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Q Zhang,
J. L. Jimenez,
M. R. Canagaratna,
J. D. Allan,
H. Coe,
I. Ulbrich,
M. R. Alfarra,
A Takami,
A. M. Middlebrook,
Y. L. Sun, [......],
K. Demerjian, P Williams,
K. Bower,
R. Bahreini,
L. Cottrell,
R. J. Griffin,
J. Rautiainen,
J. Y. Sun,
Y. M. Zhang,
D. R. Worsnop
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Organic aerosol (OA) data acquired by the Aerosol
Mass Spectrometer (AMS) in 37 field campaigns were
deconvolved into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and several
types of oxygenated OA (OOA) components. HOA has
been linked to primary combustion emissions (mainly from
fossil fuel) and other primary sources such as meat cooking.
OOA is ubiquitous in various atmospheric environments, on
average accounting for 64%, 83% and 95% of the total OA
in urban, urban downwind, and rural/remote sites,
respectively. A case study analysis of a rural site shows
that the OOA concentration is much greater than the
advected HOA, indicating that HOA oxidation is not an
important source of OOA, and that OOA increases are
mainly due to SOA. Most global models lack an explicit
representation of SOA which may lead to significant biases
in the magnitude, spatial and temporal distributions of OA,
and in aerosol hygroscopic properties. Citation: Zhang, Q.,
et al. (2007), Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in
organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern
Hemisphere midlatitudes,
Geophysical Research Letters, v.34 (2007). 04/2013; 34:L13801.
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M. R. Canagaratna,
J. T. Jayne,
D. A. Ghertner,
S. Herndon,
Q. Shi,
J. L. Jimenez,
P. J. Silva, P Williams,
T. Lanni,
F. Drewnick,
K. L. Demerjian,
C. E. Kolb,
D. R. Worsnop
Aerosol Science and Technology, v.38, 555-573 (2004).
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Eleanor Jo Highwood,
J. Haywood,
H. Coe,
Jolene Cook,
S. Osborne, P Williams,
J. Crosier,
K. Bower,
P. Formenti,
J. McQuaid,
B Brooks,
G Thomas,
R. G. Grainger,
F Barnaba,
P Gobbi,
G. de Leeuw,
J. Hopkins
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The Aerosol Direct Radiative Experiment (ADRIEX) took place over the Adriatic and Black Seas during August and September 2004 with the aim of characterizing anthropogenic aerosol in these regions in terms of its physical and optical properties and establishing its impact on radiative balance. Eight successful flights of the UK BAE-146 Facility for Atmospheric Airborne Measurements were completed together with surface-based lidar and AERONET measurements, in conjunction with satellite overpasses. This paper outlines the motivation for the campaign, the methodology and instruments used, describes the synoptic situation and provides an overview of the key results. ADRIEX successfully measured a range of aerosol conditions across the northern Adriatic, Po Valley and Black Sea. Generally two layers of aerosol were found in the vertical: in the flights over the Black Sea and the Po Valley these showed differences in chemical and microphysical properties, whilst over the Adriatic the layers were often more similar. Nitrate aerosol was found to be important in the Po Valley region. The use of new instruments to measure the aerosol chemistry and mixing state and to use this information in determining optical properties is demonstrated. These results are described in much more detail in the subsequent papers of this special issue.
