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ABSTRACT: The Versatile Transceiver is a part of the Versatile Link project, which is developing optical link architectures and components for future HL-LHC experiments. While having considerable size and weight constraints, Versatile Transceivers must work under severe environmental conditions. One such environmental parameter is the temperature: the operating temperature range is specified to be from -30 to +60°C. In this contribution we present the results of the temperature characterization of the VTRx transmitter and receiver. Several transmitter candidates from three different manufacturers have been characterized: multi-mode Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers and a single-mode Edge-Emitter Laser. Also both single- and multi-mode receivers have been tested.
Journal of Instrumentation. 01/2013; 8(03):C03007.
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D. Abbaneo,
G. Abbiendi,
M. Abbrescia,
S. Abdullin,
A. Abdulsalam,
B.S. Acharya,
D. Acosta,
J.G. Acosta,
A. Adair,
W. Adam, [......],
M.H. Zoeller,
O. Zorba,
P. Zotto,
W. Zou,
G. Zumerle,
M. Zupan,
A. Zuranski,
R. Zuyeuski,
M. Zvada,
P. Zych
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ABSTRACT: The Higgs boson was postulated nearly five decades ago within the framework of the standard model of particle physics and
has been the subject of numerous searches at accelerators around the world. Its discovery would verify the existence of a
complex scalar field thought to give mass to three of the carriers of the electroweak force—the W+, W–, and Z0 bosons—as well as to the fundamental quarks and leptons. The CMS Collaboration has observed, with a statistical significance
of five standard deviations, a new particle produced in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The
evidence is strongest in the diphoton and four-lepton (electrons and/or muons) final states, which provide the best mass resolution
in the CMS detector. The probability of the observed signal being due to a random fluctuation of the background is about 1
in 3 × 106. The new particle is a boson with spin not equal to 1 and has a mass of about 1.25 giga–electron volts. Although its measured
properties are, within the uncertainties of the present data, consistent with those expected of the Higgs boson, more data
are needed to elucidate the precise nature of the new particle.
Science 12/2012; 338(6114):1569-1575. · 31.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The CMS Pixel detector phase 1 upgrade calls for an optical readout system operating digitally at or above 320 Mb/s. Since the re-use of the existing link components as installed is excluded, we have designed a new Pixel Optohybrid (POH) for use within this system. We report on the design and choice of components as well as their measured performance. In particular, we have studied the impact upon error-free link operation of the way the data are encoded before being transmitted over the link. We have thus demonstrated the feasibility of operating the new POH within the upgraded readout system.
Journal of Instrumentation 01/2012; 7(01):C01113. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The Versatile Link common project is developing optical link architectures and components to be used for readout and control of future HL-LHC experiments. The on-detector opto-electronic module, the Versatile Transceiver (VTRx), is derived from an industry standard module type and is adapted through minimal customization to the requirements dictated by the HL-LHC-specific front-end environment. We present the methods and results of the functional tests carried out on the transceiver components and summarize the development status of the different VTRx variants. Finally we show the results obtained using the packaged VTRx module.
Journal of Instrumentation 01/2012; 7(01):C01094. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The Versatile Link is a bi-directional digital optical data link operating at rates up to 4.8 Gbit/s and featuring radiation-resistant low-power and low-mass front-end components. The system is being developed in multimode or singlemode versions operating at 850 nm or 1310 nm wavelength respectively. It has serial data interfaces and is protocol-agnostic, but is targeted to operate in tandem with the GigaBit Transceiver (GBT) serializer/deserializer chip being designed at CERN. This paper gives an overview of the project status three and a half years after its launch. It describes the challenges encountered and highlights the solutions proposed at the system as well as the component level. It concludes with a positive feasibility assesment and an outlook for future project development directions.
Journal of Instrumentation 01/2012; 7(01):C01075. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Neutron and pion irradiation and annealing data from semiconductor lasers and photodiodes for use in 10 Gb/s datalinks are presented. These components are found to be generally more radiation resistant than their older counterparts. Radiation damage in lasers has been modeled to allow extrapolation of the results obtained to the final application.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 01/2012; · 1.45 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Optical link components used in future particle physics experiments will typically be exposed to intense radiation fields during the lifetime of the experiment and the qualification of these components in terms of radiation tolerance is thus required. We have created a model that describes the degradation of the L-I characteristic of a semiconductor laser undergoing irradiation with the annealing processes taken into account. This model can be used to predict the behaviour of a laser being irradiated with the different particle fluxes at different locations inside a particle physics experiment. The robustness of the model has been checked against the experimental data obtained during high-fluence (in excess of 1015 particles/cm2) neutron and pion irradiation testing in 2009 and 2010.
