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ABSTRACT: Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, one of the most popular and valued herbs, has been used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. More than thirty ginsenosides, the pharmacologically active ingredients in ginseng, have been identified with various sugar moieties attached at the C-3, C-6 and C-20 positions of the steroidal skeleton. We herein review the current literature on the pharmacological effects of ginsenosides on the modulation of angiogenesis, dysregulations of which contribute towards many pathological conditions. Regarding the adaptogenic property of ginseng, the effects of ginsenosides on central nervous system are also discussed. Recent researches have pointed to the steroid hormone receptors as the target molecules to elicit the diverse cellular and physiological activities of ginseng. We believe that understanding the interaction between ginsenosides and various steroid hormone receptors may provide clues to unravel the secret of ginseng.
Current Medicinal Chemistry 02/2007; 14(12):1371-80. · 4.86 Impact Factor
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Patrick Y K Yue,
Daisy Y L Wong,
P K Wu,
P Y Leung,
N K Mak, H W Yeung,
L Liu,
Zongwei Cai,
Zhi-Hong Jiang,
T P D Fan,
Ricky N S Wong
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ABSTRACT: Aberrant angiogenesis is an essential step for the progression of solid tumors. Thus anti-angiogenic therapy is one of the most promising approaches to control tumor growth. In this study, we examined the ability of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), one of the active compounds present in ginseng root, to interfere with the various steps of angiogenesis. Rg3 was found to inhibit the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with an IC50 of 10 nM in Trypan blue exclusion assay. Rg3 (1-10(3) nM) also dose dependently suppressed the capillary tube formation of HUVEC on the Matrigel in the presence or absence of 20 ng/ml vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The VEGF-induced chemoinvasion of HUVEC and ex vivo microvascular sprouting in rat aortic ring assay were both significantly attenuated by Rg3. In addition, Rg3 (150 and 600 nM) remarkably abolished the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis in an in vivo Matrigel plug assay. The Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-2 and MMP-9, which play an important role in the degradation of basement membrane in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis present in the culture supernatant of Rg3-treated aortic ring culture were found to decrease in their gelatinolytic activities. Taken together, these data underpin the anti-tumor property of Rg3 through its angiosuppressive activity.
Biochemical Pharmacology 09/2006; 72(4):437-45. · 4.70 Impact Factor
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Patrick Y K Yue,
Daisy Y L Wong,
W Y Ha,
M C Fung,
N K Mak, H W Yeung,
H W Leung,
Kelvin Chan,
L Liu,
T P D Fan,
Ricky N S Wong
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ABSTRACT: The major active constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides, and Rg(1) is a predominant compound of the total extract. Recent studies have demonstrated that Rg(1) can promote angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used a DNA microarray technology to elucidate the mechanisms of action of Rg(1). We report that Rg(1) induces the proliferation of HUVECs, monitored using [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and Trypan blue exclusion assays. Furthermore, Rg(1) (150-600 nM) also showed an enhanced tube forming inducing effect on the HUVEC. Rg(1) was also demonstrated to promote angiogenesis in an in vivo Matrigel plug assay, and increase endothelial sprouting in the ex vivo rat aorta ring assay. Differential gene expression profile of HUVEC following treatment with Rg(1) revealed the expression of genes related to cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeleton, including RhoA, RhoB, IQGAP1, CALM2, Vav2 and LAMA4. Our results suggest that Rg(1) can promote angiogenesis in multiple models, and this effect is partly due to the modulation of genes that are involved in the cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-cell adhesion and migration.
Angiogenesis 02/2005; 8(3):205-16. · 6.06 Impact Factor
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Patrick Y.K. Yue,
Daisy Y.L. Wong,
W.Y. Ha,
M.C. Fung,
N.K. Mak, H.W. Yeung,
H.W. Leung,
Kelvin Chan,
L. Liu,
T.P.D. Fan,
Ricky N.S. Wong
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The major active constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides, and Rg1 is a predominant compound of the total extract. Recent studies have demonstrated that Rg1 can promote angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used a DNA microarray technology to elucidate the mechanisms of action of Rg1. We report that Rg1 induces the proliferation of HUVECs, monitored using [3H]-thymidine incorporation and Trypan blue exclusion assays. Furthermore, Rg1 (150–600 nM) also showed an enhanced tube forming inducing effect on the HUVEC. Rg1 was also demonstrated to promote angiogenesis in an in vivo Matrigel plug assay, and increase endothelial sprouting in the ex vivo rat aorta ring assay. Differential gene expression profile of HUVEC following treatment with Rg1 revealed the expression of genes related to cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeleton, including RhoA, RhoB, IQGAP1, CALM2, Vav2 and LAMA4. Our results suggest that Rg1 can promote angiogenesis in multiple models, and this effect is partly due to the modulation of genes that are involved in
the cytoskeletal dynamics, cell–cell adhesion and migration.
