C Smith

Publications (212)373.01 Total impact

• Article: Calcium and salinity as selective factors in plate morph evolution of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).

  R Spence, R J Wootton, M Przybylski, G Zięba, K Macdonald, C Smith
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  ABSTRACT: Identifying the causal factors underlying natural selection remains a key challenge in evolutionary biology. Although the genetic basis for the plate morph evolution of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is well described, the environmental variables that form the basis for different morphs are not understood. We measured the effects of dissolved calcium and salinity on the growth of sticklebacks with different plate morphs from Scotland and Poland. There was a significant interaction of calcium with plate morph for fish from both regions, with complete morph sticklebacks growing more slowly at low calcium concentrations and low morph sticklebacks showing divergent responses to calcium concentration. A Scottish anadromous population showed evidence of local adaptation to high salinity, which was independent of plate morph. Polish and Scottish populations diverged in their response to salinity, suggesting a difference in osmotic regulation. The results implicate a role for calcium in selecting for plate morph evolution in sticklebacks, possibly as a limiting element in skeletal growth.
  Journal of Evolutionary Biology 08/2012; 25(10):1965-74. · 3.28 Impact Factor
• Article: Raman spectroscopy and microspectrophotometry of reactive dyes on cotton fibres: analysis and detection limits.

  G Massonnet, P Buzzini, F Monard, G Jochem, L Fido, S Bell, M Stauber, T Coyle, C Roux, J Hemmings, H Leijenhorst, Z Van Zanten, K Wiggins, C Smith, S Chabli, T Sauneuf, A Rosengarten, C Meile, S Ketterer, A Blumer
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  ABSTRACT: A collaborative study on Raman spectroscopy and microspectrophotometry (MSP) was carried out by members of the ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) European Fibres Group (EFG) on different dyed cotton fabrics. The detection limits of the two methods were tested on two cotton sets with a dye concentration ranging from 0.5 to 0.005% (w/w). This survey shows that it is possible to detect the presence of dye in fibres with concentrations below that detectable by the traditional methods of light microscopy and microspectrophotometry (MSP). The MSP detection limit for the dyes used in this study was found to be a concentration of 0.5% (w/w). At this concentration, the fibres appear colourless with light microscopy. Raman spectroscopy clearly shows a higher potential to detect concentrations of dyes as low as 0.05% for the yellow dye RY145 and 0.005% for the blue dye RB221. This detection limit was found to depend both on the chemical composition of the dye itself and on the analytical conditions, particularly the laser wavelength. Furthermore, analysis of binary mixtures of dyes showed that while the minor dye was detected at 1.5% (w/w) (30% of the total dye concentration) using microspectrophotometry, it was detected at a level as low as 0.05% (w/w) (10% of the total dye concentration) using Raman spectroscopy. This work also highlights the importance of a flexible Raman instrument equipped with several lasers at different wavelengths for the analysis of dyed fibres. The operator and the set up of the analytical conditions are also of prime importance in order to obtain high quality spectra. Changing the laser wavelength is important to detect different dyes in a mixture.
  Forensic science international 06/2012; 222(1-3):200-7. · 2.10 Impact Factor
• Article: Phytate and other nutrient components of feed ingredients for poultry.

