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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The high-temperature stability and mechanical properties of refractory molybdenum alloys are highly desirable for a wide range of critical applications. However, a long-standing problem for these alloys is that they suffer from low ductility and limited formability. Here we report a nanostructuring strategy that achieves Mo alloys with yield strength over 800 MPa and tensile elongation as large as ~ 40% at room temperature. The processing route involves a molecular-level liquid-liquid mixing/doping technique that leads to an optimal microstructure of submicrometre grains with nanometric oxide particles uniformly distributed in the grain interior. Our approach can be readily adapted to large-scale industrial production of ductile Mo alloys that can be extensively processed and shaped at low temperatures. The architecture engineered into such multicomponent alloys offers a general pathway for manufacturing dispersion-strengthened materials with both high strength and ductility.
Nature Material 01/2013; · 32.84 Impact Factor
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A Adare,
S Afanasiev,
C Aidala,
N N Ajitanand,
Y Akiba,
R Akimoto,
H Al-Ta'ani,
J Alexander,
K R Andrews,
A Angerami, [......],
J S Yoo,
Z You,
G R Young,
I Younus,
I E Yushmanov,
W A Zajc,
A Zelenski,
S Zhou,
L Zolin,
PHENIX Collaboration
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We report on the first measurement of the double-spin asymmetry, A(LL), of electrons from the decays of hadrons containing heavy flavor in longitudinally polarized p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV for p(T) = 0.5 to 3.0 GeV/c. The asymmetry was measured at midrapidity (vertical bar eta vertical bar < 0.35) with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The measured asymmetries are consistent with zero within the statistical errors. We obtained a constraint for the polarized gluon distribution in the proton of vertical bar Delta g/g(log(10)(x) = -1.6(-0.4)(+0.5), mu = m(T)(c)vertical bar(2) < 0.030 (1 sigma) based on a leading-order perturbative quantum chromodynamics model, using the measured asymmetry. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.012011
Physical Review D 01/2013; 87(1). · 4.56 Impact Factor
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A. Adare,
S. Afanasiev,
C. Aidala,
N. N. Ajitanand,
Y. Akiba,
R. Akimoto,
H. Al-Bataineh,
H. Al-Ta'ani,
J. Alexander,
A. Angerami, [......],
G. R. Young,
I. Younus,
I. E. Yushmanov,
W. A. Zajc,
O. Zaudtke,
A. Zelenski,
C. Zhang,
S. Zhou,
J. Zimányi,
L. Zolin
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The jet fragmentation function is measured with direct photon-hadron
correlations in p+p and Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV. The p_T of the
photon is an excellent approximation to the initial p_T of the jet and the
ratio z_T=p_T^h/p_T^\gamma is used as a proxy for the jet fragmentation
function. A statistical subtraction is used to extract the direct photon-hadron
yields in Au+Au collisions while a photon isolation cut is applied in p+p. I_
AA, the ratio of jet fragment yield in Au+Au to that in p+p, indicates
modification of the jet fragmentation function. Suppression, most likely due to
energy loss in the medium, is seen at high z_T. The fragment yield at low z_T
is enhanced at large angles. Such a trend is expected from redistribution of
the lost energy into increased production of low-momentum particles.
