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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Hypoxia associated with bronchiolitis is not always easy to assess on clinical grounds alone. The aim of this study was to determine the value of food intake during the previous 24h (bottle and spoon feeding), as a percentage of usual intake (24h FI), as a marker of hypoxia, and to compare its diagnostic value with that of usual clinical signs. METHODS: In this observational, prospective, multicenter study, 18 community pediatricians, enrolled 171 infants, aged from 0 to 6months, with bronchiolitis (rhinorrhea+dyspnea+cough+expiratory sounds). Infants with risk factors (history of prematurity, chronic heart or lung disorders), breast-fed infants, and infants having previously been treated for bronchial disorders were excluded. The 24h FI, subcostal, intercostal, supracostal retractions, nasal flaring, respiratory rate, pauses, cyanosis, rectal temperature and respiratory syncytial virus test results were noted. The highest stable value of transcutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) was recorded. Hypoxia was noted if SpO2 was below 95% and verified. RESULTS: 24h FI greater or equal to 50% was associated with a 96% likelihood of SpO2 greater or equal to 95% [95% CI, 91-99%]. In univariate analysis, 24h FI less than 50% had the highest odds ratio (13.8) for SpO2 less than 95%, compared to other 24h FI values and other clinical signs, as well as providing one of the best compromises between specificity (90%) and sensitivity (60%) for identifying infants with hypoxia. In multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, SpO2 less than 95% was related to the presence of intercostal retractions (OR=9.1 [95% CI, 2.4-33.8%]) and 24h FI less than 50% (OR=10.9 [95% CI, 3.0-39.1%]). Hospitalization (17 infants) was strongly related to younger age, 24h FI and intercostal retractions. CONCLUSION: In practice, the measure of 24h FI may be useful in identifying hypoxia and deserves further study.
Archives de Pédiatrie 04/2013; · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We aimed to assess the independent effect of clinical spectrum, bacterial inoculum size and physician characteristics on the sensitivity of a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for group A streptococcus (GAS) in children. Double throat swabs were collected from 1,482 children with pharyngitis and 294 asymptomatic children in a French prospective, office-based, multicenter (n = 17) study, from October 2009 to May 2011. Patient- and physician-level factors potentially affecting RADT sensitivity were studied by univariate and multivariate multilevel analysis, with laboratory throat culture as the reference test. In children with pharyngitis and asymptomatic children, the prevalence of GAS was 38 % (95 % confidence interval 36-41 %) and 11 % (7-14 %), respectively. Overall, RADT sensitivity was 87 % (84-90 %). On stratified and multivariate multilevel analysis, RADT sensitivity was higher for children with pharyngitis than asymptomatic children (89 % vs. 41 %), children <9 than ≥9 years old (88 % vs. 79 %) and those with heavy than light inoculum (94 % vs. 53 %). RADT sensitivity was influenced by the physician performing the test (range 56-96 %, p = 0.01) and was higher for physicians with hospital-based clinical activity in addition to office-based practice (adjusted odds ratio 3.4 [95 % confidence interval 1.9-6.3], p < 0.001); inter-physician variations in RADT sensitivity were largely explained by this variable (proportional change in variance >99 %). The sensitivity of the RADT is independently affected by patient- and physician-level factors. Physicians who base their diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis on the results of a RADT alone should consider diagnostic accuracy monitoring and adequate training when needed.