  M Tahir, M Y Shim, N E Ward, C Smith, E Foster, A C Guney, G M Pesti
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  ABSTRACT: Samples of feed ingredients were collected from poultry feed mills in the United States and Canada: corn (133), soybean meal (114), corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 89), bakery by-product meal (95), wheat (22), wheat middlings (31), canola meal (21), and wheat shorts (15). The samples were assayed by standard wet chemical techniques for CP, fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, calcium, phosphorus, phytate phosphorus, and ash. There was considerable variation found in most of the ingredient components. Forty-two of the 64 CV were above 10.0%. The calcium contents of the ingredients were the most variable, followed by the fat contents. The CP contents were the least variable. There were some fairly consistent relationships observed across samples; in general, acid detergent fiber and NDF were positively correlated, as were ash and mineral levels. Crude protein and fiber levels were positively related, except for wheat shorts, but the relationships were not strong. Phytate P was found to be positively related to ash and total P, as expected, except for corn DDGS. The fat content of corn was found to be negatively related to the NDF content. Significant (P < 0.004) linear regressions were found between phytate P and total P for corn, soybean meal, bakery by-product meal, wheat, wheat middlings, and wheat shorts. The average nonphytate P content of the ingredients was 49.8%, ranging from 38.8% for wheat middlings to 73.2% for DDGS. The phytate P content of wheat and wheat by-products could be predicted from their proximate compositions, with coefficients of determination in excess of 0.740. Predictions for the other ingredients were not as good.
  Poultry Science 04/2012; 91(4):928-35. · 1.73 Impact Factor
• Article: HPA axis function and symptoms in adolescents at clinical high risk for schizophrenia.

  C M Corcoran, C Smith, D McLaughlin, A Auther, D Malaspina, B Cornblatt
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  ABSTRACT: Stress sensitivity and HPA axis activity may be relevant to the development and expression of psychotic disorders. Cortisol secretion has been associated with positive symptoms both in patients with psychotic disorders and in young people at clinical risk for psychosis. Herein, we aimed to replicate these findings, to determine which positive symptoms may be associated with cortisol levels, and to explore any associations with affective symptoms and impaired stress tolerance. Thirty-one clinical high risk patients were evaluated in cross-section for associations between salivary cortisol levels upon clinic entry at 11 am, demographic variables, and clinical symptoms. Salivary cortisol levels were unrelated to medication exposure or demographics, except for higher levels in the ten females studied. Salivary cortisol bore no relationship to overall positive symptom severity but was associated with anxiety, as well as with suspiciousness and impaired stress tolerance, which were themselves highly intercorrelated. Cortisol secretion in the context of a putative novel social situation (i.e. clinic entry) may be a biological correlate of suspiciousness, impaired stress tolerance and affective symptoms in individuals vulnerable to developing psychosis. These associations are consistent with findings from experience sampling studies in individuals at risk for psychosis as well as basic studies of animal models of schizophrenia.
  Biological Psychiatry 03/2012; 135(1-3):170-4. · 8.28 Impact Factor
• Article: Direct fed microbial supplementation repartitions host energy to the immune system.

  R Qiu, J Croom, R A Ali, A L Ballou, C D Smith, C M Ashwell, H M Hassan, C-C Chiang, M D Koci
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  ABSTRACT: Direct fed microbials and probiotics are used to promote health in livestock and poultry; however, their mechanism of action is still poorly understood. We previously reported that direct fed microbial supplementation in young broilers reduced ileal respiration without changing whole-body energy expenditure. The current studies were conducted to further investigate the effects of a direct fed microbial on energy metabolism in different tissues of broilers. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old broiler chicks (16 chicks/pen) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary groups: standard control starter diet (CSD) and CSD plus direct fed microbial (DFMD; 0.3%) with 6 pens/treatment. Body weight, feed consumption, whole-body energy expenditure, organ mass, tissue respiration rates, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) ATP concentrations were measured to estimate changes in energy metabolism. No differences in whole body energy expenditure or BW gain were observed; however, decreased ileal O(2) respiration (P < 0.05) was measured in DFMD fed broilers. In contrast, the respiration rate of the thymus in those broilers was increased (P < 0.05). The PBMC from DFMD fed broilers had increased ATP concentrations and exhibited increased ATP turnover (P < 0.01). To determine if the increased energy consumption by PBMC corresponded with an altered immune response, broilers were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and assayed for differences in their humoral response. The DFMD-fed broilers had a faster rate of antigen specific IgG production (P < 0.05) and an increase in total IgA (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data indicate that supplementation with the direct fed microbial used in this study resulted in energy re-partitioning to the immune system and an increase in antibody production independent of changes in whole body metabolism or growth performance.
  Journal of Animal Science 02/2012; 90(8):2639-51. · 2.10 Impact Factor
• Article: The cortisol response to hypobaric hypoxia at rest and post-exercise.