Angiogenesis 01/2005; 8(3):205-216. · 6.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The feasibility of employing micelle-mediated extraction as an alternative and effective method for the solubilization, purification and/or preconcentration of active ingredients from herbal products is demonstrated for the first time using the root of American ginseng as a model. When compared to methanol and water, an aqueous surfactant solution containing 10% Triton X-100 yielded faster kinetics and higher recovery for the extraction of various ginsenosides. An experimental design approach (uniform design) was demonstrated as a novel and useful method for the optimization of experimental factors involved in the micelle-mediated extraction process. For the preconcentration of ginsenosides prior to chromatographic determination, a salting-out agent (sodium sulfate) was employed to make the efficient cloud point extraction of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ginsenosides into the surfactant-rich phase possible, as well as to increase the preconcentration factor by reducing the volume of the surfactant-rich phase.
Journal of Chromatography 01/2001; 904(1):47-55. · 4.53 Impact Factor
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Patrick Y.K. Yue,
Daisy Y.L. Wong,
P.K. Wu,
P.Y. Leung,
N.K. Mak, H.W. Yeung,
L. Liu,
Zongwei Cai,
Zhi-Hong Jiang,
T.P.D. Fan,
Ricky N.S. Wong
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Aberrant angiogenesis is an essential step for the progression of solid tumors. Thus anti-angiogenic therapy is one of the most promising approaches to control tumor growth. In this study, we examined the ability of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), one of the active compounds present in ginseng root, to interfere with the various steps of angiogenesis. Rg3 was found to inhibit the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with an IC50 of 10 nM in Trypan blue exclusion assay. Rg3 (1–103 nM) also dose dependently suppressed the capillary tube formation of HUVEC on the Matrigel in the presence or absence of 20 ng/ml vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The VEGF-induced chemoinvasion of HUVEC and ex vivo microvascular sprouting in rat aortic ring assay were both significantly attenuated by Rg3. In addition, Rg3 (150 and 600 nM) remarkably abolished the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis in an in vivo Matrigel plug assay. The Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP-2 and MMP-9, which play an important role in the degradation of basement membrane in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis present in the culture supernatant of Rg3-treated aortic ring culture were found to decrease in their gelatinolytic activities. Taken together, these data underpin the anti-tumor property of Rg3 through its angiosuppressive activity.
Biochemical Pharmacology.
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Patrick Y K Yue,
Daisy Y L Wong,
Wai-Yan Ha,
M C Fung,
Nai-Ki Mak, H W Yeung,
Hei Wun Leung,
Kelvin C. Chan,
Liang Liu,
T. P. David Fan,
Ricky N S Wong
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Metadata only The major active constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides, and Rg(1) is a predominant compound of the total extract. Recent studies have demonstrated that Rg(1) can promote angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we used a DNA microarray technology to elucidate the mechanisms of action of Rg(1). We report that Rg(1) induces the proliferation of HUVECs, monitored using [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and Trypan blue exclusion assays. Furthermore, Rg(1) (150-600 nM) also showed an enhanced tube forming inducing effect on the HUVEC. Rg(1) was also demonstrated to promote angiogenesis in an in vivo Matrigel plug assay, and increase endothelial sprouting in the ex vivo rat aorta ring assay. Differential gene expression profile of HUVEC following treatment with Rg(1) revealed the expression of genes related to cell adhesion, migration and cytoskeleton, including RhoA, RhoB, IQGAP1, CALM2, Vav2 and LAMA4. Our results suggest that Rg(1) can promote angiogenesis in multiple models, and this effect is partly due to the modulation of genes that are involved in the cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-cell adhesion and migration.