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D. E. Heard,
K. A. Read,
J. Methven,
S. Al-Haider,
W. J. Bloss,
G. P. Johnson,
M. J. Pilling,
P. W. Seakins,
S. C. Smith,
R. Sommariva, [......],
A. Allen,
R. P. Kinnersley,
D. C. S. Beddows,
M. Dall'Osto,
R M Harrison,
R. J. Donovan,
M. R. Heal,
S. G. Jennings,
C. Noone,
G. Spain
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The North Atlantic Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (NAMBLEX), involving over 50 scientists from 12 institutions, took place at Mace Head, Ireland (53.32° N, 9.90° W), between 23 July and 4 September 2002. A wide range of state-of-the-art instrumentation enabled detailed measurements of the boundary layer structure and atmospheric composition in the gas and aerosol phase to be made, providing one of the most comprehensive in situ studies of the marine boundary layer to date. This overview paper describes the aims of the NAMBLEX project in the context of previous field campaigns in the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL), the overall layout of the site, a summary of the instrumentation deployed, the temporal coverage of the measurement data, and the numerical models used to interpret the field data. Measurements of some trace species were made for the first time during the campaign, which was characterised by predominantly clean air of marine origin, but more polluted air with higher levels of NO<sub>x</sub> originating from continental regions was also experienced. This paper provides a summary of the meteorological measurements and Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) structure measurements, presents time series of some of the longer-lived trace species (O<sub>3</sub>, CO, H<sub>2</sub>, DMS, CH<sub>4</sub>, NMHC, NO<sub>x</sub>, NO<sub>y</sub>, PAN) and summarises measurements of other species that are described in more detail in other papers within this special issue, namely oxygenated VOCs, HCHO, peroxides, organo-halogenated species, a range of shorter lived halogen species (I<sub>2</sub>, OIO, IO, BrO), NO<sub>3</sub> radicals, photolysis frequencies, the free radicals OH, HO<sub>2</sub> and (HO<sub>2</sub>+? RO<sub>2</sub>), as well as a summary of the aerosol measurements. NAMBLEX was supported by measurements made in the vicinity of Mace Head using the NERC Dornier-228 aircraft. Using ECMWF wind-fields, calculations were made of the air-mass trajectories arriving at Mace Head during NAMBLEX, and were analysed together with both meteorological and trace-gas measurements. In this paper a chemical climatology for the duration of the campaign is presented to interpret the distribution of air-mass origins and emission sources, and to provide a convenient framework of air-mass classification that is used by other papers in this issue for the interpretation of observed variability in levels of trace gases and aerosols.
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A. C. Lewis,
M J Evans,
J. Methven,
N. Watson,
J. D. Lee,
J. R. Hopkins,
R. M. Purvis,
S. R. Arnold,
J. B. McQuaid,
L. K. Whalley, [......],
P. S. Monks,
A. E. Parker,
C. E. Reeves,
D. E. Oram,
G. Mills,
B. J. Bandy,
D. Stewart,
H. Coe, P Williams,
J. Crosier
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The atmospheric composition of the central North Atlantic region has been sampled using the FAAM BAe146 instrumented aircraft during the Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors (ITOP) campaign, part of the wider International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT). This paper presents an overview of the ITOP campaign. Between late July and early August 2004, twelve flights comprising 72 hours of measurement were made in a region from approximately 20 to 40°W and 33 to 47°N centered on Faial Island, Azores, ranging in altitude from 50 to 9000 m. The vertical profiles of O3 and CO are consistent with previous observations made in this region during 1997 and our knowledge of the seasonal cycles within the region. A cluster analysis technique is used to partition the data set into air mass types with distinct chemical signatures. Six clusters provide a suitable balance between cluster generality and specificity. The clusters are labeled as biomass burning, low level outflow, upper level outflow, moist lower troposphere, marine and upper troposphere. During this summer, boreal forest fire emissions from Alaska and northern Canada were found to provide a major perturbation of tropospheric composition in CO, PAN, organic compounds and aerosol. Anthropogenic influenced air from the continental boundary layer of the USA was clearly observed running above the marine boundary layer right across the mid-Atlantic, retaining high pollution levels in VOCs and sulfate aerosol. Upper level outflow events were found to have far lower sulfate aerosol, resulting from washout on ascent, but much higher PAN associated with the colder temperatures. Lagrangian links with flights of other aircraft over the USA and Europe show that such signatures are maintained many days downwind of emission regions. Some other features of the data set are highlighted, including the strong perturbations to many VOCs and OVOCs in this remote region.