  D R Woods, A Davison, M Stacey, C Smith, T Hooper, D Neely, S Turner, R Peaston, A Mellor
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  ABSTRACT: High altitude exposure normally leads to a marked natriuresis and diuresis. Acute mountain sickness is often associated with fluid retention, to which an elevated cortisol may contribute. Most investigators report a rise in resting cortisol with ascent, but little data exist regarding the cortisol response to a day trekking. We therefore measured salivary cortisol during ascent to > 5000 m in a cohort of between 42-45 subjects following a 6-h trek (samples taken between 15:30-16:30 h) and between 15-20 subjects at rest (morning samples taken between 08:00-09:00 h). Morning resting cortisol [nmol/l, mean±sd, (range)] was 5.5±2.9 (2.13-13.61) at 1300 m; 4.7±6.8 (1.4-27.02) at 3400 m, and significantly (p=0.002) rose between 4270 m [3.5±2.1 (1.4-8.34)] and 5150 m [14.5±30.3 (1.9-123.1)]. Post-exercise cortisol [nmol/l, mean±sd, (range)] dropped between 3400 m [7±6 (1.5-33.3)] and 4270 m [4.2±4.8 (1.4-29.5)] (p=0.001) followed by a significant rise in post-exercise cortisol between 4270 m [4.2±4.8 (1.4-29.5)] and 5 150 m [9.2±10.2 (1.4-61.3)] (p<0.001). There were no significant associations between severity of acute mountain sickness and cortisol levels. There was a significant though weak correlation between cortisol post-exercise at 5150 m and oxygen saturation at 5150 m (rho= - 0.451, p=0.004). In conclusion, this is the largest cohort to have their resting and post-exercise cortisol levels ascertained at high altitude. We confirm the previous findings of an elevated resting morning cortisol at > 5000 m, but present the novel finding that the cortisol response to a day trekking at HA appears suppressed at 4270 m.
  Hormone and Metabolic Research 02/2012; 44(4):302-5. · 2.19 Impact Factor
• Article: World Congress of Epidemiology 2011: themes and highlights.

  R Bhopal, C Smith, J Smith, P Craig, S Sans, C Littlejohn, P Donnelly, L Gruer, I Crombie, J K Dunbar
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  ABSTRACT: Modern-day epidemiologists are confronted with huge changes, such as the rise in the global population due to reduced mortality, migration within and across countries, massive shifts in economic standing and lifestyles, and environmental degradation. With over 1000 posters, more than 100 oral presentations, 16 workshops, four lunchtime symposia, many exhibitions and immeasurable discussions, the task of capturing all highlights of the International Epidemiology Association (IEA) World Congress of Epidemiology 2011 is impossible, but this article has provided a sample. Many presenters showed that the challenges facing global health are complex, changing and in demand of measurement, and they demonstrated the central role of epidemiology. The cutting-edge methodologies theme promised the emergence of a more transparent, better balanced, but also more critical approach to dealing with bias. Preceding the United Nations high-level meeting on non-communicable diseases (New York, 19th-20th September 2011), the Congress's chronic diseases stream was especially timely. The neglected conditions theme illustrated inspiring work battling against apathy, inertia and ignorance; perhaps the special challenge of the 'neglected conditions epidemiologist'. Translating epidemiology's insights into effective policies and programmes to prevent diseases or reduce their impact is not easy. Speakers highlighted the common failure of epidemiologists to contribute actively to improving the health of the populations they serve, especially the poor and disadvantaged, but also provided many examples where they had done so. The 'other' theme ensured that important studies were not lost from the programme just because they did not fit easily into the specific themes. The studies focused on identified risk factors throughout the life course. A variety of methods were used to identify factors that altered the rate of birth, disease and death. Ongoing epidemiology is not only broad but is also deep, and ever more so as collaborative pooling of expertise, data, populations and ideas has emerged, accelerated by modern-day communication technologies. Epidemiology, and epidemiologists, seem poised for tomorrow's world.
  Public health 02/2012; 126(3):179-84. · 1.26 Impact Factor
• Article: Severe acute mountain sickness, brain natriuretic peptide and NT-proBNP in humans.