12/2012;
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A. Adare,
S. Afanasiev,
C. Aidala,
N. N. Ajitanand,
Y. Akiba,
R. Akimoto,
H. Al-Bataineh,
H. Al-Ta'ani,
J. Alexander,
K. R. Andrews, [......],
Z. You,
G. R. Young,
I. Younus,
I. E. Yushmanov,
W. A. Zajc,
O. Zaudtke,
A. Zelenski,
C. Zhang,
S. Zhou,
L. Zolin
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The three Upsilon states, Upsilon(1S+2S+3S), are measured in d+Au and p+p
collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV and rapidities 1.2<|y|<2.2 by the PHENIX
experiment at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. Cross sections for the
inclusive Upsilon(1S+2S+3S) production are obtained. The inclusive yields per
binary collision for d+Au collisions relative to those in p+p collisions
(R_dAu) are found to be 0.62 +/- 0.26 (stat) +/- 0.13 (syst) in the gold-going
direction and 0.91 +/- 0.33 (stat) +/- 0.16 (syst) in the deuteron-going
direction. The measured results are compared to a nuclear-shadowing model,
EPS09 [JHEP 04, 065 (2009)], combined with a final-state breakup cross section,
sigma_br, and compared to lower energy p+A results. We also compare the results
to the PHENIX J/psi results [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 142301 (2011)]. The rapidity
dependence of the observed Upsilon suppression is consistent with lower energy
p+A measurements.
11/2012;
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A Adare,
S Afanasiev,
C Aidala,
N N Ajitanand,
Y Akiba,
R Akimoto,
H Al-Ta'ani,
J Alexander,
A Angerami,
K Aoki, [......],
R Yang,
A Yanovich,
J Ying,
S Yokkaichi,
Z You,
I Younus,
I E Yushmanov,
W A Zajc,
A Zelenski,
L Zolin
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Neutral-pion π^{0} spectra were measured at midrapidity (|y|<0.35) in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=39 and 62.4 GeV and compared with earlier measurements at 200 GeV in a transverse-momentum range of 1<p_{T}<10 GeV/c. The high-p_{T} tail is well described by a power law in all cases, and the powers decrease significantly with decreasing center-of-mass energy. The change of powers is very similar to that observed in the corresponding spectra for p+p collisions. The nuclear modification factors (R_{AA}) show significant suppression, with a distinct energy, centrality, and p_{T} dependence. Above p_{T}=7 GeV/c, R_{AA} is similar for sqrt[s_{NN}]=62.4 and 200 GeV at all centralities. Perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics calculations that describe R_{AA} well at 200 GeV fail to describe the 39 GeV data, raising the possibility that, for the same p_{T} region, the relative importance of initial-state effects and soft processes increases at lower energies. The p_{T} range where π^{0} spectra in central Au+Au collisions have the same power as in p+p collisions is ≈5 and 7 GeV/c for sqrt[s_{NN}]=200 and 62.4 GeV, respectively. For the sqrt[s_{NN}]=39 GeV data, it is not clear whether such a region is reached, and the x_{T} dependence of the x_{T}-scaling power-law exponent is very different from that observed in the sqrt[s_{NN}]=62 and 200 GeV data, providing further evidence that initial-state effects and soft processes mask the in-medium suppression of hard-scattered partons to higher p_{T} as the collision energy decreases.
Physical Review Letters 10/2012; 109(15):152301. · 7.37 Impact Factor
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A. Adare,
S. Afanasiev,
C. Aidala,
N. N. Ajitanand,
Y. Akiba,
R. Akimoto,
H. Al-Taani,
J. Alexander,
A. Angerami,
K. Aoki, [......],
R. Yang,
A. Yanovich,
J. Ying,
S. Yokkaichi,
Z. You,
I. Younus,
I. E. Yushmanov,
W. A. Zajc,
A. Zelenski,
L. Zolin
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Neutral-pion �pi^0 spectra were measured at midrapidity (jyj < 0:35) in Au + Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 39
and 62.4 GeV and compared with earlier measurements at 200 GeV in a transverse-momentum range of
1<pT < 10 GeV/c. The high - pT tail is well described by a power law in all cases, and the powers
decrease significantly with decreasing center-of-mass energy. The change of powers is very similar to that
observed in the corresponding spectra for p + p collisions. The nuclear modification factors (RAA) show
significant suppression, with a distinct energy, centrality, and pT dependence. Above pT =7 GeVc, RAA
is similar for sqrt(s_NN) = 62.4 and 200 GeV at all centralities. Perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics
calculations that describe RAA well at 200 GeV fail to describe the 39 GeV data, raising the possibility
that, for the same pT region, the relative importance of initial-state effects and soft processes increases at
lower energies. The pT range where pi^�0 spectra in central Au + Au collisions have the same power as in
p + p collisions is � 5 and 7 GeV/c for sqrt(s_NN) = 200 and 62.4 GeV, respectively. For the sqrt(s_NN) = 39 GeV data, it is not clear whether such a region is reached, and the xT dependence of the xT-scaling
power-law exponent is very different from that observed in the sqrt(s_NN) = 62 and 200 GeV data, providing
further evidence that initial-state effects and soft processes mask the in-medium suppression of hard scattered partons to higher pT as the collision energy decreases.
