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ABSTRACT: Minor physical anomalies are nonspecific morphologic variants generated during gestation. They are markers of events (inherited and/or acquired) related with the 'neuroprogression' of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders and may be differentially involved with their symptom profiles. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship of minor physical anomalies with positive syndrome, negative syndrome and general psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia or other functional psychoses.
Cross-sectional study of patients with schizophrenia or other functional psychoses consecutively hospitalized with an acute psychotic episode. Minor physical anomalies were evaluated with the Waldrop scale and clinical characteristics of psychosis were measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
41 patients with functional psychoses were evaluated: 32 (78%) with schizophrenia, 9 (21.9%) with psychotic disorder not otherwise specified. There was no relationship between the Waldrop scale score and score on the PANSS, its negative scale and its general psychopathology scale. The positive scale of the PANSS and the Waldrop scale were correlated in the whole sample (Spearman rho = 0.356; p = 0.022). In the group of patients with schizophrenia, the correlation was even greater (Spearman rho = 0.420; p = 0.017).
The path from apparently premorbid stages to specific clinical pictures in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders is determined by the neurodevelopment, a dynamic process influenced by genetic inheritance and environmental injuries.
Revista de neurologia 04/2012; 54(8):468-74. · 0.65 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The poorly understood aetiology of schizophrenia is known to involve a major genetic contribution even though the genetic factors remain elusive. Most genetic studies are based on Mendelian rules and focus on the nuclear genome, but current studies indicate that other genetic mechanisms are probably involved. This review focuses on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), a maternally inherited, 16.6-Kb molecule crucial for energy production that is implicated in numerous human traits and disorders. The aim of this review is to summarise the studies that have explored mtDNA in schizophrenia patients and those which provide evidence for its implication in this illness. Alterations in mitochondrial morphometry, brain energy metabolism, and enzymatic activity in the mitochondrial respiratory chain suggest a mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia that could be related to the genetic characteristics of mtDNA. Moreover, evidence of maternal inheritance and the presence of schizophrenia symptoms in patients suffering from a mitochondrial disorder related to an mtDNA mutation suggest that mtDNA is involved in schizophrenia. The association of specific variants has been reported at the molecular level; however, additional studies are needed to determine whether the mitochondrial genome is involved in schizophrenia.
European Psychiatry 10/2010; 26(1):45-56. · 2.77 Impact Factor
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E Saus,
V Soria,
G Escaramís,
J M Crespo, J Valero,
A Gutiérrez-Zotes,
L Martorell,
E Vilella,
J M Menchón,
X Estivill,
M Gratacòs,
M Urretavizcaya
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ABSTRACT: Recent findings suggest that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) may play a role in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. Various genetic studies have shown the association of GSK3β polymorphisms with different mood disorder phenotypes. We hypothesized that genetic variants in the GSK3β gene could partially underlie the susceptibility to mood disorders. We performed a genetic case-control study of 440 psychiatrically screened control subjects and 445 mood disorder patients [256 unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and 189 bipolar disorder (BD)]. We genotyped a set of 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and determined the relative frequency of a known copy number variant (CNV) overlapping the GSK3β by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found no evidence of association with MDD or BD diagnosis, and we further investigated the age at onset (AAO) of the disorder and severity of depressive index episode. We found that rs334555, located in intron 1 of GSK3β, was nominally associated with an earlier AAO of the disease in MDD (P = 0.001). We also identified a haplotype containing three SNPs (rs334555, rs119258668 and rs11927974) associated with AAO of the disorder (permutated P = 0.0025). We detected variability for the CNV, but we could not detect differences between patients and controls for any of the explored phenotypes. This study presents further evidence of the contribution of GSK3β to mood disorders, implicating a specific SNP and a haplotype with an earlier onset of the disorder in a group of well-characterized patients with unipolar MDD. Further replication studies in patients with the same phenotypic characteristics should confirm the results reported here.