  D R Woods, J Begley, M Stacey, C Smith, C J Boos, T Hooper, A Hawkins, P Hodkinson, N Green, A Mellor
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  ABSTRACT: To examine the response of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP to high altitude (HA) both at rest and following exercise. We measured NT-proBNP and BNP and Lake Louise (LL) acute mountain sickness (AMS) scores in 20 subjects at rest in Kathmandu (Kat; 1300 m), following exercise and at rest at 4270 and 5150 m. BNP and NT-proBNP (pg ml(-1) , mean ± SEM) rose significantly from Kat (9.2 ± 2 and 36.9 ± 6.6, respectively) to arrival at 4270 m after exercise (16.6 ± 4 and 152 ± 56.1, P=0.008 and P<0.001, respectively) and remained elevated the next morning at rest (28.9 ± 9 and 207.4 ± 65.1, P = 0.004 and P<0.001 respectively). At 5150, immediately following ascent/descent to 5643 m, BNP and NT-proBNP were 32.3 ± 8.8 and 301.1 ± 96.3 (P=0.003 and P<0.001 vs. Kat, respectively) and at rest the following morning were 33.3 ± 9.7 and 258.9 ± 89.5 (P=0.008 and P=0.001 vs. Kat respectively). NT-proBNP and BNP correlated strongly at 5150 m (ρ 0.905, P<0.001 and ρ 0.914, P<0.001 for resting and post-exercise samples respectively). At 5150 m, BNP levels were significantly higher among the four subjects with severe (LL score>6) AMS (58.4 ± 18.7) compared with those without (BNP 22.7 ± 8.6, P=0.048). There were significant correlations between change in body water from baseline to 5150 m with both BNP and NT-proBNP (ρ 0.77, P=0.001, ρ 0.745, P=0.002 respectively). In conclusion, these data suggest that BNP and NT-proBNP increase with ascent to HA both after exercise and at rest. We also report the novel finding that BNP is significantly greater in those with severe AMS at 5150 m.
  Acta Physiologica 01/2012; 205(3):349-55. · 3.09 Impact Factor
• Article: Land-use and environmental pressures resulting from current and future bioenergy crop expansion: A review

  S. Miyake, M. Renouf, A. Peterson, C. McAlpine, C. Smith
  Journal of Rural Studies 01/2012; 28:650-658. · 1.63 Impact Factor
• Chapter: Climate Change and Migration: A Modelling Approach

  C. Smith, Dominic R. Kniveton, S. Wood, R. Black
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  ABSTRACT: Past estimates of the numbers of migrants caused to relocate as a result of climate change have ranged from millions to billions worldwide. Attempts to quantify the numbers of people affected have commonly been based around calculating the numbers of ‘environmental refugees’ by projecting physical climate changes, such as sea-level rise or rainfall decline, on an exposed population. These studies generally make simplistic assumptions about the ability of individuals to cope with variations in climate. However, empirical evidence of environmentally induced migration have not supported such an approach with the recognition that migration decisions are usually not mono-causal but influenced by multiple factors involving complex spatial interactions under heterogeneous conditions. In this context, agent based modelling offers a robust method to model autonomous decision making in relation to migration. In this chapter we discuss the theoretical development of an agent-based modelling approach to climate change-migration studies using the example of Burkina Faso. In doing so we cover questions of emergence, validation, and bounded rationality related to quantitative migration studies. KeywordsBurkina Faso-Climate change-Migration-Population changes-Adaptation-Agent-based modelling
  11/2011: pages 179-201;
• Article: Validation of an influenza virus A 5'Taq nuclease assay for the detection of equine influenza virus A RNA in nasal swab samples.

