of Gujrat

Arul Murugan · National Physical Laboratory

The ecoisland project (which started in the UK last year) is working towards making the Isle of Wight a completely renewable island and part of the wo... [more]

The ecoisland project (which started in the UK last year) is working towards making the Isle of Wight a completely renewable island and part of the work involves storage of energy produced from several renewable sources, in this case water electrolysis is used to produce hydrogen and energy demand is managed using a smart grid (diagram can be found on the following webpage) so that the hydrogen can be used to either power homes or fuel cell vehicles: http://www.eco-island.org/hub/technology/technology/hydrogen

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24 Are there any reaction kinetic models for particles, which combine the chemical reaction (surface) controlled and diffusion controlled case?
By Ariën de Korte · Universiteit Twente

Ingo Leubner · Crystallization Consulting

Arien, I am sorry. At crcpress.com, look under my name. Somehow their system hides my book. I just now found it when I put my name, ‘Leubner, Ingo' ... [more]

Arien, I am sorry. At crcpress.com, look under my name. Somehow their system hides my book. I just now found it when I put my name, ‘Leubner, Ingo' into their search. In previous searches, I found a way to look at the content. When I started the research in crystallization, I looked up the previous literature and found it unhelpful. Mostly, the advice was to adjust / control supersaturation. This was not possible for silver halide precipitation, my product need. We came up with the new model which relates the crystallization results to reactant addition rate, temperature, and crystal solubility, growth restrainers and solubility modifiers. The latter two were not mentioned in the existing science, and can be quantitative experimental variables. All model variables and constants can be (and have been) experimentally determined and controlled. In the book, you will find experimental confirmation for every aspect of the control of precipitation, both batch and continuous processes. My experiments were done in aqueous solution. However, the model is not dependent on a specific precipitation environment, like other solvents (not presented) or gaseous environment. In my consulting career, I have encountered over thirty different precipitations and I could apply my models to each of them, and succeed in understanding and solving problems of my clients.

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6 What is the best book/reference to start studying about Microfluidics?
By Hadi Hezaveh · University of Queensland

Deleted

Introduction to Microfluidics by P. Tableing http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Microfluidics-Patrick-Tabeling/dp/0199588163

Introduction to Microfluidics by P. Tableing http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Microfluidics-Patrick-Tabeling/dp/0199588163

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5 How many plasmids can one use for expressing genes in E.coli?
By John Nduko · Hokkaido University

Jagan Billakanti · Industrial Research Limited

More than one using recent tecnology and new kits

More than one using recent tecnology and new kits

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3 Can you help me about one of the Gerris Flow Solver's examples, "3.3 Atomisation of a pulsed liquid jet"?
By Baha Takma · Bogazici University

Nicholas Guttenberg · University of Oregon

Its strange that you're getting that error with one of the basic cases, and the Gerris mailing lists will hopefully be able to address that. More gen... [more]

Its strange that you're getting that error with one of the basic cases, and the Gerris mailing lists will hopefully be able to address that. More generally though I've seen that happen when there are highly strenuous things in the boundary geometry: features and barriers that are small compared to the mesh refinement scale, mismatch across a periodic boundary, cusps, and the like. It can also happen if the flow is suffering a numerical instability, e.g. because one either forced the timestep to be too large or is using body force terms that can become unstable without limiting the timestep appropriately or because there is some feature-dependent numerical instability that is cropping up (e.g. due to a free surface developing features on the scale of the mesh). I think the last case is the most likely cause in the atomisation example, since its a free surface-based 3D flow with lots of tiny structures. A small change somewhere in the Gerris codebase, even something as simple as changing order of operations and thereby influencing numerical roundoff errors, could change the details of that flow structure and introduce some locally difficult geometry.