Genes Brain and Behavior 10/2010; 9(7):799-807. · 3.48 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Personality dimensions have been associated with symptoms dimensions in schizophrenic patients (SP). In this paper we study the relationships between symptoms of functional psychoses and personality dimensions in SP and their first-degree relatives (SR), in other psychotic patients (PP) and their first-degree relatives (PR), and in healthy controls in order to evaluate the possible clinical dimensionality of these disorders. Twenty-nine SP, 29 SR, 18 PP, 18 PR and 188 controls were assessed using the temperament and character inventory (TCI-R). Current symptoms were evaluated with positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) using the five-factor model described previously (positive [PF], negative [NF], disorganized [DF], excitement [EF] and anxiety/depression [ADF]). Our TCI-R results showed that patients had different personality dimensions from the control group, but in relatives, these scores were not different from controls. With regard to symptomatology, we highlight the relations observed between harm avoidance (HA) and PANSS NF, and between self-transcendence (ST) and PANSS PF. From a personality traits-genetic factors point of view, schizophrenia and other psychosis may be initially differentiated by temperamental traits such as HA. The so-called characterial traits like ST would be associated with the appearance of psychotic symptoms.
European Psychiatry 09/2009; 24(7):476-82. · 2.77 Impact Factor
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B Rodríguez-Santiago,
A Brunet,
B Sobrino,
C Serra-Juhé,
R Flores,
Ll Armengol,
E Vilella,
E Gabau,
M Guitart,
R Guillamat,
L Martorell, J Valero,
A Gutiérrez-Zotes,
A Labad,
A Carracedo,
X Estivill,
L A Pérez-Jurado
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ABSTRACT: Copy number variants (CNVs) are a substantial source of human genetic diversity, influencing the variable susceptibility to multifactorial disorders. Schizophrenia is a complex illness thought to be caused by a number of genetic and environmental effects, few of which have been clearly defined. Recent reports have found several low prevalent CNVs associated with the disease. We have used a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification-based (MLPA) method to target 140 previously reported and putatively relevant gene-containing CNV regions in 654 schizophrenic patients and 604 controls for association studies. Most genotyped CNVs (95%) showed very low (<1%) population frequency. A few novel rare variants were only present in patients suggesting a possible pathogenic involvement, including 1.39 Mb overlapping duplications at 22q11.23 found in two unrelated patients, and duplications of the somatostatin receptor 5 gene (SSTR5) at 16p13.3 in three unrelated patients. Furthermore, among the few relatively common CNVs observed in patients and controls, the combined analysis of gene copy number genotypes at two glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase mu 1) (1p13.3) and GSTT2 (glutathione S-transferase theta 2) (22q11.23), showed a statistically significant association of non-null genotypes at both loci with an additive effect for increased vulnerability to schizophrenia (odds ratio of 1.92; P=0.0008). Our data provide complementary evidences for low prevalent, but highly penetrant chromosomal variants associated with schizophrenia, as well as for common CNVs that may act as susceptibility factors by disturbing glutathione metabolism.
Molecular psychiatry 07/2009; 15(10):1023-33. · 15.05 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Evidence suggests that myelin alterations could predispose to schizophrenia. Reduced expression of several myelin genes has been observed in schizophrenia patients. Recently, we identified the discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1; located at human chromosome 6p21.3) as a myelin gene in the mouse model and in a human oligodendroglial cell line. In the present study we screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DNA from 100 schizophrenia patients. We identified a novel mutation within exon 10 that produces the amino-acid substitution N502S in the a-d isoforms, and M475V in the e isoform. However the frequency of the mutation (2%) was similar in schizophrenia patients and in control subjects. In a case-control assessment with 389 schizophrenic patients and 615 controls, we identified one SNP (SNP9, rs1049623) associated with schizophrenia (odds ratio=1.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.15-1.79, adjusted P=0.0016). This association was confirmed in haplotype analysis; the SNPs 9-10-11 (rs1049623, rs2267641 and rs2239518) haplotype remaining significant even after adjustment for multiple testing (adjusted P=0.0136). Of note was a strong gender dependence in the association, that is, statistical significance restricted to men (adjusted P-value=0.0002). Regression analysis of DDR1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes from schizophrenia patients showed that the presence of the G allele significantly decreased the relative number of mRNA copies in a dose-dependent manner (P=0.003). These data suggest that the risk haplotype tags a cis-acting variant involved in the transcription regulation system of the gene. In conclusion, we propose the DDR1 as a new susceptibility gene for schizophrenia.
