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ABSTRACT: The primary claimed benefits of aspect-oriented programming (AOP) are that it improves the understandability and maintainability of software applications by modularizing crosscutting concerns. Before there is widespread adoption of AOP, developers need further evidence of the actual benefits as well as costs. Applying AOP techniques to refactor legacy applications is one way to evaluate costs and benefits. We replace crosscutting concerns with aspects in three industrial applications to examine the effects on qualities that affect the maintainability of the applications. We study several revisions of each application, identifying crosscutting concerns in the initial revision and also crosscutting concerns that are added in later revisions. Aspect-oriented refactoring reduced code size and improved both change locality and concern diffusion. Costs include the effort required for application refactoring and aspect creation, as well as a decrease in performance.
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 03/2012; · 1.98 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Cation vacancy-induced d0 room temperature ferromagnetism was observed in nonmagnetic potassium (K) doped ZnO nanowires (NWs) synthesized within the pores of the anodic aluminum oxide template. The ferromagnetic signature was found to be significantly enhanced in the K-doped ZnO NWs with respect to the pristine ZnO NWs. The photoluminescence studies clearly indicated the presence of a large concentration of zinc vacancies in the K-doped ZnO NWs. An interesting correlation between the saturation magnetization and green luminescence intensity with the increase of K-doping has suggested that the magnetic moment originates due to Zn vacancy defects. It is expected that the incorporation of K-related defects at the Zn site might promote the formation of zinc vacancies in the system and introduce holes to stabilize the hole-mediated room-temperature ferromagnetism. For the doped ZnO NWs the ferromagnetic response was found to be a maximum at an optimum K-concentration of 4 at. %. This study demonstrates that the ferromagnetism in ZnO can be tuned by controlling the cation vacancy-defects with the proper dopant in the host semiconductors.
Journal of Applied Physics 06/2011; 109(12):123927-123927-6. · 2.17 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: White meat basically comprises of poultry products. Due to its health hazard many people are shunning away from red meat. The primary source of white meat is poultry farming where the practice of raising fowls, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks etc is carried out.. The entire requirement of white meat and eggs mostly come from these poultry products. The primary threat to poultry farming is avian influenza. This disease being highly contagious causes a huge loss both in terms of money and business property. Furthermore, human beings suffer a high chance of being infected by this disease. In this paper we have presented a novel scheme for recognition of bird flu using RFID at a very early stage so that its spread can be controlled quickly.
Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing (ARTCom), 2010 International Conference on; 11/2010
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ABSTRACT: Transition metal (TM) Co doped SnO <sub>2</sub> dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) in both nano- and bulk state are prepared by solvothermal and mechanosyhtesis route, respectively. Contraction in unit cell volume of tetragonal rutile SnO <sub>2</sub> after Co doping and redshift in energy band gap compared to that of undoped SnO <sub>2</sub> ensures the incorporation of smaller Co <sup>2+</sup> ions replacing larger host cations Sn <sup>4+</sup> . Vibrating sample magnetometer measurements show that paramagnetism is the intrinsic magnetic property in single-phase Sn <sub>1- x </sub> Co <sub> x </sub> O whereas non-DMS related ferromagnetism is associated only with the corresponding nanostructures. Paramagnetism is also confirmed by thermal dependence of magnetization M (T) and magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurement in between 80≤ T ≤350 K .
Journal of Applied Physics 07/2010; · 2.17 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Navigating through unknown outdoor environments requires a robot to be able to see and model the far field terrain. In recent years this problem of seeing beyond reliable stereo readings into the far field has gained attention. Many proposed solutions involve using near field obstacle and ground plane regions labeled using stereo, to learn models which classify far field image regions. In this work we offer an alternative which exploits coherent image regions as determined by image segmentation to propagate obstacle and ground labels from the near and mid field to the image far field. Rather than relying on local features to classify individual pixels we model and compare appearance across the whole segment. New labels are determined by proximity in both image space and appearance space. Since both traversable and non-traversable surfaces can vary in appearance across the image, our approach has the advantage that each labeled segment acts as a distinct appearance model, which allows us to label similar neighbours. We evaluate our system using a publicly available dataset and compare its performance to a typical learning-based near-to-far labeling scheme.
Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2010 IEEE International Conference on; 06/2010
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ABSTRACT: Pipelined processor cores are conventionally designed to accommodate the critical paths in the critical pipeline stage(s) in a single clock cycle, to ensure correctness. Such conservative design is wasteful in many cases since critical paths are rarely exercised. Thus, configuring the pipeline to operate correctly for rarely used critical paths targets the uncommon case instead of optimizing for the common case. In this study, we describe Trifecta-an architectural technique that completes common-case, subcritical path operations in a single cycle but uses two cycles when the critical path is exercised. This increases slack for both single-and two-cycle operations and offers a unique advantage under process variation. In contrast with existing mechanisms that trade power or performance for yield, Trifecta improves the yield while preserving performance and power. We applied this technique to the critical pipeline stages of a superscalar out-of-order (OoO) and a single issue in-order processor, namely instruction issue and execute, respectively. Our experiments show that the rare two-cycle operations result in a small decrease (5% for integer and 2% for floating-point benchmarks of SPEC2000) in instructions per cycle. However, the increased delay slack causes an improvement in yield-adjusted-throughput by 20% (12.7%) for an in-order (InO) processor configuration.
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 02/2010; · 1.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Abstract— The petrographic and chemical characteristics of a fresh Indian meteorite fall at Sabrum are described. Its mean mineral composition is defined by olivine (Fa31.4), orthopyroxene (Fs25.1,Wo2.0), clinopyroxene (Wo45En45.6Fs9.4) and plagioclase (An10.6Ab83.6Or5.8). The meteorite shows moderate shock features, which indicate that it belongs to the S4 category. Based on mineralogical and chemical criteria the meteorite is classified as an LL6 brecciated veined chondrite. Several cosmogenic radioisotopes (46Sc, 7Be, 54Mn, 22Na and 26Al), noble gas (He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe), nitrogen isotopes, and particle tracks density have been measured. Concentrations of cosmogenic 21Ne and 38Ar indicate that its cosmic-ray exposure age is 24.8 Ma. Small amounts of trapped Kr and Xe, consistent with petrologic class 5/6, are present. The track density in olivines is found to be (1.3 ± 0.3) × 106/cm2. Activities of most of the short-lived isotopes are lower than those expected from solar cycle variation. 22Na/26Al (1.12 ± 0.02) is found to be significantly anomalous, being ˜25% lower than expected from the Climax neutron monitor data. These results indicate that the cosmic-ray flux during the terminal segment of the meteoroid orbit was low. The activities of 26Al and 60Co and the track density indicate small meteoroid size with a radius ˜15 cm.
Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 01/2010; 37(3):439 - 448.
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ABSTRACT: Segmentation, or partitioning images into internally homogeneous regions, is an important first step in many computer vision tasks. In this paper, we attack the segmentation problem using an ensemble of low cost image segmentations. These segmentations are reconciled by applying recent techniques from the consensus clustering literature which exploit a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) framework. We describe extensions to these methods that scale them for large images and also incorporate smoothness constraints. This framework allows us to uniformly and easily combine segmentations from different algorithms or feature modalities. We then demonstrate that popular bottom up image segmentation algorithms, Mean shift and efficient graph based segmentation, perform no better than our simple combination of multiple image segmentations derived from k-means clustering (of various feature spaces) or from ¿naive¿ RGB quantizations. The algorithms are evaluated on the Berkeley image segmentation dataset.
Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), 2009 Workshop on; 01/2010
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ABSTRACT: Service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA) has been used to conduct projects of varying scope in multiple industries worldwide for the past five years. We report on the usage and structure of the method used to effectively analyze, design, implement, and deploy service-oriented architecture (SOA) projects as part of a fractal model of software development. We also assert that the construct of a service and service modeling, although introduced by SOA, is a software engineering best practice for which an SOA method aids both SOA usage and adoption. In this paper we present the latest updates to this method and share some of the lessons learned. The SOMA method incorporates the key aspects of overall SOA solution design and delivery and is integrated with existing software development methods through a set of placeholders for key activity areas, forming what we call solution templates. We also present a fractal model of software development that can enable the SOMA method to evolve in an approach that goes beyond the iterative and incremental and instead leverages method components and patterns in a recursive, self-similar manner opportunistically at points of variability in the life cycle.
