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04/2002;
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04/2002;
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ABSTRACT: A number of individual metabolites of aromatic compounds were found in the hydrolyzed bile of five English sole (Parophrys vetulus) captured from polluted sites in Puget Sound, Washington. Metabolites of fluorene, dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo-[a]pyrene (BaP) were tentatively identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Identifications of these metabolites were confirmed by comparing their fluorescence excitation/emission and mass spectra to those obtained from metabolites produced after other English sole from a reference site were injected with individual parent aromatic compounds. High concentrations of many of the individual metabolites quantitated (up to 300,000 ng/g) were found in the hydrolyzed bile of sole sampled from polluted sites. None of these metabolites were found in bile of sole sampled from a relatively clean (reference) site in Puget Sound.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 08/1987; 16(5):511-522. · 1.93 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: High concentrations of chemicals have been found in sediments from urban areas of Puget Sound. Hundreds, of organic chemicals (including certain aromatic hydrocarbons [AHs] and various chlorinated compounds) were identified. Statistical methods were used to evaluate possible relationships between the chemistry data and fish diseases. Positive correlations were found between the frequencies of liver neoplasms (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma) and other liver lesions in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and concentrations of AHs in sediment; such correlations were not found with chlorinated hydrocarbons. Strong evidence was also obtained to show that many organic chemicals in sediment are bioavailable to bottom-dwelling fish. Stomach contents (consisting mainly of benthic invertebrates) from English sole had concentrations of a number of AHs similar to those in the sediment from which the fish were taken. In these same fish, metabolites of many aromatic compounds were found in bile using a procedure combining HPLC with fluorescence detection. Further, the concentrations of certain xenobiotic metabolites in bile were correlated positively with the occurrence of liver neoplasms in English sole.
Hydrobiologia 05/1987; 149(1):67-74. · 1.78 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Statistical comparisons were made between the relative mean concentrations of metabolites of aromatic compounds in bile (as estimated by a high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection method) and idiopathic liver lesions in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) from eleven Puget Sound sites. A significant positive correlation was found between prevalences of neoplasms, foci of cellular alteration, megalocytic hepatosis and total hepatic lesions and the concentrations of metabolites of aromatic compounds. These findings provide further evidence of the putative relationship between aromatic compounds and serious idiopathic liver diseases in bottom-dwelling fish.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 12/1985; 15(1):61-67. · 1.93 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The glycerolysis reaction was applied to menhaden, tuna, herring, sardine, and salmon-egg oils. Optimum reaction time for
the preparation of α-monoglycerides was found to vary, reproducibly, from 45 to 60 min., depending on the particular kind
of marine oil employed. The method was suitable for the preparation of kilogram quantities.
A laboratory method for the prepagation of kilogram quantities of highly pure acetylated α-mono-glycerides was developed.
Both the glycerolysis mixtures from marine oils and their acetylated products were light in color and substantially free of
odor.
Thin-layer silicic acid chromatography, as described here, was found suitable for the analysis of acetoglycerides from marine
oils. The work indicated that the method may have wide use for the separation and identification of other lipid classes as
well.
Journal of Oil & Fat Industries 04/1960; 37(5):214-217. · 1.77 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: 1. Coho salmon exposed to water-borne lead and cadmium accumulated relatively high concentrations of each metal in gills, liver and kidney (primarily the posterior segment).2. Cadmium concentrations in kidney increased for at least a month after termination of exposure; however, concentrations of lead remained about the same.3. Highest concentrations of cadmium in kidney and liver were in cytosolic fractions, where substantial proportions were bound to proteins of 8900 molecular weight. Gills sequestered cadmium in the form of this readily-inducible metal-binding protein.4. No specific lead-binding protein was identified in cytosolic fractions. This metal was primarily associated with proteins exceeding 55000 mol.wt.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology.