Molecular Psychiatry 10/2007; 12(9):833-41. · 13.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The first descriptions of schizophrenia emphasized attention problems patients with schizophrenia have but recent results evidence that other psychotic disorders share them. We compared the performance in sustained and selective attention between psychotic patients (P), their healthy first degree relatives (R) and healthy volunteers (C) to prove whether these alterations could be an endophenotype of vulnerability to psychosis. We also compared the performance of schizophrenic patients (SZP) and that of patients with other functional psychoses (OP) in order to prove whether these alterations are specific of any psychotic disorder. Seventy-six P, 70 R and 39 C were included in the study. A selective attention index, comprising TMT A and B and Stroop Test, and a sustained attention index comprising the Continuous Performance Test were calculated. We conducted an univariant general linear model to compare three group performances in these indexes, with age, sex and years of education as a covariables. We found significant differences between the indexes when we compared P, R and C. No differences in performance were found between SZP and OP. Our data showed that sustained and selective attention alterations could be a vulnerability factor to psychotic disorders in general, but they were not specific of schizophrenia.
European Psychiatry 05/2007; 22(3):171-6. · 2.77 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The epsilon 4 allele of APOE is generally accepted to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease and it has been related to other neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. The results of several case-control studies have been inconclusive. To shed more light on this issue we carried out an association study that compared the APOE common variant in a group of 365 schizophrenia patients and 584 controls. We found no differences in the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of patients and controls. In the group of patients, we also analysed the possible influence of the epsilon 4 allele in the clinical variables. The most important findings are that the age at onset (AAO) of epsilon 4+ schizophrenic women, those that have one or two epsilon 4 alleles, is 4 years earlier than that of epsilon 4- women and their risk of suffering a negative syndrome subtype is four times greater. This was not found in schizophrenic men. Our results show that the APOE variant is not a risk factor for developing schizophrenia but that it may modulate its phenotypic expression in a sex-dependent manner.
Molecular Psychiatry 06/2001; 6(3):307-10. · 13.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Clinical studies have shown that there is a genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The molecular mechanisms of effective antipsychotic drugs and recent advances in neural development suggest that several dopamine receptor, serotonin receptor and neurotrophic factor genes might be involved in the disorder. In this study, we assessed the associations between schizophrenia and polymorphisms in the D2 and D3 dopamine receptor (DRD2, DRD3), the serotonin 2A receptor (5HTR2A), the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) genes. Our results suggest that the polymorphisms at the DRD3, 5HTR2A, CNTF and BDNF gene loci are unlikely to make our sample more genetically susceptible to schizophrenia. However, we found significant differences in microsatellite allele frequencies between schizophrenic and control groups for DRD2 in the whole sample and for DRD2 and NT-3 only in women. Therefore, clinical differences in the presentation of schizophrenia between gender might be related to genetic factors.
Schizophrenia Research 05/2001; 49(1-2):65-71. · 4.75 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Disturbances in methyl-carbon metabolism, which result in hyperhomocysteinemia, have been associated with schizophrenia. Homozygosity for the T677 allele of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, which encodes for a thermolabile enzyme associated with hyperhomocysteinemia, has been found to be increased in schizophrenic patients. We have investigated whether plasma homocysteine concentration and the frequency of C677T MTHFR variant were increased in schizophrenic inpatients of a psychiatric hospital (n=210) compared with controls (n=218). There were no significant differences in plasma homocysteine concentrations between the schizophrenia and the control group. The distributions of T allele and TT genotype frequencies were similar in both groups (40% and 15%). These results show that impaired homocysteine metabolism is unlikely in schizophrenia.
