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ABSTRACT: To develop a rapid and sensitive assay for detecting the common sea food toxins including paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin (PST), tetrodotoxin (TTX) and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning toxin (NST) based on their toxicological character.
Neuroblastoma cells were incubated with the fluorescent dye bis-oxonol, whose distribution across the membrane was potential-dependent. Changes in membrane potential of the cells induced by gonyautoxins (GTX2,3), brevetoxin (BTX) and TTX were observed respectively, using bis-oxonol.
Within 2 - 200 nmol/L of GTX2,3 or 20 - 600 nmol/L of TTX, veratridine-induced depolarization was shown to be inhibited by GTX2,3 or TTX in dose-dependent manner. Within 15 - 400 ng/ml, there was a dose-dependent relationship between the NSP-induced depolarization and toxin concentration.
It was likely to find a rapid, specific, and reliable method with bis-oxonol for detecting GTX2,3, TTX and BTX in sea food.
Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research 01/2013; 42(1):139-42.
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ABSTRACT: To provide more information on the origin of the Ulva prolifera bloom in Qingdao sea area in China from 2007 to 2011, the diversity of green algae growing on the rafts of Porphyra yezoensis on the coast in Jiangsu Province was investigated based on ITS, rbcL and 5S sequences. Eighty-four of green algal samples from various sites and cruises in 2010 and 2011 were collected. According to ITS and rbcL sequences, samples from the rafts of P. yezoensis fell into four clades: Ulva linza-procera-prolifera (LPP) complex, Ulva flexuosa, Blidingia sp. and Urospora spp. However, based on the 5S rDNA, a more resolved DNA marker, only one of the 84 samples belonged to U. prolifera. Combined with the previous reports, it is likely that U. prolifera bloom in Qingdao sea area might consist of more than one origin, and Porphyra cultivation rafts might be one of the causes.
Marine pollution bulletin 08/2012; 64(10):2077-82. · 2.63 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Karenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami ex Oda) Hansen & Moestrup is associated with harmful algal blooms in temperate and subtropical zones of
the world. The hemolytic substances produced by K. mikimotoi are thought to cause mortality in fishes and invertebrates. We evaluated the composition of the hemolytic toxin produced
by K. mikimotoi cultured in the laboratory using thin-layer chromatography. In addition, we evaluated the effect of co-occuring algae (Prorocentrum donghaiense and Alexandrium tamarense) and the cladoceran grazer Moina mongolica on hemolytic toxin production in K. mikimotoi. The hemolytic toxins from K. mikimotoi were a mixture of 2 liposaccharides and 1 lipid. Waterborne clues from P. donghaiense and A. tamarense inhibited the growth of K. mikimotoi but increased the production of hemolytic toxins. Conversely, K. mikimotoi strongly inhibited the growth of caged P. donghaiense and A. tamarense. In addition, the ingestion of K. mikimotoi by M. mongolica induced the production of hemolytic toxins in K. mikimotoi. Taken together, our results suggest that the presence of other microalgae and grazers may be as important as environmental
factors for controlling the production of hemolytic substances. K. mikimotoi secreted allelochemicals other than unstable fatty acids with hemolytic activity. The production of hemolytic toxins in dinoflagellates
was not only dependent on resource availability, but also on the risk of predation. Hemolytic toxins likely play an important
role as chemical deterrents secreted by K. mikimotoi.
Keyword
Karenia mikimotoi
–hemolytic toxin–grazer–
Moina mongolica
Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 05/2012; 29(6):1155-1163. · 0.50 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To investigate the potential threat of K. mikimotoi on human health by analyzing the negative effects of K. mikimotoi extract on three cancer cells, HepG2, HeLa and A549.
Inhibitory effect of K. mikimotoi extract on the proliferation of three cancer cells was observed by MTT assay and the relative amount of GM1 in cancer cell membrane was detected by immunofluorescence method.
The extracts of K. mikimotoi significantly inhibited the proliferation of HeLa, HepG2 and A549 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. HeLa and A549 cells were more sensitive than HepG2 cell to the toxicity of K. mikimotoi extracts. However, there was no evident correlation between the proliferative inhibition and the amount of GM1 in cancer cell membrane.