Journal of Instrumentation 12/2011; 6(12):C12045. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The forthcoming increase in rate of data production and radiation levels, associated with the transition to High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, necessitates a readout link upgrade. Such upgrade is also an opportunity to move to a more efficient network infrastructure through the introduction of new technologies and it is in light of this that we explore the possibility of using a unified optical network architecture based on using Reflective Electroabsorption Modulators at the detector side. We evaluate the performance of the new architecture and investigate the way operating and environmental parameters such as wavelength and temperature affect it.
Journal of Instrumentation 12/2011; 6(12):C12012. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
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ABSTRACT: The Versatile Transceiver (VTRx) will be deployed on detectors that will be operated at the upgraded HL-LHC where the instantaneous luminosity will be increased by a factor of 5–10 with respect to the nominal LHC. All components housed at the front-ends must thus be immune to single-event-upsets (SEUs) to a level compatible with the correct operation of the detector systems. We report the results of SEU testing of the full VTRx in a proton beam-line.
Journal of Instrumentation 11/2011; 6(11):C11026. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The present paper discusses recent advances on a Passive Optical Network inspired Timing-Trigger and Control scheme for the future upgrade of the TTC system installed in the LHC experiments' and more specifically the currently known as TTCex to TTCrx link. The timing PON is implemented with commercially available FPGAs and 1-Gigabit Ethernet PON transceivers and provides a fixed latency gigabit downlink that can carry level-1 trigger accept decisions and commands as well as an upstream link for feedback from the front-end electronics.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 09/2011; · 1.45 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We describe a network architecture for bidirectional transfer of information in the upgraded design of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Special requirements imposed by the application lead to a non-conventional network design compared to commercial telecommunication networks. The main factors driving the design are the highly asymmetric and upstream-intensive traffic and the requirement for low mass, low power and radiation hard front-end components. Following the analysis of the proposed network we focus on the temperature sensitivity of the selected front-end component and its impact on system performance.
Networks and Optical Communications (NOC), 2011 16th European Conference on; 08/2011
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D Gong,
C Liu,
T Liu,
T Huffman,
A Prosser, J Troska,
F Vasey,
A Weidberg,
A Xiang,
J Ye,
L Zhu
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ABSTRACT: This paper presents simulation and experimental studies of optical power penalties on the Versatile Link, a common R&D project on high-speed optical link for SLHC experiments. The 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) link model is examined and conservative link power penalties are predicted. We conduct parameter sensitivity analyses and find that the transmitter characteristics affect the link power penalties most. Power penalty differences of multi-mode and single-mode commerical transceiver modules over different fiber lengths are tested to be within the simulation limits. The optical power budgets are then proposed for different Versatile Link variants.
Journal of Instrumentation 01/2011; 6(01):C01088. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
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ABSTRACT: Optical link components in the SLHC inner detectors are to be exposed to intense radiation fields during operation, and, hence, their qualification in terms of radiation tolerance is required. We have created a model that describes a semiconductor laser undergoing irradiation to enable the extrapolation to full lifetime total fluences from lower fluence radiation tests. This model uses a rate-equation approach with modified gain calculation that takes thermal rollover into account. The model is used to fit experimental data obtained during high-fluence (in excess of 1015 particles/cm2) neutron and pion irradiation tests and evaluate its prediction capability.
Journal of Instrumentation 12/2010; 5(12):C12033. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We investigate the possibility of using a fiber which supports only the fundamental LP01 mode at 850 nm as a mode filter to overcome modal dispersion in standard single-mode fiber links that employ either multitransverse or single-transverse-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. The individual power penalties due to modal noise and modal crosstalk effects in the link are investigated.
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 11/2010; · 2.19 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The present paper discusses recent advances on a Passive Optical Network inspired Timing-Trigger and Control scheme for the upgraded Super Large Hadron Collider. The proposed system targets the replacement of the Timing Trigger and Control system installed in the LHC experiments' counting rooms and more specifically the currently known as TTCex to TTCrx link. The timing PON is implemented with commercially available FPGAs and Ethernet PON transceivers and provides a fixed latency gigabit downlink that can carry level 1 trigger accepts and commands as well as an upstream link for feedback from the front-end electronics.
