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ABSTRACT: The severe Dismounted Complex Blast Injury (DCBI) is characterized by high-energy injuries to the bilateral lower extremities (usually proximal transfemoral amputations) and/or upper extremity (usually involving the non-dominant side), in addition to open pelvic injuries, genitourinary, and abdominal trauma. Initial resuscitation and multidisciplinary surgical management appear to be the keys to survival. Definitive treatment follows general principals of open wound management and includes decontamination through aggressive and frequent debridement, hemorrhage control, viable tissue preservation, and appropriate timing of wound closure. These devastating injuries are associated with paradoxically favorable survival rates, but associated injuries and higher amputation levels lead to more difficult reconstructive challenges. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 21(1):2–7, 2012)
Journal of surgical orthopaedic advances 01/2012; 21(1-21):2.
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ABSTRACT: Tests of seven rare and endangered native North American Cirsium species and four modern artichoke lines were requested in response to a proposal for introduction of Puccinia carduorum into the United States for biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans ssp. leiophyllus). These tests were supplemental to an earlier extensive host-range study that established P. carduorum from musk thistle as host specific, useful for biological control, and suitable for limited field tests in Virginia. Test plants in the current study were evaluated in support of a proposal to use the rust in the western United States, and particularly, in California. None of the test plants in this study had been evaluated in previous assessments and all were either rare, endangered or threatened in California. Tests were conducted in both field and greenhouse settings. Field tests were run for two seasons, and test plants were inoculated by natural spread of the pathogen from source plants inside rings of test plants. Greenhouse tests involved direct inoculation under optimal conditions of dew and temperature (18–20 °C, 16 h) for infection. None of the seven Cirsium species or subspecies tested became infected by P. carduorum, either in field or greenhouse tests, compared to infection of 98% of the individual musk thistle plants (n = 102) from all the studies. Modern artichoke cultivars were tested only by direct inoculation under optimal greenhouse conditions. All artichoke plants (n = 115) either were immune (no macroscopic symptoms, n = 69) or at most, resistant (n = 46); pustules on all but two of the resistant plants were very small (⩽0.30 mm diam). Despite infections on artichokes, P. carduorum could not be maintained on artichokes under optimal greenhouse conditions. These results confirm earlier findings from host-range tests and risk assessments of P. carduorum. This information suggests that rare, threatened, or endangered Cirsium spp. and modern artichoke cultivars are not likely to be adversely affected by the use of P. carduorum for biological control of musk thistle. These data have been reviewed by grower groups and regulatory agencies in a proposal for permission to use the rust for musk thistle control throughout the United States.
Biological Control.
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ABSTRACT: Valley networks observed on the martian surface are found mostly on Noachian-aged highlands units, but a few occur on younger volcanic edifices. Enigmatically, they do not occur on all younger volcanoes of similar age or location. Using new data, we reanalyze the radially arrayed valleys on the flanks of Hecates Tholus, a Hesperian-aged shield volcano, and test the hypothesis that these valleys might have formed via basal melting of summit snowpack. We find that magmatic intrusions with reasonable geometries provide sufficient heat flux to cause basal melting of snowpack, with the resulting meltwater interpreted to be responsible for incision of the observed valleys. Valley morphology is similar to valleys observed adjacent to seasonally melting Antarctic Dry Valley glaciers formed on comparable slopes, supporting the hypothesis of a snowmelt origin. These relatively young valley networks are thus plausibly interpreted to form under circumstances in which summit snow accumulation was melted during one or more episodes of high localized heat flux.
Planetary and Space Science.
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Mendelson,
Joseph R, III,
Karen R. Lips,
Ronald W. Gagliardo,
George B. Rabb,
James P Collins,
James E. Diffendorfer,
Peter Daszak,
Roberto Ibanez D, [......],
Michael Lau,
Rohan Pethiyagoda,
Michelle Boone,
Michael J. Lannoo,
Andrew R Blaustein,
Andy Dobson,
Richard A. Griffiths,
Martha L. Crump,
David B Wake,
Edmund D. Brodie Jr
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ABSTRACT: N=1 supergravities with SO(22n+1) gauge groups are local chiral anomaly free at 1-loop in D=4n+2 dimensions (n≥0), as are SO(32) type I superstrings in 10D. We show that at 2-loops only D=6 and D=10 theories remain anomaly free, so a generalized Adler-Bardeen theorem continues to hold in these cases when the Green-Schwarz mechanism is used to cancel subleading and mixed anomalies.