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology 01/2013; · 2.86 Impact Factor
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R Cohen,
P Bégué,
P Bakhache,
M-A Dommergues,
V Dufour,
J-M Garnier,
J Gaudelus,
N Guérin,
E Grimprel,
I Hau,
D Pinquier,
P Reinert,
O Romain,
G Thiebault,
F Vie le Sage,
B Virey,
C Weil-Olivier,
C-A Siegrist
Archives de Pédiatrie 12/2012; 19(12):1386-7. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: To assess the acceptability of a vaccine against meningococcus B by pediatricians and GP and to analyze how the vaccine could be implemented in France, InfoVac-France has set up a national survey. METHODS: An email explained the purpose of this study and the practitioners of InfoVac-France network answered an online questionnaire (e-CRF). RESULTS: Of the 6905 pediatricians and GP who saw the mail sent by InfoVac-France between 11 and 24 January, 2012, 1351 (13.5 %) completed the e-CERF : 361 GP (26.7%), 797 pediatricians (59%) and 193 other doctors (14.3%). The majority of practitioners (96.1%) believe that is important to implement a vaccine against meningococcus B in the French immunization schedule. In 80.5% of cases, practitioners do not want to vaccine three times routinely during a single consultation and more than half (53.5%) would prefer to use this vaccine alone. The best schedule of primary vaccination (80.6%) is the injection at 3, 5 and 6months. The arguments considered likely to encourage parents to accept the vaccination would be the incidence of the disease, severity of meningitis (82.1%) and the rapid mortality (82.8%). CONCLUSION: This survey by InfoVac-France shows that the practitioners know the epidemiology of meningococcal B invasive disease in children. They would support the implementation of this vaccine for children under 2years with a primary vaccination at 3, 5 and 6months.
Archives de Pédiatrie 11/2012; · 0.30 Impact Factor
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R Azria,
B Barry,
E Bingen,
J-D Cavallo,
C Chidiac,
M Francois,
E Grimprel,
J-M Polonovski,
E Varon,
A Wollner, R Cohen
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ABSTRACT: The SPILF recommends the use of antibiotherapy for upper respiratory tract infections as follows. Antibiotics MUST NOT BE PRESCRIBED (because of their individual and collective impact) in the following cases: Rhinopharyngitis, even in case of nasal purulent or mucopurulent discharge Pharyngitis with negative RDT or if RDT was not used Congestive otitis in children Seromucosal otitis in children Cases in which IT IS RECOMMENDED to prescribe an antibiotic: Acute purulent otitis media: in children under 2 years of age, in children 2 years of age or more: after re-evaluation at 48-72hours if initial symptoms were mild, or initial antibiotic therapy in case of pyrexia, intense otalgia, or difficulty to understand tasks, in adults Acute adult sinusitis, in the following cases: frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid sinusitis acute maxillary sinusitis, or failure of initial symptomatic treatment, or complications unilateral maxillary sinusitis associated to superior homolateral dental infection Acute sinusitis in children, presenting as: severe acute maxillary or frontal sinusitis symptoms of rhinopharyngitis present for more than 10 days without any sign of improvement, or worsening secondarily Group A streptococcal pharyngitis: with a positive RDT in children 3 years of age or more. Amoxicillin is recommended as first line antibiotic for upper respiratory tract infections The benefit/risk of other antibiotics is less favorable. They may be prescribed in specific cases.
Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 10/2012; · 0.72 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The GPIP/ACTIV (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique and Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne) set up an active surveillance network to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and biological features of meningococcal meningitis.
French pediatric wards working with 166 microbiology laboratories enrolled all children (0-18 years old) with bacterial meningitis. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, vaccination status, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, treatments and case fatality rate were recorded.
Since 2001, 1661 meningococcal meningitis were reported among 3769 (44.1%) bacterial meningitis. Mean age was 4.4- year- old (± 4.8, median 2.5) and 2/3 cases occurred in children under 5- year- old (68.8%). Serogroup B (61.3%) is preponderant following by serogroup C (27.0%). 27.5% of children had received an antibiotic treatment 24 hours before lumbar puncture. A shock is reported in 31.0% of cases. No cases of meningococcal meningitis C has been reported in children vaccinated with a conjugate vaccine. Two children vaccinated with MenBvac(®) vaccine had a meningitis B14:P1.7,16. Global case fatality rate was 6.5% but was higher (9.2%) for serogroup C than for serogroup B (5.9%) (p=0.02).
This is among the largest series of microbiologically documented meningococcal meningitis to date (1661 cases). In France, meningococcal is responsible for approximately 50 % of meningitis. Effective meningococcal serogroup B vaccine and serogroup C vaccination recommendation could control the burden of meningococcal meningitis.