Physical Review Letters 10/2012; 109:152301. · 7.37 Impact Factor
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A. Adare,
S. Afanasiev,
C. Aidala,
N. N. Ajitanand,
Y. Akiba,
R. Akimoto,
H. Al-Ta'ani,
J. Alexander,
K. R. Andrews,
A. Angerami, [......],
S. Yokkaichi,
J. S. Yoo,
Z. You,
G. R. Young,
I. Younus,
I. E. Yushmanov,
W. A. Zajc,
A. Zelenski,
S. Zhou,
L. Zolin
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We report on the first measurement of double-spin asymmetry, A_LL, of
electrons from the decays of hadrons containing heavy flavor in longitudinally
polarized p+p collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV for p_T= 0.5 to 3.0 GeV/c. The
asymmetry was measured at mid-rapidity (|eta|<0.35) with the PHENIX detector at
the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The measured asymmetries are consistent
with zero within the statistical errors. We obtained a constraint for the
polarized gluon distribution in the proton of |Delta g/g(log{_10}x=
-1.6^+0.5_-0.4, {mu}=m_T^c)|^2 < 0.033 (1 sigma), based on a leading-order
perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics model, using the measured asymmetry.
09/2012;
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A. Adare,
C. Aidala,
N. N. Ajitanand,
Y. Akiba,
R. Akimoto,
H. Al-Ta'ani,
J. Alexander,
A. Angerami,
K. Aoki,
N. Apadula, [......],
Y. L. Yamaguchi,
R. Yang,
A. Yanovich,
J. Ying,
S. Yokkaichi,
Z. You,
I. Younus,
I. E. Yushmanov,
W. A. Zajc,
A. Zelenski
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We present measurements of the J/psi invariant yields in sqrt(s_NN)=39 and
62.4 GeV Au+Au collisions at forward rapidity (1.2<|y|<2.2). Invariant yields
are presented as a function of both collision centrality and transverse
momentum. Nuclear modifications are obtained for central relative to peripheral
Au+Au collisions (R_CP) and for various centrality selections in Au+Au relative
to scaled p+p cross sections obtained from other measurements (R_AA). The
observed suppression patterns at 39 and 62.4 GeV are quite similar to those
previously measured at 200 GeV. This similar suppression presents a challenge
to theoretical models that contain various competing mechanisms with different
energy dependencies, some of which cause suppression and others enhancement.
08/2012;
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C. Aidala,
N. N. Ajitanand,
Y. Akiba,
R. Akimoto,
J. Alexander,
K. Aoki,
N. Apadula,
H. Asano,
E. T. Atomssa,
T. C. Awes, [......],
I. Yoon,
M. Young,
I. Younus,
I. E. Yushmanov,
W. A. Zajc,
E. Zarndt,
A. Zelenski,
L. Zhang,
S. Zhou,
C. Zumberge
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The PHENIX collaboration presents a concept for a major upgrade to the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). This upgrade, referred to as sPHENIX, brings exciting new capability to the RHIC program by opening new and important channels for experimental investigation and utilizing fully the luminosity of the recently upgraded RHIC facility. sPHENIX enables a compelling jet physics program that will address fundamental questions about the nature of the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma discovered experimentally at RHIC to be a perfect fluid. The upgrade concept addresses specific questions whose answers are necessary to advance our understanding of the quark-gluon plasma: (1) How to reconcile the observed strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma with the asymptotically free theory of quarks and gluons? (2) What are the dynamical changes to the quark-gluon plasma in terms of quasiparticles and excitations as a function of temperature? (3) How sharp is the transition of the quark-gluon plasma from the most strongly coupled regime near Tc to a weakly coupled system of partons known to emerge at asymptotically high temperatures? In three Appendices, we detail the additional physics capabilities gained through further upgrades: (A) two midrapidity detector additions, (B) a forward rapidity upgrade, and (C) an evolution to an ePHENIX detector suitable for a future Electron Ion Collider at RHIC.