There was a significant cytotoxicity of K. mikimotoi extracts to mammalian cells, which suggested that their potential threats might be existed to human health. However, the cytotoxic targets of K. mikimotoi extract on cell membrane were complex.
Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research 05/2012; 41(3):405-9.
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ABSTRACT: We investigated the allelopathic properties of Alexandrium tamarense (Laboar) Balech on the growth of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu, Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara et Chihara and Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada in a laboratory experiment. We examined the growth of A. tamarense, C. marina, P. donghaiense and H. Akashiwo in co-cultures and the effect of filtrates from A. tamarense cultures in various growth phases, on the three harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming algae. In co-cultures with A. tamarense, both C. marina and H. akashiwo were dramatically suppressed at high cell densities; in contrast, the growth of P. donghaiense varied in different inoculative ratios of A. tamarense and P. donghaiense. When the ratio was 1:1 (P. donghaiense: A. tamarense), growth of P. donghaiense was inhibited considerably, while the growth of P. donghaiense was almost the same as that of the control when the ratio was 9:1. The growth difference of P. donghaiense, C. marina and H. akashiwo when co-cultured with A. tamarense indicated that the allelopathic effect may be one of the important factors in algal competition and phytoplankton succession
involving A. tamarense. In addition, the filtrate from A. tamarense culture had negative impacts on these three HAB algae, and such inhibition varied with different growth phases of A. tamarense in parallel with reported values of PSP toxin content in Alexandrium cells. This implied that PSP toxin was possibly involved in allelopathy of A. tamarense. However, the rapid decomposition and inactivation of PSP toxin above pH 7 weakened this possibility. Further studies on
the allelochemicals responsible for the allelopathy of A. tamarense need to be carried out in future.
Keywordallelopathy-
Alexandrium tamarense
-PSP
Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 04/2012; 28(4):940-944. · 0.50 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To explore the effects of some membrane lipids on the hemolysis induced by hemolytic toxin from Karenia mikimotoi.
Effects of exogenous membrane lipids such as lecithin, sphingomyelin, L-alpha-phosphatidic acid,cholesterol and gangliosides on the hemolysis induced by the hemolytic toxin were observed. The sensitivities of some erythrocytes from different animals such as rabbit, rat and fish to the hemolytic toxin were evaluated. The total gangliosides in different erythrocytes membrane were detected by colorimetry.
Only gangliosides significantly inhibited the hemolysis of the hemolytic toxin from K. mikimotoi (P <0.05). Hemolytic percentages decreased to 16.05% after 10 min addition of ganglioside, while those of control were 35.65%. The rabbit red blood cell was the most sensitive to the hemolytic toxin. The hemolytic percentages of rabbit erythrocyte were higher than those of rat (P < 0.05) and fish (P < 0.01). The amounts of lipid-bind sialic acid (LBSA) on frozen dried membrane of rabbit were 672.08 microg/g,and were higher than those of rat (585.97 microg/g) (P < 0.05) and that of fish (431.52 microg/g) (P < 0.01).
Exogenous gangliosides could have a potent inhibition on the hemolysis induced by hemolytic toxin from K. mikimotoi. There was a significant correlation between the sensitivities of different erythrocytes to the hemolytic toxin and the amount of ganglioside on different erythrocytes membrane.
Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research 05/2011; 40(3):308-11.
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ABSTRACT: To explore a performance standard for hemolytic toxins in harmful bloom algae.
Using Chattonella marina as hemolytic substances producing organism, methods and conditions were compared and optimized including cell breakage, distillation temperature, blood origin and storage of algal pellets in extraction and activity determination of hemolytic toxins.