Archives de Pédiatrie 09/2012; 19 Suppl 2:S49-54. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Since 2001 in France, a nasopharyngeal carriage study was set up for children six to 24 months old. Any data are available for older children (25 to 60 months). The aim of this study is to compare the nasopharyngeal carriage in children with acute otitis media (AOM) or healthy between both age groups (6/24 months versus 25/60 months). Moreover, during the study period, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has replaced PCV7 in June 2010.
From October 2010 to June 2011, 58 pediatricians obtained nasopharyngeal swabs from children 6-60 months with acute otitis media (AOM) or healthy controls, to analyse the carriage of pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, group A streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus.
Of the 1557 enrolled children, 1258 were 6 to 24 months old (315 healthy and 943 AOM) and 299 were 25 to 60 months (102 healthy and 197 AOM). More then 85% were PCV7 vaccinated and the children of 25/60 months were rarely PCV13 vaccinated (14.1%) compared to younger children (69.9%, P<0.001). For children 6/24 months, the Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage was higher in AOM group (57.3%) versus healthy (28.9%). By contrast for older children, the difference (58.4% versus 50%) was not significant. In the healthy group, older children carried more often S. pneumoniae than younger children (50% versus 28.9%, P<0.0001). This trend was also observed for H. influenzae carriage (49% versus 18.7%, P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis in the healthy group showed that siblings and day care center (or school) increased the carriage of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.
These data from nasopharyngeal carriage in children 6 to 60 months old showed that pneumococcus and H. influenzae carriage is high for patients under 2 years, especially in the healthy group. Moreover, these data from the transition PCV7/PCV13, will serve as baseline in France to evaluate the impact of PCV13.
Archives de Pédiatrie 08/2012; 19(10):1132-9. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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Archives de Pédiatrie 06/2012; 19(6S1):H182-H185. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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R Cohen,
P Bakhache,
P Bégué,
P Besse,
M-A Dommergues,
V Dufour,
D Floret,
J-M Garnier,
J Gaudelus,
E Grimprel,
N Guérin,
I Hau,
D Pinquier,
P Reinert,
O Romain,
G Thiebault,
F Vié le Sage,
B Virey,
C Weil-Olivier,
C-A Siegrist
Archives de Pédiatrie 10/2011; 18(10):1124-5. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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R Cohen,
V Dufour,
D Floret,
M-A Dommergues,
P Bégué,
P Bakhache,
P Besse,
J-M Garnier,
J Gaudelus,
E Grimprel,
N Guérin,
I Hau,
D Pinquier,
P Reinert,
O Romain,
G Thiebault,
B Virey,
F Vié Le Sage,
C Weil-Olivier,
C-A Siegrist
Archives de Pédiatrie 08/2011; 18(8):932-933. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The choice of antibiotics (ATB) to treat acute otitis media (AOM) has to take into account the level of resistance of bacteria species implicated. The aim of this study was to evaluate in France, ATB resistance of pneumococci and H. influenzae isolated from the nasopharyngeal flora, in children with AOM, vaccinated with 7 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7).
From 2006 to 2010, 66 pediatricians performed nasopharyngeal specimens of children 6 to 24 months with AOM. Demographic characteristics, history, vaccination status and symptoms were reported on a case report form transmitted to ACTIV.
Of the 3,501 children included (mean age 13.5 ± 5 months), over 98% were PCV7 vaccinated and 41.1% were cared in day care center. A total of 47.3% of children had received ATB within 3 months before inclusion (cephalosporins, 22.6% and amoxicillin clavulanate, 19.2%). Pneumococcus and H. influenzae carriage was respectively 57.9% and 48.2%. Pneumococcal strains with reduced susceptibility to penicillin represented 46.3% of cases (3.9% highly resistant strains and 42.4% intermediate resistant strains). Factors that increased the risk of carrying these strains were: day care center (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: [1.2, 1.9]) and two courses or more of ATB before inclusion (OR: 2.6 (95% CI: [2.0, 3.4]). For H. influenzae strains the proportion of ßlactamases+ producing strains was 17.1% and those with reduced susceptibility due to penicillin binding protein changes (BLNAR+ strains+) accounted for 7.7% of cases. Three factors increased the risk of carriage BLNAR+ ßlactamase+ producing strains: age equal or greater than 12 months (OR: 3.5, 95% CI: [1.2, 10.3]), cephalosporin use (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: [1.0, 6.1]) and two courses or more of ATB before inclusion (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: [1.2, 8.0]).