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4 What is the Utility of X-Ray Powder Diffraction Studies in Drug Development
By Nikhil Sachan · Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University

Bothiraja Chellam · Sharadchadra Pawar College Of Pharmacy

Normally, PXRD study used for finding the crystalline or amorphous or polymorphous nature of the drug. For example: If pure paracetamol and recrystall... [more]

Normally, PXRD study used for finding the crystalline or amorphous or polymorphous nature of the drug. For example: If pure paracetamol and recrystallized paracetamol gives same high intensity value and same 2 theta value, indicate crystalline nature of both. suppose the recrystallized paracetamol gives same 2 theta value but low intensity value, indicates that the crystallized paracetamol is an amorphous form. however, The recrystallized paracetamol gives same or low intensity but different in 2 theta value, indicates that the recrystallized paracetamol is showing polymorphous nature of paracetamol. Dr C Bothiraja, Pune, India.

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8 How to measure the filtration properties of a LbL membrane on porous alumina membrane?
By Xian Kong · Tsinghua University

Alayande Oluwagbemiga · Obafemi Awolowo University

Try a column

Try a column

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5 Calculation of solubility using predictive or another activity coefficient models?
By Behnaz Asadzadeh · University of Tabriz

Nazish Fatma · Aligarh Muslim University

Margules model can also be used.

Margules model can also be used.

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17 What parameters should one consider for designing a cyclone separator for removing solids from gas?
By Reeshab Goenka · National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli

Christian Hanisch · Technische Universität Braunschweig

Hi, maybe these will help: Zhao, B. Prediction of gas-particle separation efficiency for cyclones: A time-of-flight model (2012) Separation and Pur... [more]

Hi, maybe these will help: Zhao, B. Prediction of gas-particle separation efficiency for cyclones: A time-of-flight model (2012) Separation and Purification Technology, 85, pp. 171-177. School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China Staub, Reinhaltung der Luft Volume 30, Issue 5, May 1970, Pages 187-195 TECHNICAL PRACTICE IN CYCLONE SEPARATOR DESIGN, [AUSLEGUNG VON ZYKLONABSCHEIDERN IN DER TECHNISCHEN PRAXIS] MUSCHELKNAUTZ E Chemical Engineering and Technology Volume 35, Issue 12, December 2012, Pages 2099-2106 Analytical Approach for Calculating the Separation Efficiency of Uniflow Cyclones Muschelknautz, U. MK Engineering, Innsbruck, Austria Filtration and Separation Volume 26, Issue 4, July 1989, Pages 272-274 Cyclone optimisation Iozia, D.L., Leith, D. Univ of North Carolina, United States Have fun, Christian

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43 After PhD what is the best career option - Academics, Research institutions or industries?
By Sathishkumar M. · National University of Singapore

Ashok Wali · SMBT Ayurveda College,Dhamangoan Tal Igatpuri Dist Nashik (MS) Inadia

All things are left with you but according to my opinion you should prefer as acdemician which helps to clear the basic things to students because now... [more]

All things are left with you but according to my opinion you should prefer as acdemician which helps to clear the basic things to students because now a days all are doing reserach, all are industralist but no one think about the basic science. If you are PhD then it is very easy to teach students about basic concepts. Once the student clear the basic concept he may go for further reaseach, then you have proud feel that so many my students are diong well in their life.

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29 In a industrial process, what is the better method of separation of gases such as H2/CO and CO/CO2?
By Hans Castro Salazar · Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

Zakaria Al-Qodah · Al-Balqa' Applied University

The foloowing are two papers and a thesis describing these processes. http://www.chemeng.tsinghua.edu.cn/scholars/yuyx/papers/FPEMCadsorption.pdf http... [more]

The foloowing are two papers and a thesis describing these processes. http://www.chemeng.tsinghua.edu.cn/scholars/yuyx/papers/FPEMCadsorption.pdf http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C08/E3-13-05-01.pdf

TesisOCD.pdf ×

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11 Does anyone know the right solution for biogas cleaning to achieve a fuel for SOFCs?
By Davide Papurello · Politecnico di Torino

Muhammad Kismurtono · Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Davide your have explored about iron oxide and zin oxide so activated carbon too........is so good and I think that your have worked for getting the ... [more]

Davide your have explored about iron oxide and zin oxide so activated carbon too........is so good and I think that your have worked for getting the experience so the last your have became the expert of purification of biogas.Although Naima and Ramani have tested as commercially adsorbents (iron and zinc oxide) are not good and no use for purification of biogas especially for biofuel to heat and electric And I have I have done those experiments as project the waste of industrial to become a energy alternative

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