The hemolytic activity of C. marina broken by supersonic method was 288.23 HU/L, higher than that by freezing--thawing method (94.89 HU/L), suggesting that supersonic method could be more optimal to break microalgal cells. When the supersonic treatment times were 5, 10, 20 and 30 min, the hemolytic activities were 80.57, 157.45, 288.23 and 279.17 HU/L, respectively, indicating that 20 min of supersonic treatment was suitable. When the distillation temperature were 40, 60 and 80 degrees C, the hemolytic activities were 288.23, 124.97 and 120.68 HU/L, respectively, meaning that high distillation temperature in extraction of hemolytic substances lowed the hemolytic activities of samples. Bloods from various animals such as human, fish, rat and rabbit exhibited different sensitivity to the hemolytic toxins, of which rabbit erythrocyte was the most sensitive. The hemolytic activities to human, fish, rat and rabbit were 244.98, 288.23, 266.35 and 195.47HU/L, respectively. The storage of algal pellets for 3 days at the temperature of 0 degrees C did not reveal a significant loss in hemolytic activity, while significant losses were observed at the temperature of 20 degrees C or -20 degrees C only after one day.
Supersonic method could be more optimal to break cell in comparison with freeze-thaw method. Optimal conditions for broken algal cells by supersonic method were 200 W for 20 min at the temperature of 4 degrees C. The distillation temperature in extraction of hemolytic substances should be maintained under the temperature of 40 degrees C. The rabbit erythrocyte could be the most optimal blood to detect hemolytic activity due to its high sensitivity. The algal pellets could be kept at the temperature of 0 degrees C for 3 days before determination of activity.
Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research 11/2009; 38(6):653-6.
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ABSTRACT: Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins could be neuromuscular paralysis agents, which could blocke the voltage-gated sodium channels, and then could cause holdback in nervous system transmission. Some bivalves could be tolerant of PSP toxins. The resistance mechanisms might be related to metabolism, biotransformation and the mutation of voltage-gated sodium channels, etc., in which the mutation of sodium channels might be the most important molecular mechanism of the resistance mechanism of bivalves.
Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research 05/2008; 37(3):377-80.
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ABSTRACT: The effects of the long-term intake of yttrium on trace elements in tissues and yttrium in brain of F1 generation mice were studied so as to elucidate some physiological function of the rare earths. The mice were fed with Y3+ (0, 23.25 mg/L, 2325.00 mg/L) dissolved water at different levels for seven months. The level of trace elements such as Cu, Cd, Pb and Y in brain and Se in brain, liver, spleen and kidney of F1 generation mice were measured by ICP-MS and atom fluorescent method. The results showed that, compared with control mice, significant changes in content of Se (P < 0.05) in spleen and Y (P < 0.05) in brain were observed, but no changes were found in content of Pb, Cd, and Cu in brain for the high dose group, and an increase was detected in content of Se(P < 0.05) in spleen for the low dose group, suggesting that long-term intake of Y3+ might enhance the absorption of Se in some tissue that might be one of the biological effect of rare earth and, Y3+ might enter young mammalian brain.
Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research 09/2003; 32(5):427-9.
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ABSTRACT: The paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxicity levels of shellfish collected from shellfish growing zones in Zhoushan areas of East China Sea and Shenzhen areas of South China Sea during January-November 2002 were determined with AOAC bioassay method. The results showed that the toxicity levels of shellfish from Zhoushan were very low, and few shellfish samples could be detected the PSP toxicities. The same levels appeared in the shellfish from Shenzhen, but the percentage of shellfish samples contaminated PSP was up to 30%, and the scallop Chalmys nobilis was dominated in the contaminated shellfish species. Analyses on the toxic profiles of digest gland and edible tissue extraction of scallop from Shenzhen showed that a similar suite of toxins presented in the gland and edible tissues. The high potency neoSTX and low potency GTX5 had a high proportions, up to 60.8% and 11.4%, respectively in the tissue, and the high potency GTX1 + 2 and GTX5 were the dominant toxins, up to 38.9% and 20%, respectively in the gland. Most of the toxin were accumulated in ingested gland of scallop, and the toxic content in gland was about 8 folds more than that in the edible tissues.
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 08/2003; 14(7):1156-60.