Ibm Systems Journal 02/2008; · 1.29 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The current approach to the design, maintenance, and governance of service-oriented architecture (SOA) solutions has focused primarily on flow-driven assembly and orchestration of reusable service components. The practical application of this approach in creating industry solutions has been limited, because flow-driven assembly and orchestration models are too rigid and static to accommodate complex, real-world business processes. Furthermore, the approach assumes a rich, easily configured library of reusable service components when in fact the development, maintenance, and governance of these libraries is difficult. An alternative approach pioneered by the IBM Research Division, model-driven business transformation (MDBT), uses a model-driven software synthesis technology to automatically generate production-quality business service components from high-level business process models. In this paper, we present the business entity life cycle analysis (BELA) technique for MDBT-based SOA solution realization and its integration into service-oriented modeling and architecture (SOMA), the end-to-end method from IBM for SOA application and solution development. BELA shifts the process-modeling paradigm from one that is centered on activities to one that is centered on entities. BELA teams process subject-matter experts with IT and data architects to identify and specify business entities and decompose business processes. Supporting synthesis tools then automatically generate the interacting business entity service components and their associated data stores and service interface definitions. We use a large-scale project as an example demonstrating the benefits of this innovation, which include an estimated 40 percent project cost reduction and an estimated 20 percent reduction in cycle time when compared with conventional SOA approaches.
Ibm Systems Journal 02/2008; · 1.29 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: High altitude clouds such as Cirrus have a substantial impact on the global radiation budget and their climatic impact depends on their micro-structure. Clouds composed of small crystals with effective radii less than 16 µm have a cooling effect, whilst clouds made up of larger crystals have a warming effect (Lynch et al., 2002; p 397). The success of cirrus microphysical modelling depends largely on the right choice of microphysical parameters and the diffusivity of water vapour (Dv) is one such crucial parameter. In this study we have explored the sensitivity of cirrus microphysics to the specification of Dv in large eddy model (LEM) simulations of cirrus case studies. We analysed important processes where vapour diffusion plays a role in the evolving microphysics. Cirrus clouds form at high altitudes where the molecular mean free path and hence Dv is significantly larger than the ground level value. To date some LEMs (e.g. the UK Met Office LEM) do not consider the height-dependence of the diffusivity of water vapour. Although this may not pose much of a problem for warm clouds formed in the lower boundary layer, for high altitude cirrus clouds, using ground level values could affect the microphysical development. In this study we have shown that crystal growth rates, the ice water mixing ratios, crystal number concentrations, auto-conversion rates of ice particles to form aggregates, the deposition rates of water vapour on aggregates, and the long-wave radiative cooling rates depend sensitively on the choice of the diffusivity of water vapour. The most widely used empirical formulation on the height-dependence of the diffusion coefficient is that described by Pruppacher and Klett (1997) and is valid over a temperature regime between − 40 °C and 40 °C. Since many cirrus clouds form at temperatures colder than − 40 °C, it becomes imperative to use sophisticated formulations for an accurate prescription of Dv for cirrus studies. In this first LEM study we have used a Lennard-Jones (L-J) model to estimate Dv and applied it to two cirrus case studies. This formulation is accurate and valid over cirrus forming altitudes and is effective even when temperatures are colder than − 40 °C. First, we have shown that the L-J model can be easily adapted within LEMs to study cirrus clouds and thence we examined the resulting microphysics through simulations with and without the L-J update. We observed that the overall microphysical development was sensitive to the choice of the diffusion coefficient of water vapour. We believe that this study will aid cirrus modellers worldwide who are often constrained by the availability of microphysical observational data. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 09/2007; 133(628):1731 - 1741. · 2.91 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Bullae are common accompaniments of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease especially emphysema. They contribute to increased lung volume and worsen the mechanical disadvantage of the inspiratory muscles by increasing the residual volume (RV) and RV/total lung capacity ratio. Thus effective decompression of a large bulla or bullae is thus important to improve the lung function of affected patients and also to provide symptomatic relief. Surgery and thoracoscopy are two commonly performed procedures used to treat bullae. Although bronchoscopic lung volume reduction has been successfully accomplished for emphysema, isolated decompression of bullae bronchoscopically has not been tried to date. A large emphysematous bulla in the left lower lobe of a surgically unfit patient was bronchoscopically punctured with a transbronchial aspiration needle; the position of the needle inside the bulla was confirmed and the air from the bulla was aspirated slowly to allow collapse. Finally, some autologous blood was instilled into the bulla before the needle was withdrawn. The patient had immediate and sustained symptomatic relief with significant improvement in lung function. Bronchoscopic transbronchial decompression of emphysematous bullae can be an effective therapeutic option and warrants further investigation.