Neuroreport 08/1999; 10(10):2035-8. · 1.66 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: With the rationale that a disease that presents with anticipation could be associated with expansion of trinucleotide repeats, we selected parent-offspring pairs of schizophrenia patients with earlier age at onset in the filial generation to measure the expansion of CAG repeats using the repeat expansion detection (RED) method. Intergenerational comparisons were made for age at onset, length of CAG repeats, and clinical variables. Although the patients from the filial generation became affected 13 years earlier than the parents (P < 0.0005), we did not find larger CAG repeats in the offspring. No association was found between size of CAG repeat and age at onset or with any other clinical variable. Overall, the frequency of patients with CAG repeats longer than 40 was 32%, which was similar to that observed in control subjects (27%). It is particularly noteworthy that in 86% of the pairs, the mother was the affected parent. In this Spanish sample with parent-offspring pairs presenting schizophrenia with clinical anticipation and apparent female bias of transmission, neither the phenomenon of anticipation nor disease status was associated with the expansion of CAG repeats.
American Journal of Medical Genetics 02/1999; 88(1):50-6.
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ABSTRACT: Evidence of imprinting and anticipation, two genetic phenomena that are correlated with clinical sequelae, was assessed in familial schizophrenia. A sample of patients (n=291) who fulfilled the ICD-9 criteria for schizophrenia and corresponding to the familial-type and sporadic-type of the disorder was recruited. Clinical anticipation and imprinting variables such as age at onset (AAO), schizophrenia subtype, course of disease and onset type were assessed over parental (G1) and filial (G2) generations in both schizophrenia types. Anticipation assessment indicated significant differences in mean AAO between parent-offspring pairs in unilineal families. These differences were not explained by a cohort effect. Imprinting assessment indicated non-significant differences in AAO between the offspring of affected mothers and the offspring of affected fathers. The results obtained for other clinical variables were non-conclusive. The results suggest that anticipation, but not imprinting, is operative in schizophrenia.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 06/1998; 97(5):343-50. · 4.22 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Several loci-containing genes that might harbour mutations predisposing to schizophrenia have recently been identified. The locus on chromosome 6p has been detected by several groups and appears to predispose to schizophrenia in 15%-30% of the pedigrees in one of these studies. The chromosome 6p locus for schizophrenia spans about 30 cM, between markers D6S296 and D6S276. The current transcription map of the 6p22-24 region includes three expressed sequence tags and six genes, one of which is the spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) gene. Patients with SCA1 have the CAG repeat sequence, which encodes a polyglutamine stretch in the ataxin-1 protein, expanded beyond the normal range. More recently, linkage disequilibrium between schizophrenia and the SCA1 CAG repeat has been reported. SCA1 is a good candidate gene for the schizophrenia-susceptibility locus on chromosome 6p as indicated by its expression pattern. We have studied the coding region of the SCA1 gene (exons 8 and 9) in samples from schizophrenia patients and have identified two amino-acid variants (S186C and P754S) and three nucleotide polymorphisms (1409A/G, 1865T/C and 2150A/G). One of the amino-acid changes (S186C) was present in two schizophrenic brothers from one family and in a schizophrenic patient and a non-affected subject of a second family but it was not detected in 100 unrelated subjects from the general population. S186C and other variants may be of relevance to the complex genetic factors involved in schizophrenia phenotypes.