Nuclear Physics A 08/2012; · 1.54 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: For metallic single crystals with dimensions in the micrometer and sub-micrometer regime, systematic studies have established that sample size has an obvious influence on the apparent strength, following a "smaller is stronger" trend. For amorphous metals, several metallic glasses (MG) appear to exhibit a similar trend, while a few others do not. Here, another MG is examined, Al 88 Fe 7 Gd 5 , using quantitative in situ tensile and compression tests inside electron microscopes, with sample effective diameter covering a wide range (100 nm to 3 lm). A clearly elevated strength is observed, as high as about twice the value of bulk samples, for samples with diameters approaching 100 nm. A size regime is proposed, where the strength is controlled by the nucleation of the shear band, starting from its embryonic stage: the smaller the sample size, the more difficult this nucleation becomes. The size dependence is also discussed from an energy balance perspective: the resulting simple power law fits the data as well as other published strength data for a number of MG systems.
Acta Materialia 06/2012; · 3.76 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Purpose: to validate the clinical effectiveness of Control Point Analysis (CPA) software and establish a comprehensive quality assurance (QA) program for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) treatment. Methods: The comparison and gamma analysis of ArcCHECK™ measurement and treatment planning system (TPS) is considered one of the common methods for VMAT QA procedure. However, questions like 'how QA discrepancies affect patient treatment(†) and (†)what are the sources of discrepancies(†) cannot be answered. In this study, 3DVH™ and recently developed CPA software were tested for eight cases, including prostate, brain, head&neck, and TGI 19 phantom cases. All VMAT plans used two arcs, with various settings of couch rotation, collimator rotation, and splitting fields. Each single arc was equally divided into 24 sub-arcs and doses of sub-arcs were exported for CPA analysis. Gamma analyses (3mm/3%) were compared using the ArcCHECK dose, single arc doses, sub-arc doses, and 3DVH patient's dose estimated by Planned Dose Perturbation™ (PDP) algorithm. Results: ArcCHECK composite dose analyses were consistent with CPA sub-arc analysis for most cases. 3DVH generally showed higher passing rate in dose voxel-by-voxel comparison. Cases with failed QA were further analyzed by CPA for each sub-arc to reveal the sources of dose discrepancies, whether they are mechanical errors (i.e. leaf motion failure) or dosimetric modeling errors (i.e. elongated beam spot size or incorrect dynamic leaf gap). CPA analysis showed values for cases with passed QA to detect small discrepancies caused by failed MLC which was otherwise smeared out in the composite dose comparison. Conclusions: CPA analysis expands QA process to a greater level of details without additional work by users. With the additions of CPA analysis and 3DVH™, one can establish a comprehensive VMAT QA program with detailed mapping of composite dose passing rate, the estimated effect of discrepancies on patients, and possible sources of discrepancies.
Medical Physics 06/2012; 39(6):3957. · 2.83 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Crystalline ZnSe nano-needles have been grown by pulsed laser deposition on Ni-coated substrates. In order to study the mechanism
for the growth of ZnSe nano-needles, the experiment conditions including catalyst layer, substrate material, substrate temperature
and deposition duration were changed respectively. The catalyst layer plays an important role in the growth of ZnSe nano-needles.