The data in this study (reduction of ßlactamase producing H. influenzae strains and increase of intermediate penicillin pneumococcal strains) should help to change the choice of antibiotics for AOM in children in France, by reducing the role of oral cephalosporins and secondly, by giving frontline amoxicillin ± clavulanic acid.
Archives de Pédiatrie 06/2011; 18(8):926-31. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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C Levy,
F Thollot,
F Corrard,
A Lécuyer,
P Martin,
M Boucherat,
M Koskas,
O Romain,
M Goldrey,
W-P Hausdorff, R Cohen
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ABSTRACT: In US, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) had reduced the burden of AOM and changed the profile of the disease. Prior to PCV7 implementation in France, AOM represented 8% of pediatricians visits and failure rate was 12%. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of AOM after PCV7 implementation.
From 2007 to 2008, 30 pediatricians enrolled 3141 patients 3 to 36 months old with AOM. Standardized history and physical examination findings were recorded. Factors related to AOM failures were identified by multivariate logistic regression.
AOM accounted for 5.8% of the 43 433 visits or 6.2 cases/week per pediatrician. Among 3141 evaluable AOM cases (mean age 16.7±8 months, peak incidence at 10 months), 99% had been vaccinated with PCV7 and 42.1% attended day care (DCC). Recurrent AOM comprised 24.5% of cases and 51% of children had received ATB in the last 3 months. At the time of diagnosis, 47.1% had fever≥38,5°C, 74.5% otalgia and 4.7% otorrhea. Febrile and painful AOM accounted for 29.5% of cases and cunjunctivitis-otitis syndrome for 18.2%. ATB was prescribed in 98.7% of cases (cefpodoxime proxetil, 59% and amoxicillin/clavulanate, 37%). The failure rate was 6.4% and failure risk was greater in children in DCC (OR=1.50, [1.10;2.05]), young age<18 months (OR=1.47, [1.06;2.04]) and history of recurrent AOM (OR=1.45, [1.02;2.06]).
Despite PCV7 implementation, AOM remains a very frequent childhood infection and a major reason for ATB prescriptions.
Archives de Pédiatrie 06/2011; 18(6):712-8. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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A Wollner,
A Lécuyer,
F De La Rocque,
G Sedletzki,
V Derkx,
M Boucherat,
A Elbez,
N Gelbert-Baudino,
C Levy,
F Corrard, R Cohen
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Compliance with antibiotics is essential to ensure treatment efficacy and to prevent the emergence of bacterial resistant stains. In children who take oral form, the palatability and the frequency of administration seem to be factors important to good compliance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This observational study was designed to assess the acceptability of oral antibiotics (including generics) commonly prescribed to children by primary care physicians in France. It was given to 50 pediatricians and 50GPs in private practice. For each patient, the physician and parents completed a questionnaire, and parents filled out a log for each drug intake. RESULTS: Between September 2006 and September 2007, 91 physicians enrolled 2400 children and 1482 patient records are fully assessable. The two factors that improve significantly compliance are administration in two doses by day (OR 2.2 [95% CI 1 6-3]) and acceptability ≥80% (OR 2.6, [95% CI 1.9-3.7]). The acceptability was better for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 65.4% (95% CI [57.6 to 72.4]) than for cefpodoxime 47.1% (95% CI [43.8-50.4]) or cefuroxime axetil 26% (95% [CI 15.9-39.6]). Conversely, cefpodoxime proxetil obtained a better score for compliance 91.8% (95% CI [89.8 to 93.4) as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 84.6% (95%CI 80.8 to 87.8) because of its mode of administration in two doses per day. There is no difference between the amoxicillin clavulanic acid reference product and its generics as a whole, however a large variability exists between generics. If, for antibiotics prescribed in two doses per day, the two administrations by day are roughly equidistant, it is not the same for those prescribed three times a day: indeed, while the doses taken are identical, only four hours separate the first intake of the morning from the second intake in mid-day and more than 12hours between the evening dose from the next morning intake. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the disparity in terms of acceptability among the different antibiotics prescribed for children even for the same drug, warranting evaluation for marketing of future generic drugs pediatric oral suspension. The disparity ranges for drugs three times daily asking consequences pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment for a transition to two doses per day.