  J Oakey, T Hawkesford, C Smith, G Hewitson, X Tolosa, L Wright, N Moody, B Rodwell, B Corney, D Waltisbuhl
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  ABSTRACT: Describe the in-house validation of a previously reported influenza virus type A 5'Taq nuclease assay for detecting equine influenza virus A RNA in nasal swab material. The validation compares the 5'Taq nuclease assay with a gel-based reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) previously reported by the Irish Equine Centre for detection of H3N8 and H7N7 equine influenza viruses. This test was chosen because it targets a different region of the viral genome to the real-time test, so it is not merely a repeat of the same test in a different format. Moreover, nested PCRs are commonly considered to have similar sensitivity to real-time PCRs and are therefore ideal for evaluation comparisons. The sensitivity of the nested PCR was comparable to the 5'Taq nuclease test. Known positive samples and known negative samples reacted with both tests with 100% correlation. Parallel testing of 276 nasal swab samples showed 98% agreement. The specificity of the nested amplicons was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing and showed >99.5% identity with the same region of previously published equine influenza virus A sequences. The results of this work are appropriate validation for the acceptance of the real-time PCR for equine influenza A virus in equine nasal swabs.
  Australian Veterinary Journal 07/2011; 89 Suppl 1:39-42. · 0.94 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: Alexandre Sousa

  Article: Measurement of the neutrino mass splitting and flavor mixing by MINOS.

  P Adamson, C Andreopoulos, R Armstrong, D J Auty, D S Ayres, C Backhouse, G Barr, M Bishai, A Blake, G J Bock, [......], J Urheim, P Vahle, B Viren, A Weber, R C Webb, C White, L Whitehead, S G Wojcicki, T Yang, R Zwaska
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  ABSTRACT: Measurements of neutrino oscillations using the disappearance of muon neutrinos from the Fermilab NuMI neutrino beam as observed by the two MINOS detectors are reported. New analysis methods have been applied to an enlarged data sample from an exposure of 7.25×10(20) protons on target. A fit to neutrino oscillations yields values of |Δm(2)|=(2.32(-0.08)(+0.12))×10(-3) eV(2) for the atmospheric mass splitting and sin(2)(2θ)>0.90 (90% C.L.) for the mixing angle. Pure neutrino decay and quantum decoherence hypotheses are excluded at 7 and 9 standard deviations, respectively.
  Physical Review Letters 05/2011; 106(18):181801. · 7.37 Impact Factor
• Article: A stochastic simulation study of the efficiency of marker‐assisted introgression in livestock