European Respiratory Journal 06/2007; 29(5):1003-6. · 5.89 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Theoretically the acoustic second harmonic generation is studied in transversely magnetised piezoelectric semiconductors in the presence of an electrostatic field parallel to the direction of wave propagation. In this paper, the effect of nonlinearity in electron effective mass and collision frequency due to heating of the carriers on the second harmonic power flux is studied. It is shown analytically that this nonlinearity arising from the electric field associated with the fundamental mode increases the power flux of the second harmonic. A numerical estimation are made for n-InSb at 77 K.In einem elektrostatischen Feld, parallel zur Richtung der Wellenausbreitung wird in transversal magnetisierten piezoelektrischen Halbleitern die akustische Generation der zweiten Harmonischen theoretisch untersucht. Der Einfluß der Nichtlinearität der effektiven Elektronenmasse und der Stoßfrequenz durch die Ladungsträgeraufheizung auf den Leistungsfluß der zweiten Harmonischen wird untersucht. Analytisch wird gezeigt, daß diese Nichtlinearität, die infolge des mit der Fundamentalmode verknüpften Feldes auftritt, den Leistungsfluß der zweiten Harmonischen erhöht. Numerische Berechnungen werden für n-InSb bei 77 K durchgeführt.
physica status solidi (b) 02/2006; 168(2):565 - 570. · 1.32 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The acoustic second harmonic generation in transversely magnetised nondegenerate piezoelectric semiconductors in the presence of an electrostatic field in the direction of the wave propagation is studied theoretically. Even in trap-free semiconductors the electrostatic field and the carrier concentration inside the sample are taken as nonuniform. It is found that the relative flux of second harmonic gets enhanced due to this nonuniformity; whereas application of magnetostatic field reduces it. Numerical estimations are made for n-CdS at room temperature.Die Erzeugung zweiter akustischer Harmonischer in transversal magnetisierten nichtentarteten piezo-elektrischen Halbleitern in Gegenwart eines elektrischen Feldes in Richtung der Wellenausbreitung wird theoretisch untersucht. Selbst für störstellenfreie Halbleiter werden elektrostatisches Feld und Trägerkonzentration als ungleichförmig angenommen. Es wird gefunden, daß die relative Intensität der zweiten Harmonischen infolge dieser Ungleichförmigkeit erhöht, durch das magnetische Feld vermindert wird. Numerische Abschätzungen werden gemacht für n-CdS bei Zimmertemperatur.