Archives de Pédiatrie 03/2011; · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In a 12-month cohort follow-up study of 2435 children vaccinated in 2007 by Statens Serum Institute BCG strain (BCG SSI, 17.8% had an adverse event (AE): erythema 12.4%, induration 12.2%, abscesses 2.5%, ulceration 0.9%, lymphadenitis 0.1%. The factors associated with a lower risk of AE were: age at vaccination <1 year compared to age >1 year (OR=0.35 [0.2-0.6] for age <28 days, 0.29 [0.2-0.42] for age 29 days to 2 months, and 0.53 [0.37-0.74] for age 3-11 months), a visible papule (OR=0.48 [0.36-0.63]), and a low vaccine dose (OR=0.42 [0.31-0.58]). AE to BCG SSI vaccination were frequent but rarely severe.
Vaccine 09/2009; 27(50):6967-73. · 3.77 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To determine whether the use of seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) caused a shift in the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes distribution and whether it modified the resistance to antibiotics, 3291 nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained between 2001 and 2006, from children aged 6-24 months with acute otitis media. Following the implementation of PCV7, we observed a slight reduction in the overall pneumococcal carriage, a marked decrease of vaccine serotypes, an increase in non-vaccine serotypes carriage and a reduction in the carriage of penicillin non-susceptible strains. Most of the serotype 19A replacement was related to the clonal expansion of ST276 which was found to be the predominant ST among penicillin non-susceptible isolates.
Vaccine 06/2009; 28(37):6114-21. · 3.77 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In July 2007, compulsory BCG vaccination for all children was replaced by a strong recommendation to vaccinate children at high risk of tuberculosis (children who live in Ile-de-France [IDF] or Guyana regions, who were born or whose parents were born in tuberculosis endemic countries, with a family history of tuberculosis or living in conditions defined as at risk by the doctor). In the absence of tools to detect an early decrease in vaccine coverage (VC) in this specific group, we conducted a survey with the main objective of measuring BCG VC in high risk children for which BCG is now recommended and who were born after the change in BCG vaccine policy.
Cross-sectional survey performed amongst physicians registered at "Infovac-France", a network of general practitioners and paediatricians particularly aware of recent changes in the field of vaccinations. Each doctor was asked to recruit, during his medical consultation, between six and 12 children aged 2-7 months (born after the end of compulsory BCG vaccination in July 2007) and 8-23 months (born after the withdrawal from the market of the multipuncture form of BCG [Monovax] in January 2006 and before the end of compulsory BCG vaccination in July 2007). Doctors were asked to fill in a structured online questionnaire. Data were standardized and analysed with Stata 9.2.
A total of 2536 children, recruited by 279 general practitioners and paediatricians (6.5% of all contacted doctors), were included. VC in the target group of high risk children for who BCG is still recommended and who were seen by doctors working in a private medical practice was: overall 68%; 58% in children born after the end of compulsory BCG vaccination (68% in IDF, 48% outside IDF); 77% in those born after the withdrawal of Monovax from the market and before the end of compulsory BCG vaccination; 90% in children living in IDF born after the end of compulsory vaccination and considered as particularly at risk of tuberculosis (presence of vaccination criteria other than residing in IDF) and 60% in the same category of children whose sole criteria for vaccination was residing in IDF. Of doctors who worked in a private medical practice: 75% used to perform the BCG vaccination themselves and 58% had recommended or suggested vaccination to children at risk who were not yet vaccinated. Seventy-six percent of parents of children at risk of tuberculosis not yet vaccinated accepted BCG vaccination when recommended by their doctor.