Human Genetics 07/1997; 99(6):772-5. · 5.07 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Introduction: The revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R), a tool designed by C. R. Cloninger for the evaluation of the seven dimensions defined in his psychobiological model of personality, was translated and adapted to Spanish. The aim of the study was to obtain normative data and scales with T-scores in a incidental sample of the general Spanish population. Methods: After adaptation to Spanish, the tool was administered to 400 subjects from several areas of Spain. The sample is stratified according to age and gender according to the year 2001 Spanish population census. We have studied the differences between men and women and the association between age and dimensions. We have checked the normal distribution of the traits, and proceeded with the standardization and normalization of the scores. Results: We present the mean and standard deviation according to sex for each of the main dimensions and subscales. The scores of the main dimensions obtained for general population according to gender show a normal distribution that has allowed us to standardize them into T-scores. The reliability of the dimensions is high. There are differences in the means depending on gender: women scored higher in Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness... (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 01/1970; · 0.59 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Family has always been considered a key milestone for the development of the human psyche. Furthermore, in relationship with mental disorders we know that certain aspects of family environment change the course of some of these disorders. This study has aimed to compare the family setting perception of schizophrenic patients vs. other psychotic patients, their first-degree relatives and to see if the expression of the disorder is related with that perception.
The study included 112 subjects: 41 patients, 41 first-degree relatives and 30 normal controls. Patients were included in the group of as schizophrenic (n=24) or non-schizophrenic psychosis (n=17) following DSM-IV criteria diagnosis using the SCAN interview and were evaluated with the Family Environment Scale (FES) and PANSS. Descriptive analysis, group comparisons and correlation studies were used as statistical methods.
No statistically significant differences were found when comparing FES between both group of patients, nor between patients and relatives, although psychotic patients presented a tendency to score higher on almost all the FES scales and dimensions. We found significantly positive correlations between patients and their own relatives in the FES scales.
Although not with statistical significance, non-schizophrenic psychotic patients and their relatives have a slightly different family environment perception than their schizophrenic counterparts: more conflictivity; more rule strictness and more planning needs. High levels of expressed emotion were related with a predominance of positive symptoms in psychotic patients.
Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 36(5):271-6. · 0.59 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Many authors view schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Knowledge of whether patients have morphologic variants that occur during the development of different anatomic areas of the brain and an understanding of the relation between such variants and brain development or prenatal exposure to possible noxae could provide clues about the events that lead to schizophrenia. Nonspecific morphologic variants that occur during the first and second trimesters of gestation, which are known as minor physical anomalies (MPA) and can be used as disease risk markers insusceptible persons, have been related with schizophrenia,independently of the anatomic region where they occur. The importance of these anomalies in relation to schizophrenia is that they may reflect a substrate (schizotaxia) that is either inherited or acquired as a consequence of injury(ies)that would result in the disease in susceptible persons. This idea is also supported by indirect evidence provided by family studies, among others. On the other hand, the role of MPA in other neurodevelopmental orders is similar to the role proposed in schizophrenia.
Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 38(6):365-71. · 0.59 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In the personality disorder section of the DSM-V research agenda, the authors stress the need for studies on the relevance of a change from diagnostic categorical models to dimensional ones. These studies should identify the underlying genetic and neurobiologic mechanisms and appropriate representation on the dimensions of clinical criteria as cognitive disturbances, identity conflicts and attachment. Livesley's behavioral-genetic model represents an interesting dimensional paradigm of personality pathology. It was elaborated deductively from the consensus and statistical refinement of data collected by a large number of clinicians from different psychopathological tendencies. The traits are made operative in the "Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire" (DAPP-BQ) tool with 18 dimensions (that became 30) and 4 higher rank factors (adapted to Spanish by Gutiérrez- Zotes et al, 2008). The model has shown an appropriate relationship with important personality paradigms and good predictive power for personality disorders. The authors incorporate methods of variance breakdown for statistical processing of the genetic-environmental mechanism underlying each personality disorder dimension. Homologation of DSM-IV-TR criteria for personality disorders is proposed so that the model's dimensions capture and represent the clinical complexity of the symptoms in a convenient manner for the new location in DSM-V.
Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 37(3):174-83. · 0.59 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: There are some non-psychotic symptoms that can forecast the onset of psychosis. Discovering the differences between the symptoms that lead to disease and those that do not makes it possible to identify them and permits early treatment of the disease.
A sample of 689 schizophrenic patients was analyzed retrospectively. This sample was obtained from the clinical records database of the University Psychiatric Hospital Institut Pere Mata. Data were analyzed with the SPSS version 9.0 statistical package.
The most frequent prodromal symptoms of the sample were the delusional ones, the disorganized ones and the neurotic ones. The prodromal symptoms were equally distributed in both genders. In the subtypes, paranoids showed more delusional symptoms, whereas the nonparanoids presented more disorganized symptoms. Acute onsets had more delusional prodromal symptoms whereas the insidious onsets showed more disorganized ones.
In the prodromal stages of shizophrenia, we can also find the community neurotic prevalences regarding gender. The higher rate of neurotic symptoms in the nonparanoid subtype would be explained by the inclusion of the schizoaffective category, whereas the higher rate of disorganized symptoms categories would be due to the hebephrenic and simple categories. The latter would also explain the prodromal differences in the onset type.
Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 31(1):35-9. · 0.59 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The short version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R), the TCI-140, is presented. This study aimed: a) to obtain the psychometric properties of TCI-140; b) to analyze the relationship with the normal version of the TCI-R, and c) to study its convergent validity with the MMPI-2 PSY-5.
The TCI-R and MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales were administered to a sample of consecutive psychiatric inpatients with differential Axis I and II diagnoses.
It was found that the TCI-140 dimensions showed reliability coefficients ranging from 0.67 (Reward dependence [RD]) to 0.86 (Self-Transcendence [ST]) and the reliability coefficients of PSY-5 ranging from 0.68 (CON) to 0.86 (NE/NEU). Correlations for the dimensions with the TCI-R original 240-item version and TCI-R 140 item version ranged from 0.91 (Self-Directedness [SD]) to 0.97 (ST). The dimensions had a normal distribution. Correlations of TCI-140 scales with PSY-5 scales provided preliminary evidence supporting the convergent validity of the constructs. Then, Novelty Seeking (NS) was associated with low Constraint, Harm Avoidance (HA) was associated with low Aggressiveness and Positive Emotionality/ Extraversion, and also with high Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism, Reward Dependence (RD) was associated with high Positive Emotionality/Extraversion. Persistence (PS) was related to high aggressiveness, and Positive Emotionality/ Extraversion. On the other hand, SD was correlated with low Psychoticism, and Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism, and also with high Positive Emotionality/Extraversion. Cooperativeness (C) had a relationship to high constraint and low psychoticism. Finally ST was associated with high psychoticism and Positive Emotionality/Extraversion.
The short Spanish version of TCI-R is a useful inventory for the evaluation of the principals dimensions of temperament and character.
Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 33(4):231-7. · 0.59 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The revised version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R), a tool designed by C. R. Cloninger for the evaluation of the seven dimensions defined in his psychobiological model of personality, was translated and adapted to Spanish. The aim of the study was to obtain normative data and scales with T-scores in a incidental sample of the general Spanish population.
After adaptation to Spanish, the tool was administered to 400 subjects from several areas of Spain. The sample is stratified according to age and gender according to the year 2001 Spanish population census. We have studied the differences between men and women and the association between age and dimensions. We have checked the normal distribution of the traits, and proceeded with the standardization and normalization of the scores.
We present the mean and standard deviation according to sex for each of the main dimensions and subscales. The scores of the main dimensions obtained for general population according to gender show a normal distribution that has allowed us to standardize them into T-scores. The reliability of the dimensions is high. There are differences in the means depending on gender: women scored higher in Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Cooperativeness. Men scored higher in Persistence. There were no high correlations between age and the dimensions.
The Spanish version of the new TCI-R is an adequate tool for the study of personality dimensions of normal population.
Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 32(1):8-15. · 0.59 Impact Factor