physica status solidi (b) 02/2006; 161(1):319 - 327. · 1.32 Impact Factor
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physica status solidi (b) 02/2006; 167(1):K79 - K82. · 1.32 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: An analytical investigation is made of the stimulated Brillouin Scattering of a plane polarized intense electromagnetic wave propagating parallel to the applied magnetic field in a n-type semiconducting plasma with high dielectric constant. The general dispersion relation is obtained and solved for both, the cases of scattered electromagnetic waves (i.e. in the case of left hand and right hand circularly polarized waves) to study the threshold condition and the growth rate of the unstable Brillouin mode at a pump amplitude well above the threshold. It is found that the threshold pump amplitude is independent of applied magnetic field and is the same for both types of polarization. The growth rate of the unstable Brillouin mode has linear dependence on the magnetic field. Numerical estimations are made for n-BaTiO3irradiated with a pulsed 10.6 μm CO2 laser to obtain the necessary electric field.In cinem n-leitenden Halbleiterplasma mit hoher Dielektrizittskonstante wird die stimulierte Brillouinstreuung einer intensiven linear-polarisierten elektromagnetischen Welle untersucht, die sich parallel zum angelegten Magnetfeld ausbreitet. Die allgemeine Dispersionsbeziehung wird erhalten und sowohl für den Fall gestreuter elektromagnetischer Wellen (d. h. für den Fall von links- und rechtszirkular polarisierter Wellen) für die Untersuchung der Schwellbedingung als auch für die Wachstumsrate der instabilen Brillouinmode bei einer Pumpamplitude weit oberhalb der Schwelle gelöst. Es wird gefunden, daß die Schwellenpumpamplitude unabhngig vom Magnetfeld und für beide Polarisationstypen dieselbe ist. Die Wachstumsrate der instabilen Brillouinmode besitzt eine lineare Abhngigkeit vom Magnetfeld. Numerische Berechnungen werden für n-BaTiO3 durchgeführt, das mit einem gepulsten 10.6 μ-CO2-Laser bestrahlt wird, um das notwendige elektrische Feld zu erhalten.
physica status solidi (b) 02/2006; 172(2):709 - 718. · 1.32 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Considering that the origin of nonlinear interaction lies in the second order optical susceptibility arising from the nonlinear induced current density and using the coupled mode theory, an analytical investigation of scattering of laser by acoustic wave and the consequent amplification of scattered modes and acoustic wave is carried out in a transversely magnetised semiconductor of noncentrosymmetric nature. The influence of carrier density is also considered. The threshold value of the pump electric field is obtained. Eoth is found to decrease with increasing magnetic field and decreasing scattering angle. The steady state growth rates for piezoelectric (gp) and deformation potential (gd) scattering and both (gb) ones are also obtained. The numerical estimations are made for n-InSb crystals at 77 K. The gain constants are found to be higher in the presence of a strong magnetic field when the cyclotron frequency is near to the pump frequency. The doping level is also found to have a significant influence on the gain constant.Für einen transversal magnetisierten, nichtzentrosymmetrischen Halbleiter wird die Laserstreuung durch akustische Wellen und die folgende Verstärkung der Streumoden und akustischen Wellen analytisch untersucht, wobei berücksichtigt wird, daß die Ursache der nichtlinearen Wechselwirkung die optische Suszeptibilität zweiter Ordnung ist, die von der nichtlinearen induzierten Stromdichte herrührt, und die Theorie der gekoppelten Moden benutzt wird. Der Einfluß der Stromdichte wird ebenfalls berücksichtigt. Der Schwellenwert des elektrischen Pumpfeldes wird erhalten. Es wird gefunden, daß Eoth mit zunehmendem Magnetfeld und abnehmendem Streuwinkel abnimmt. Die stationären Wachstumsraten für piezoelektrische (gp)- und Deformationspotential (gd)-Streuung sowie für beides (gb) wurden ebenfals erhalten. Die numerischen Berechnungen werden für n-InSb-Kristalle bei 77 K durchgeführt. Es wird gefunden, daß die Verstärkungskonstanten im starken Magnetfeld, wenn die Zyklotronfrequenz in der Nähe der Pumpfrequenz liegt, höher ist. Es wird ebenfalls gefunden, daß das Dotierungsniveau einen beträchtlichen Einfluß auf die Verstärkungskonstante hat.