Our survey showed, on the one hand, insufficient VC in children seen in a private medical practice and born after the end of compulsory vaccination for whom BCG is still recommended. This should encourage the Ministry of Health to reinforce its communication concerning this new policy. On the other hand, the survey showed encouraging results concerning both the coverage of children at particularly high risk in IDF and the adherence of doctors and families to the new vaccine policy. These results should be interpreted with caution, taking into account the methodological limitations of this survey.
Archives de Pédiatrie 04/2009; 16(5):489-95. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In France, meningococcal meningitis account for 50% of bacterial meningitis in children. The GPIP/ACTIV (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique and Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne) set up an active surveillance network to analyze the epidemiological, clinical and biological features of meningococcal meningitis.
From 2001 to 2007, 252 French paediatric wards working with 166 microbiology laboratories enrolled all children (0-18 years old) with bacterial meningitis. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, vaccination status, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, treatments and case fatality rate were recorded.
During the period of the study, 1344 meningococcal meningitis were reported among 2951 (45.5%) bacterial meningitis. Mean age was 4.4 years (+/-4.7, median 2.5) and 2/3 cases occurred in children under 5 years (68.5%). Serogroup B (59.1%) was preponderant following by serogroup C (28.9%). 25% of children had received an antibiotic treatment 24hours before lumbar puncture. A shock was reported in 31.3% of cases. Cerebrospinal fluid culture was positive in 73% of cases. All N. meningitidis isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone while 41.6% and 25.7% showed reduced susceptibility to penicillin and amoxicillin respectively. Two cases of meningitis due to isolates of serogroups C and B were reported in two children that were respectively vaccinated using A+C plain saccharide vaccine or two doses of MenBvac vaccine. All patients had received beta-lactamin. Global case fatality rate was 6.6% but was higher (9.9%) for serogroup C than for serogroup B (5.5%) (p=0,007).
This study is among the largest series of microbiologically documented meningococcal meningitis to date (more than 1300 cases). In France, meningococal is responsible for 50 % of meningitis. Effective meningococcal serogroup B vaccine and serogroup C vaccination recommendation could lessen considerably the burden of meningococal meningitis.
Archives de Pédiatrie 01/2009; 15 Suppl 3:S105-10. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Pneumococcal meningitis represents one major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in France. The GPIP/ACTIV (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique and Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne) set up an active surveillance network to analyze the clinical and biological features of pneumococcal meningitis and the impact of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7).
From 2001 to 2007, 252 French pediatric wards working with 168 microbiology laboratories enrolled all children (0-18 years old) with bacterial meningitis. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, vaccination status, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, treatments and case fatality rate were recorded.
Within the 7 years study period, 832 pneumococcal meningitis were reported among 2951 bacterial meningitis. In 2001 as in 2007, excluding the neonatal period, pneumococal meningitis represented nearly 1/3 of bacterial meningitis without significant decline in the number of reported cases (less than 30% for children under 2 years old). The peak of incidence was at 5 months of age and 61.7% of cases occured in children 2 to 24 months old. PCV7 vaccinated patients represented 154 cases from 2003 to 2007. In the vaccinated population, serotypes were identified in 136 cases. Few vaccine serotypes (VT) were identified (n=18). The most important was serotype 19F (n=8) followed by 6B (n=4) and 14 (n=3). Three vaccine failures (case occurring after complete vaccination) were observed (serotypes 6B, 4 and 19F). Remaining cases (n=118) were mainly due to non vaccine serotypes (NVT): serotypes 19A, 15B/C and 7F. In 2007, the serotype 19A, more often intermediary strains to cytoxin, represented about 20% of cases. Among non vaccinated children, VT decreased between 2001 and 2007 (59/92 in 2001 vs 15/39 in 2007). Case fatality rate was stable around 11.4%.
In France, probably because of the insufficient vaccination coverage and the slow implementation of the PCV7, the expected decline in the number of cases of pneumococcal meningitis has not been observed. The impact of PCV7 appeared clearly since only few cases of VT pneumococcal meningitis were reported in vaccinated children.