The substrate material and substrate temperature also strongly affect the morphologies and structures of the as-grown ZnSe
nano-crystals. On 300–400°C Ni-coated silicon (100) substrates, the crystalline ZnSe nano-needles can be grown densely with
the middle diameters of about 20–80nm, and the lengths of 100–400nm. Two models for the growth of the ZnSe nano-needles
and sphere-leading nano-wires under different substrate temperatures are proposed and verified experimentally.
Applied Physics A 05/2012; 102(2):477-483. · 1.63 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The effect of ionic liquid (IL) lubrication for aluminium/steel systems is highly dependant on the applied load and the IL
structure. This study illustrates that a change in anion of an IL lubricant results in different physicochemical properties
that will alter its performance at a given load. As the load is increased there is a shift in lubricant performance and mechanism
of the IL. Up to a load of 30N the lowest wear coefficient was achieved by a phosphonium diphenylphosphate IL, whilst above
30N a phosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide IL was able to form a more tenacious tribolayer that resulted in the
lowest wear.
KeywordsBoundary lubrication-Tribofilms-Ionic liquids-Friction-Wear-Surface interactions-Wear mechanisms
Tribology Letters 05/2012; 40(2):279-284. · 1.58 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A new intense green light-emitting phosphor, the Eu2+-doped (BaO–BaCl2–SiO2) phosphor system, was synthesized at 800°C by the conventional high-temperature solid-state reaction. Its structure and luminescence
properties were investigated by using thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
diffuse reflection spectra, photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. The photoluminescence spectrum
reveals that this phosphor can be efficiently excited by near-ultraviolet (UV) light and blue light in the wavelength region
covering 280 and 480 nm, which perfectly matches the emission wavelength of near-UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It emits
an intense green light peaking at 502 nm, which is promising to develop possible applications for white LEDs.
Applied Physics B 04/2012; 96(2):459-463. · 2.19 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this paper we demonstrate that a plastically deformed zone around a stressed crack tip can be, mechanically, identified
with an inclusion of transformation strain by means of Eshelby equivalent inclusion method. Thus, the shielding effect of
the plastic zone can be quantitatively evaluated by the present transformation toughening theory. A closed-form solution to
determine the change in the stress intensity factor induced by the plastic zone is given both for plane stress and plane strain
mode I cracks under small-scale yielding conditions. By using the present solution, the effects of the strain-hardening behavior
of the material, the plane stress and plane strain states and the T-stress on the crack-tip shielding effects are identified.
KeywordsPlastic zone–Mode I crack–Transformation toughening–Stress intensity factor–Eshelby inclusion theory
International Journal of Fracture 04/2012; 161(2):131-139. · 1.49 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The paper investigated a composite photonic crystal patch antenna by using the method of finite difference time domain (FDTD).
The results show that there exists a wave resonance state at 2.635GHz, where the real part of the permittivity and permeability
are all negative; its refraction index is –1. The effect has largely enhanced the electromagnetic wave’s resonance intensity,
and has improved the localized extent of electromagnetic energy obviously in such photonic crystal structure (PBG), resulting
in a higher antenna gain, a lower return loss, and a better improvement of the antenna’s characteristics. Due to such the
advantages, the use of patch antennas can be extended to such fields as mobile communication, satellite communication, aviation,
etc.
The European Physical Journal D 04/2012; 54(3):707-710. · 1.48 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We propose and demonstrate all-optical wavelength conversion for optical duobinary (ODB), alternate-mark inversion (AMI),
and frequency-shift keying (FSK) signals and a logic NOT gate for a FSK signal based on cascaded second-harmonic generation
and difference-frequency generation (cSHG/DFG) in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. ODB/AMI/FSK are generated
from the demodulation of differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) using one-bit-delay fiber delay interferometer (FDI). PPLN-based
40Gbit/s ODB/AMI/FSK wavelength conversion and FSK logic NOT gate are simultaneously implemented in the experiment.