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ABSTRACT: Results of investigations of pollution-related problems in coastal waters near the four major population centers (San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle-Tacoma) of the U.S. West Coast revealed a variety of toxic chemicals in bottom sediments and in selected marine species. Associated with some of the most contaminated of these locations were a number of pathological conditions in bottomfish species.Although the various urban locations have not been investigated to the same degree, different patterns in types of pollution-related problems found in these areas were observed. Certain chemicals (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, DDTs, and copper) were found in high concentrations in samples from specific locations, whereas samples from other locations had substantially lower concentrations. For example, concentrations of DDTs and related compounds were very high in sediments and biota from near Los Angeles; however, concentrations of these chemicals were either markedly lower or below the limits of detection in similar types of samples from the other sites. Conversely, some chemicals, especially certain metals (e.g. cadmium and lead) were found in similar concentrations in samples from some urban and nonurban sites.A variety of pollution-associated pathological conditions (e.g. liver lesions or fin erosion) were identified in bottomfish species from San Diego Bay, the Los Angeles area, and from Commencement and Elliott Bays in Puget Sound. Liver lesions, including neoplasms, have been detected in one or more fish species from the Los Angeles area, San Francisco Bay, and several sites in Puget Sound. The extensive studies at 46 sampling sites in Puget Sound have yielded correlative evidence of a relationship between certain liver diseases in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and concentrations of AHs in sediment and metabolites or aromatic compounds in fish bile.High body burdens of toxic chemicals and the presence of pathological conditions have been successfully used as indicators of adverse pollution effects on fish. However, histopathological conditions in fish tend to reflect the effects of chronic, long-term exposures to polluted environments, and provide little indication of acute effects which may be occurring. Therefore, more extensive use of bioassays to evaluate the short-term lethal and sublethal effects of polluted environments is needed.It is generally accepted that the current state-of-the-art in analytical chemistry provides a relatively narrow ‘view’ of the myriad chemicals in the marine environment. Improved and more cost-effective analytical procedures for identifying and quantitating additional toxic contaminants are also needed.
Aquatic Toxicology.
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ABSTRACT: A rapid procedure for the determination of naphthalene and its metabolites in bile of rainbow trout and mice is described. The integrated analytical techniques combine high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet fluorescence detection and plasma desotption/chemical ionization mass spectrometry for identification and quantitation. After separation by reverse-phase liquid chromatography, naphthalene and its metablolites are detected and quantitated by ultraviolet fluoresence spectometry. Identification of two metabolites is confirmed by mass spectometry. A direct insertion probe tip for a conventional chemical ionization mass spectometer was modified to obtain spectra of thermally labile compounds. A spectrum of less than 100 ng of naphthyl glucuronide, a labile glucuronic acid conjugate of 1-naphthol, was obtained with this system.
Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods.
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ABSTRACT: Juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) were force-fed naphthalene, p-cresol, or a mixture of naphthalene and p-cresol in daily doses of 0.3–0.4 mg/kg body weight, for 6 consecutive days. On the 8th day, each fish was force-fed a dose of 12–15 mg/kg of 2,6-dimethyl[14C]naphthalene (DMN). Twenty-four hours later, the fish were killed and 14C-labelled metabolites in the bile were isolated and identified by thin-layer chromatography.Most of the biliary metabolites were recovered as conjugates, principally as glurosides and glucuronides. Analyses of the nonconjugated metabolites and metabolites resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugates provided identification of four metabolites of DMN: 2,6-dimethyl-3-naphthol; 2,6-dimethyl-3,4-naphthoquinone; trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethylnaphthalene (dihydrodiol); and b-methyl-2-naphthalenemethanol (alcohol). Enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucuronides yielded two metabolites: the alcohol, representing metabolism at a methyl substituent, and the dihydrodiol, representing oxidation of an aromatic ring. Exposure to naphthalene and/or p-cresol led to a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the alcohol product and a corresponding increase in the dihydrodiol. This perturbation, which favors the formation of potentially damaging epoxides, may alter the nature of toxicological effects.
Aquatic Toxicology.