Archives de Pédiatrie 01/2009; 15 Suppl 3:S111-8. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization is defined by a positive second lumbar puncture, recommanded according to the guidelines from the French Consensus Conference of 1996 between the 36th and 48th hours after the beginning of antibiotics prescribed for pneumococcal meningitis. The aim of this study was to analyze specifically delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization, identified during the first 5 years of the French observatory of children bacterial meningitis.
The Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique (GPIP) and Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne (ACTIV) has set up since the first of January 2001 a descriptive national multicenter network, to determine incidence, main characteristics, and prognosis of bacterial meningitis in children. A questionnaire, available in all paediatric unit taking care of bacterial meningitis, was completed by a referral doctor. It contained reasons for inclusion in the study, anamnesis, clinical examination, treatment, pneumococcal characteristics, and short term prognosis. Delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization were identified, and the analysis of their medical records completed the questionnaire.
From 1st January 2001 to 31 December 2005, 616 pneumococcal meningitis were identified. Among them, 442 had a second lumbar puncture, and 8 had delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization. The analyis of their medical records were reviewed to describe their characteristics. Two had an osteomeningeal breach, one a ventriculoperitoneal valve. All received previously an antibiotic, and were treated with a curative antibiotic by cephalosporins. Vancomycin was given in 6 cases. The antibiotic was inadapted to the French guidelines for 1 patient. There are 4 vaccine type pneumococci and only 1 strain was resistant to penicillin, and intermediate to cephalosporins. The controlled lumbar puncture was made between 36.5 and 179.4hours after beginning antibiotics. One patient has received a double dose of steroids. Three were in a coma, had convulsions, and were ventilated, none died. One patient has a sequellar paired deafness, two a severe disability, four a normal psychomotor development.
The delay of sterilization is a rare situation and represented only 1.8 % of pneumococcal meningitis during the first five years of the observatory. These results suggest that a second lumbar puncture to assess sterilization could be proposed only in cases of unfavourable clinical course, MIC greater than or equal 0.5mg/l to 3GC, risk factors for delayed cerebrospinal fluid sterilization and high bacterial inoculum.
Archives de Pédiatrie 01/2009; 15 Suppl 3:S119-25. · 0.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Consequence of the introduction of vaccines against bacteria involved in meningitis in children and various recommendations concerning antibiotics, the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis has changed during the last fifteen years. The GPIP/ACTIV (Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique and Association Clinique et Thérapeutique Infantile du Val de Marne) set up an active surveillance network to analyze the clinical and biological features of bacterial meningitis.
From 2001 to 2007, 252 French pediatric wards working with 168 microbiology laboratories enrolled all children (0-18 years old) with bacterial meningitis. Risk factors, vaccination status, signs and symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, treatments and case fatality rate were recorded.
2951 cases of bacterial menigitis were recorded by 237 pediatric wards. Geographical distribution covered a large part of the national territory. Overall, the annual number of cases varied from 452 (in 2001 and 2003) to 378 (in 2004). Meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis respectively represented about the half (46 %) and the third (28 %) of cases. Few cases of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis were reported (3 %). For the neonatal period, group B Streptococcus and E. coli were the most frequently identified pathogens. In children less than one year old, pneumococcus was the first one, and after 1 year, meningococcus was predominant. The mortality rate varied according to bacteria, 6.6 % for the meningococcus, 11.6 % for pneumococcus, 14.1 % for group B streptococcus and 16.7 % for Listeria meningitis. It varied also with age, 14.9 % among infants 1 to 2 months old and 6.3 % in children over 5 years.
Closed to 3000 meningitis were recorded during seven years in children, which underlines the interest of the survey. This network is principally supported by the goodwill and availability of pediatricians and microbiologists who participate in the study. This special supplement issue of Archive de Pédiatrie allows a complete presentation of our results. In next following years, any amendment to the immunization schedule, any perspective of implementation of new vaccines will transform the epidemiology and clinical caracteristics of bacterial menigitis. Therefore, continued surveillance appears necessary.
Archives de Pédiatrie 01/2009; 15 Suppl 3:S99-S104. · 0.30 Impact Factor