Physics Letters B.
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ABSTRACT: Associative lists created by the same means are remarkably different in their propensity to elicit false memories in the DRM (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) paradigm. We confirmed this variability in Experiment 1 by constructing lists in the typical fashion but with words that were weakly associated to their critical words. Low levels of false recall occurred. In Experiment 2 these results were replicated at three presentation rates (.5, 1, and 3 s per word). Also, slower presentation rates yielded lower false recall for both strong and weak lists. Experiment 3 showed that false recognition rates also varied across lists, as did subjective ratings accompanying false recognition. We interpret these findings as supporting an activation/monitoring framework. Lists vary in a principled way in their tendency to activate the critical item, and slowing the presentation rate permits greater accrual of item-specific information that makes monitoring of retrieval more accurate.
Journal of Memory and Language.
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ABSTRACT: A large number of heavy-duty trucks idle a significant amount. Heavy-duty line-haul truck engines idle about 20–40% of the time the engine is running, depending on season and operation. Drivers idle engines to power climate control devices (e.g., heaters and air conditioners) and sleeper compartment accessories (e.g., refrigerators, microwave ovens, and televisions) and to avoid start-up problems in cold weather. Idling increases air pollution and energy use, as well as wear and tear on engines. Efforts to reduce truck idling in the US have been sporadic, in part because it is widely viewed in the trucking industry that further idling restrictions would unduly compromise driver comfort and truck operations. The auxiliary power units (APUs) available to replace the idling of the diesel traction engine all have had limited trucking industry acceptance. Fuel cells are a promising APU technology. Fuel cell APUs have the potential to greatly reduce emissions and energy use and save money. In this paper, we estimate costs and benefits of fuel cell APUs. We calculate the payback period for fuel cell APUs to be about 2.6–4.5 years. This estimate is uncertain since future fuel cell costs are unknown and cost savings from idling vary greatly across the truck fleet. The payback period is particularly sensitive to diesel fuel consumption at idle. Given the large potential environmental and economic benefits of fuel cell APUs, the first major commercial application of fuel cells may be as truck APUs.
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.
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ABSTRACT: In this paper, we introduce a mathematical and computational model at the microscale level of bacterial motility and chemotaxis coupled with the advection and diffusion of a biologically reacting substrate. The hydrodynamic interaction of a small bacterial population is explicitly modelled through the use of discrete representations of individual microbes. We use the immersed boundary method to couple microbial motion and the advection-diffusion of substrate with the full incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Simulations using a preliminary two-dimensional model are presented, demonstrating the mutual dependence through the fluid media of several swimming bacteria. A run and tumble mechanism is introduced for simulating the chemotaxis of swimming bacteria.
Journal of Theoretical Biology.
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ABSTRACT: Conventional wisdom has it that a country that enacts strict environmental regulations will place its firms at a competitive disadvantage. This view has been challenged recently. Some commentators argue that stricter regulation will enhance domestic competitiveness: strict regulations induce innovation. We evaluate this argument in a strategic trade model. In very special cases a strengthening of regulation may result in a shift of profits from foreign to domestic firms. This is not a general result, however. Environmental regulation should, of course, be imposed to control externalities, but it is unlikely that it will serve to generate industrial advantage.
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.
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E.A. Bering, III,
L. Bhusal,
J.R. Benbrook,
J.A. Garrett,
A.P. Jackson,
E.M. Wescott,
D.R. Moudry,
D.D. Sentman,
H.C. Stenbaek-Nielsen,
W.A. Lyons
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ABSTRACT: A balloon campaign was conducted in summer, 1999, to measure the stratospheric electromagnetic fields associated with sprites. This paper will summarize some of the salient results of this work. The balloon payloads were instrumented with electric field detectors, magnetometers, an upward looking photometer, and other instruments. Ground observations for detection of sprites included low light level TV (LLTV) observations from three sites, Jelm Mt, WY, Bear Mt, SD, and Yucca Ridge, CO. The disagreements between models and these data will be discussed. We have used the photometer data to find TLEs by checking the trace at the times of cloud to ground (CG) strokes reported by the US National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). In total numbers, the number of −CG transient luminous events (TLEs) (presumably all halos) predominates over the number of +CG TLEs. On the positive side, the TLE events show a current moment threshold. Inclusion of the −CG events that are not seen from the ground raises mesospheric power input estimates by a factor of ∼5–7. Including the mesospheric effect of CGs not associated with TLEs increases this estimate by a factor of 2.
Advances in Space Research.