Applied Physics B 04/2012; 96(1):135-139. · 2.19 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Permafrost wetlands are one of the most sensitive plant communities in response to global warming. Global warming could induce
natural plant communities to shift into cooler climate zones, or extirpate. To understand how plant communities in permafrost
wetlands are affected by global warming, we examined the patterns of plant species diversity in the 24 permafrost wetlands
in the Great Hing’an Mountains along a latitudinal gradient. This gradient was characterized by a northward decline in mean
annual temperature (Δ = 3.5°C) and mean annual precipitation (Δ = 38.7 mm). Our results indicated that latitudinal patterns
in species diversity existed in the permafrost wetlands. The numbers of family, genus and species, the Gleason index and Shannon-Wiener
index for shrubs decreased linearly with decreasing latitude, but increased for herbaceous plants. The latitudinal patterns
in species diversity had influenced strongly by temperature. Simple linear regression yielded about 2 decreases in shrub number
and 9 increases in herbaceous species number with an increase of mean annual temperature by 1°C, with 0.33 decreases in shrub
diversity and 0.29 increases in herbaceous species diversity. If temperature warms 3.7°C by 2100, herbaceous plants might
increase in the permafrost wetlands, with species number increasing 48% or 6 times and species diversity increasing 40% or
2 times; and some shrub species might decrease and even disappear in part of the areas with lower latitude, with species number
decreasing 50–100% and species diversity decreasing 69–100%. The permafrost wetlands in the Great Hing’an Mountains might
continue degenerating and shift northward with global warming over the next century.
KeywordsLatitudinal pattern–Species diversity–Global warming–Temperature–Permafrost wetlands
Russian Journal of Ecology 04/2012; 42(2):123-132. · 0.27 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Due to the diversity of printhead activation mechanism, printhead design and its operational parameters, integrating heterogeneous
printheads is usually preferred in multi-material micro-fabrication tasks. However, evaluating the performance of multi-printhead
micro-dispensing system is seldom investigated. In this paper, the developed micro-dispensing system performance along X and Y axes is discussed based on the attached two printheads, i.e. solenoid actuating micro-valve and piezoelectric printhead.
Comprehensive experiments are conducted to characterize droplet size and their deposition performance on the substrate. To
explore the optimal printing parameters (e.g. pitch and printing speed), the characterization results are analyzed in terms
of deposition accuracy and line straightness, printable conditions, and stability. It can be concluded that an optimal pitch
is the key to achieve better line straightness for micro-valve printhead. For normal printing using piezoelectric printhead,
the selection of printing speed is determined in terms of pitch. A lower speed is recommended for both to minimize the disturbance
from printheads’ point-to-point motion. In addition, some other factors’ influence on printing accuracy such as vibrations,
printhead synchronization, printing time are discussed. Our study on the relationship between printing parameters and dispensing
performance will not only benefit the optimization of micro-dispensing performance, but also the development of theoretical
models or empirical equations in the 3D micro-fabrication process.
Microsystem Technologies 04/2012; 16(12):2087-2097. · 0.93 Impact Factor
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[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A novel nonlinear optical organic crystal, 4,5-bis(foroylsulfanyl)-1,3-dithiole-2-thione (BFDT), was prepared and characterized
by elemental analyses, infrared and Raman and X-ray powder diffraction spectroscopy, thermal analysis, specific heat, optical
transmission and second harmonic generation determinations. It exhibits powder second harmonic efficiencies about 1.3 times
that of urea. The transparent region is from 442 to 3200 nm. The BFDT doped PMMA composite films were fabricated by means
of spin-coating. The third order nonlinear optical properties of the films were investigated by using the Z-scan technique
at 532 nm with 20 ps. They exhibited very large self-defocusing effects and negligible nonlinear absorption.
Laser Physics 04/2012; 19(8):1858-1866. · 3.61 Impact Factor