  A. F. Groen, C. Smith
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  ABSTRACT: Introgression has been applied in livestock breeding for a long time. Using genetic markers might increase the efficiency of introgression, as it allows: 1. Identification of the introgressed allele in crossbred progeny; and 2. Selection on ‘genomic similarity’ to the recipient line in the backcross individuals. The aims of this study were 1. To determine the efficiency of marker-assisted introgression relative to selection on phenotypic performance during introgression; and 2. To determine what extent this efficiency depends on the quality of the marker information. Stochastic modelling was used to simulate haplotypes, and genotypic and phenotypic values of individuals (150 per generation) on the basis of a finite-locus model (150 linked loci with alternating marker loci and quantitative-trait loci, and one locus for the introgressed allele). Selection of crossbred animals included two steps. In step 1, selection was for the introgressed allele; in step 2, selection was either at random, on phenotype, or on marker-genomic similarity to the recipient line. From the results, it is concluded that, in introgression, selection for genomic similarity is less efficient than selection for the phenotype. When selection for the phenotypic performance of the animals (before reproduction age) is not possible, selection for genomic similarity, even with a dense marker map, is of little benefit.ZusammenfassungStocbastische Simulation der Wirksamkeit marker-assistierter Introgression bei HaustierenIntrogression wird in der Tierzächtung seit langem praktiziert. Genetische Marker könnten die Wirksamkeit der Introgression steigern insofern, als damit: 1. Identifikation der introgredierten Allele in Kreuzungsnachkommen möglich ist; und 2. Selektion hinsichtlich ‘genomischer Ahnlichkeit’ mit der Empfängerlinie in den Rückkreuzungsindividuen. Die Untersuchung betrifft die Wirksamkeit marker-assistierter Introgression relativ zur Selektion nach Leistung während Introgression, in Abhängigkeit von der Qualität der Markerinformation. Stochastische Modelle wurden zur Simulierung von Haplotypen verwendet und genotypische und phänotypische Werte von 150 Individuen pro Generation auf der Basis eines begrenzten Locusmodells (150 gekoppelte Loci, alternierend zwischen Marker und quantitativen Merkmalsloci und einen Locus für das introgredierte Allel). Selektion von Kreuzungstieren umfaßte zwei Stufen. Stufe 1 betraf Selektion für das introgredierte Allel; Stufe 2 entweder zufällige Selektion nach Phänotyp oder nach genomischer (Marker) Ähnlichkeit zur rezipierenden Linie. Die Resultate zeigen, daß Selektion für genomische Ähnlichkeit bei Introgression weniger wirksam ist als phänotypische. Wenn Selektion der letzten Art (vor Reproduktionsalter) nicht möglich ist, bringt Selektion für genomische Ähnlichkeit sogar mit einer dichten Markerkarte wenig Vorteile.
  Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 03/2011; 112(1‐6):161 - 170. · 1.46 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: John Robert Arrington

  Article: Semi-inclusive charged-pion electroproduction off protons and deuterons: Cross sections, ratios, and access to the quark-parton model at low energies

  R. Asaturyan, R. Ent, H. Mkrtchyan, T. Navasardyan, V. Tadevosyan, G. S. Adams, A. Ahmidouch, T. Angelescu, J. Arrington, A. Asaturyan, [......], A. Villano, W. F. Vulcan, M. Wang, G. Warren, F. R. Wesselmann, B. Wojtsekhowski, S. A. Wood, C. Xu, L. Yuan, X. Zheng
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  ABSTRACT: A large set of cross sections for semi-inclusive electroproduction of charged pions (π±) from both proton and deuteron targets was measured. The data are in the deep-inelastic scattering region with invariant mass squared W2>4 GeV2 (up to ≈7 GeV2) and range in four-momentum transfer squared 2<Q2<4 (GeV/c)2, and cover a range in the Bjorken scaling variable 0.2<x<0.6. The fractional energy of the pions spans a range 0.3<z<1, with small transverse momenta with respect to the virtual-photon direction, Pt2<0.2 (GeV/c)2. The invariant mass that goes undetected, Mx or W′, is in the nucleon resonance region, W′<2 GeV. The new data conclusively show the onset of quark-hadron duality in this process, and the relation of this phenomenon to the high-energy factorization ansatz of electron-quark scattering and subsequent quark→pion production mechanisms. The x, z, and Pt2 dependences of several ratios (the ratios of favored-unfavored fragmentation functions, charged pion ratios, deuteron-hydrogen and aluminum-deuteron ratios for π+ and π−) have been studied. The ratios are found to be in good agreement with expectations based upon a high-energy quark-parton model description. We find the azimuthal dependences to be small, as compared to exclusive pion electroproduction, and consistent with theoretical expectations based on tree-level factorization in terms of transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution and fragmentation functions. In the context of a simple model, the initial transverse momenta of d quarks are found to be slightly smaller than for u quarks, while the transverse momentum width of the favored fragmentation function is about the same as for the unfavored one, and both fragmentation widths are larger than the quark widths.
  Phys. Rev. C. 03/2011; 85(1).
• Article: The value of F1 dairy Bos taurus‐Bos indicus embryos for milk production in poor environments