Real Time Conference (RT), 2010 17th IEEE-NPSS; 06/2010
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L Amaral,
S Dris,
A Gerardin,
T Huffman,
C Issever,
A J Pacheco,
M Jones,
S Kwan,
S -C Lee,
Z Liang, [......],
C Sigaud,
S Silva,
C Soos,
P Stejskal, J Troska,
F Vasey,
P Vichoudis,
T Weidberg,
A Xiang,
J Ye
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ABSTRACT: A common project to develop a bi-directional, radiation tolerant, high speed (4.8 Gb/s) optical link for future high energy physics experiments is described. Due to be completed in 2012, it targets the upgrade programs of detectors installed at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The development of radiation and magnetic field tolerant opto-electronic devices, fibre and connectors is described. Both Single-Mode and Multi-Mode versions of the system operating respectively at 850 nm and 1310 nm wavelength are proposed. First results at component and system level are presented, based mostly on commercially available devices.
Journal of Instrumentation 12/2009; 4(12):P12003. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A Single-Event Upset study has been carried out on p-i-n photodiodes from a range of manufacturers. A total of 22 devices of 11 types from six vendors were exposed to a beam of 63 MeV protons. The angle of incidence of the proton beam was varied between normal and grazing incidence for three data rates (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 Gb/s).
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 09/2009; · 1.45 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A Single-Event Upset study has been carried out on PIN photodiodes from a range of manufacturers. A total of 22 devices of eleven types from six vendors were exposed to a beam of 63 MeV protons. The angle of incidence of the proton beam was varied between normal and grazing incidence for three data-rates (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 Gb/s). We report on the cross-sections measured as well as on the detailed statistics of the interactions that we measured using novel functionalities in a custom-designed Bit Error Rate Tester. We have observed upsets lasting for multiple bit periods and have measured, over a large range of input optical power, a small fraction of errors in which an upset causes a transmitted zero to be detected as a one at the receiver.
Radiation and Its Effects on Components and Systems (RADECS), 2008 European Conference on; 10/2008
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The CMS Collaboration,
S Chatrchyan,
G Hmayakyan,
V Khachatryan,
A M Sirunyan,
W Adam,
T Bauer,
T Bergauer,
H Bergauer,
M Dragicevic, [......],
G Abdullaeva,
A Avezov,
M I Fazylov,
E M Gasanov,
A Khugaev,
Y N Koblik,
M Nishonov,
K Olimov,
A Umaraliev,
B S Yuldashev
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ABSTRACT: The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is described. The detector operates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It was conceived to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at luminosities up to 1034 cm−2 s−1 (1027 cm−2 s−1). At the core of the CMS detector sits a high-magnetic-field and large-bore superconducting solenoid surrounding an all-silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead-tungstate scintillating-crystals electromagnetic calorimeter, and a brass-scintillator sampling hadron calorimeter. The iron yoke of the flux-return is instrumented with four stations of muon detectors covering most of the 4π solid angle. Forward sampling calorimeters extend the pseudorapidity coverage to high values (|η| ≤ 5) assuring very good hermeticity. The overall dimensions of the CMS detector are a length of 21.6 m, a diameter of 14.6 m and a total weight of 12500 t.
Journal of Instrumentation 08/2008; 3(08):S08004. · 1.87 Impact Factor
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W Adam,
T Bergauer,
M Dragicevic,
M Friedl,
R Frühwirth,
S Hänsel,
J Hrubec,
M Krammer,
M Pernicka,
W Waltenberger, [......],
S Korjenevski,
D Miner,
D Orbaker,
L Christofek,
R Hooper,
G Landsberg,
D Nguyen,
M Narain,
T Speer,
K V Tsang
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ABSTRACT: During summer 2006 a fraction of the CMS silicon strip tracker was operated in a comprehensive slice test called the Magnet Test and Cosmic Challenge (MTCC). At the MTCC, cosmic rays detected in the muon chambers were used to trigger the readout of all CMS sub-detectors in the general data acquisition system and in the presence of the 4 T magnetic field produced by the CMS superconducting solenoid. This document describes the operation of the Tracker hardware and software prior, during and after data taking. The performance of the detector as resulting from the MTCC data analysis is also presented.
Journal of Instrumentation 07/2008; 3(07):P07006. · 1.87 Impact Factor