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ABSTRACT: Different densities of red tide organism, Phaeocystis globosa (ST strain) were exposed to different concentrations of chlorine dioxide. The results showed that chlorine dioxide could effectively kill and control the algae. When the algae, in the density of 2.35 x 10(9) cells.L-1, was exposured to ClO2 above 0.74 x 10(-2) mmol.L-1, it was inhibited, and eliminated under ClO2 concentration above 2.96 x 10(-2) mmol.L-1. When the density of algae was 2.35 x 10(9), 1.18 x 10(9), 4.70 x 10(8) and 1.18 x 10(8) cells.L-1, the concentration of chlorine dioxide which could kill the algae efficiently in 96 h was 2.96 x 10-2, 2.22 x 10-2, 1.48 x 10-2 and 0.59 x 10-2 mmol.L-1, respectively. Under the same rate of inhibition or elimination, the higher the density of algae was, the lower the concentration of chlorine dioxide was to effectively control the growth of algae cell, ClO2 could be considered as a potential algaecide to control red tide.
Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology / Zhongguo sheng tai xue xue hui, Zhongguo ke xue yuan Shenyang ying yong sheng tai yan jiu suo zhu ban 08/2003; 14(7):1173-6.
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ABSTRACT: In order to study the toxic effect of STX on mouse's blood with time lapse, STX from Aphanizomenon flosaquae was collected and the effect of toxins on physiological parameters of blood was measured by analyzing changes in cells and components in blood. Results showed that the blood parameters in mice changed after 0.5, 6, 12 and 24 hours respectively when mice were exposed to 0.5 Mu/ml Saxitoxin (STX). The numbers of red blood cell, Hemoglobin and platelet had little changed, while the number of white cells showed evident change, especially within 30 minutes. The more time extended, the less change of white cells had, namely, the effect of STX on some blood physiological parameters in mice became weaker with time spent. After 24 hours, almost all the blood physiological parameters in mice recovered to the normal level. Therefore, it can be concluded that both of STX and acid had toxic effects on blood of mice. When STX (0.5 Mu/ml, at pH5.3) were injected into blood, STX had the toxic effect within 12 hours, and after that, acid had.
Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research 06/2003; 32(3):195-7.
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ABSTRACT: In order to explore the potential of graphene (G) in removal of hazardous chemicals in waste water, chemically reduced graphene oxide was employed as the adsorbent and the adsorption characteristics of graphene toward acrylonitrile (AN), p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TA), 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (1-NA) and methyl blue (MB) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the organic chemicals with larger molecule size and more benzene rings possessed a higher adsorption speed and a higher maximum adsorption capacity on G. The maximum adsorption capacities of p-TA, 1-NA and MB on G are ∼1.43 g/g G, ∼1.46 g/g G and ∼1.52 g/g G at 30 °C, respectively, which are the highest values of p-TA, 1-NA or MB adsorption on different kinds of today's nanomaterials. Under the maximum adsorption capacity, the absorption quantity of MB on G was dependent on the initial concentration of MB, and higher temperature could facilitate the adsorption process. The G efficiency remains almost constant during the first five cycles of the adsorption–desorption process. In addition, the fluorescence spectra implied that the adsorption of MB on G was a π–π stacking adsorption process. In conclusion, the G could serve as a promising adsorbent for the removal of chemicals containing benzene rings in waste water.Graphical abstractThe maximum adsorption capacity of methyl blue (MB) on graphene (G) is ∼1.52 g/g G at 30 °C, which are the highest values of MB adsorption on different kinds of today's nanomaterials. The absorption quantity of MB on G was dependent on the initial concentration of MB, the negative ΔG° indicated that the adsorption was a spontaneous process and higher temperature could facilitate the adsorption process. The fluorescence spectra implied that the adsorption of MB on G was a π–π stacking adsorption process.Highlights► The maximum adsorption capacity of methyl blue (MB) on graphene (G) is ∼1.52 g/g G. ► The negative ΔG° indicated that the adsorption was a spontaneous process. ► The adsorption of MB on G was a π–π stacking adsorption process.
Chemical Engineering Journal. 173(1):144-149.