physica status solidi (b) 02/2006; 167(1):363 - 372. · 1.32 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A theory of the amplification of an acoustic wave in a high resistivity piezoelectric semiconductor in the presence of a longitudinal dc electric field and a transverse magnetostatic field is developed. The static electric field intensity and the carrier concentration inside the semiconductor are taken as nonuniform even in trap-free samples. This assumption used in the theory modifies the results obtained by the earlier theories considerably. It is also shown that this nonuniformity can explain the experimentally found asymmetric attenuation characteristic curves. Numerical estimations are made for n-CdS at 300 K. It is found that a weak magnetic field does not have any remarkable effect on amplification, but a higher magnetic field sharply reduces the gain.Es wird eine Theorie für die Verstärkung einer Schallwelle in einem piezoelektrischen Halbleiter hohen Widerstands in Gegenwart eines longitudinalen elektrischen und eines transversalen magnetischen Felds entwickelt. Das statische elektrische Feld und die Trägerkonzentration wird, auch in störstellenfreien Proben, nicht als homogen vorausgesetzt; dadurch werden die Ergebnisse früherer Theorien erheblich modifiziert. Es wird gezeigt, daß dies Inhomogenität die experimen tell gefundenen asymmetrischen Charakteristiken erklären kann. Numerische Rechnungen werden durchgeführt für CdS bei 300 K. Es zeigt sich, daß schwache Magnetfelder wenig Einfluß auf die Verstärkung haben, aber höhere Felder den Gewinn scharf reduzieren.
physica status solidi (b) 02/2006; 157(1):159 - 166. · 1.32 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Assuming that the origin of the nonlinear interaction lies in the second-order optical susceptibility χ(2) arising from the nonlinear induced current density, and using the straightforward coupled mode theory, the parametric amplification is analytically investigated in a magnetised piezoelectric semiconducting plasma. The threshold value of the pump electric field Eoth and the corresponding excitation intensities are obtained. Eoth is found to decrease with rising magnetic field. The investigation also reveals that the phenomena of self-focusing and self-defocusing can be enhanced in these crystals. The parametric gain constant is obtained. Numerical estimations are made for an n-InSb crystal, at 77 K duly irradiated by frequency doubled pulsed 10.6 μm CO2 lasers. It is found that the presence of a magnetostatic field enhances the gain constant.Unter der Annahme, daß die nichtlineare Wechselwirkung durch die optische Suszeptibilität 2. Ordnung verursacht wird, wird unter Verwendung der Theorie gekoppelter Moolen die parametrische Verstärkung im Plasma eines magnetisierten piezoelektrischen Halbleiters untersucht. Der Schwellenwert des elektrischen Pumpfeldes Eoth und die zugehörige Anregungsenergic werden bestimmt. Es zeigt sich, daß Eoth mit steigendem Magnetfeld sinkt und daß Selbst-Fokussierung und Selbst-Defokussierung in diesen Kristallen verstärkt werden kann. Die parametrische Verstärkungs-Konstante wird bestimmt. Numerische Abschätzungen werden durch-geführt für einen n-InSb-Kristall, der bei 77 K durch frequenzverdoppelte gepulste 10,6 μm CO2-Laser bestrahlt wird. Man findet Erhöhung der Verstärkung durch ein magnetostatisches Feld.
physica status solidi (b) 02/2006; 152(2):691 - 700. · 1.32 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Amplitude modulation as well as demodulation of an electromagnetic wave in a transversely magnetised semiconducting plasma having both, piezoelectric and deformation potential couplings are studied in different wave number regions over a wide range of electron cyclotron frequency. A numerical estimation is made for n-InSb crystal at 77 K.Amplitudenmodulation und -demodulation einer elektromagnetischen Welle in einem transversal magnetisierten halbleitenden Plasma, das sowohl piezoelektrische als auch Deformationspotential-Kopplung aufweist, wird in verschiedenen Wellenzahlbereichen über einen weiten Bereich der Elek-tronenzyklotronfrequenz untersucht. Eine numerische Rechnung wird für n-InSb-Kristalle bei 77 K durchgeführt.
physica status solidi (a) 02/2006; 85(2):535 - 541. · 1.21 Impact Factor