  R. L. Teodoro, F. E. Madalena, C. Smith
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  ABSTRACT: Literature summaries were used to estimate the economic value of F1 dairy crosses of Bos taurus and Bos indicus for milk production in unfavourable environments, in relation to five continuous breeding systems. The continuous systems included purebreeding (B. taurus or B. indicus), crisscrossing, and B. taurus-B. indicus synthetics. Performance in unfavourable environments was considered from three sets of data in the literature (from Brazil, India and a world review). The evaluation performed was for herds producing the same total milk yield per year. Due to higher yields from F1 cows, fewer cows are needed, and also, due to their longer herd life, fewer replacements are needed. Break-even points for the use of F1 embryos were calculated, measuring the extra breeding cost justified to produce F1 heifers by embryo transfer (ET). The break-even points for extra F1 costs, compared with the best alternative breeding system (crisscrossing), ranged from US$229 to 562 in moderate and good environments, but rose to US$617–1025 in poor environments in Brazil. The extra costs to produce a replacement F1 heifer by ET are less than $400 for ET costs up to $100 per transfer, but increase appreciably for higher ET costs. Thus, if good rates of ET can be achieved, even at current costs, the production and use of F1 cows in unfavourable environments may be profitable. The F1 embryos might be produced by using B. taurus semen on B. indicus ova in developing countries, or by using semen from B. indicus males on ova collected from surplus B. taurus females in developed countries and exporting the embryos.ZusammenfassungDer West von F1 Taurus-Indicus Embryonen fur Milch Produktion im ungünstiger UmweltLiteraturangaben wurden zur Schtzung des wirtschaftlichen Wertes von F1 Milchviehkreuzungen zwischen Bos taurus and Bos indicus in ungünstiger Umwelt im Vergleich zu fünf koninuierlichen Zuchtverfahren verwendet. Diese waren Reinzucht (B. taurus oder B. indicus), Wechselkreuzung und B. taurus-B. indicus Kombinationskreuzung. Leistung in ungünstiger Umwelt wurde aus drei Berichtsgruppen entommen—Brasilien, Indien und einer Welt Revue. Die Bewertung bezog sich auf Herden mit ganzjhriger Milchproduktion. Höhere Leistung der F1 bedingt weniger Kühe und lngeres Produktionsleben, weniger Nachzucht. Es wurden Kostengleichheit für F1 Embryonen berechnet und die hiefür gerechtfertigten zustzlichen Kosten zur Produktion von F1 Kalbinen durch Embryotransfer (ET). Im Vergleich zur besten alternativen Zuchtmethode, Wechselkreuzung, schwankten die zustzlich möglichen Kosten zwischen US $229 bis 562 in mßig bis guter Umwelt, aber steigen auf US $617 bis 1025 in schlechter Umwelt Brasiliens. Die zustzlichen Kosten von F1 Kalbinen durch ET sind unter $400 bei Transfer Kosten bis zu $100, steigen aber merklich bei höherem ET Kosten. Wenn aber auch bei gegenwrtigen Kosten gute Transferraten erzielt werden können, sollte Produktion und Verwendung von F1 Kalbinen in ungünstiger Umwelt profitabel sein. Embryonen können mit B. taurus Sperma aus B. indicus Kühen in Entwicklungslndern produziert werden oder umgekehrt aus ÜberschußEmbryonen von B. taurus Kühen in Industielndern mit Export der Embryonen.
  Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 02/2011; 113(1‐6):471 - 482. · 1.46 Impact Factor
• Article: Therapeutic hypothermia in PEA cardiac arrest for global and local cerebral protection: a case report and mini-review.

  A. Coleman, C. Smith, Y. Al-Baghdadi, M. Orlewicz
  Romanian Journal of Anesthesia and intensive care. 01/2011; 18(2-18):153-155.
• Chapter: Sleep, memory, and molecular biology

  C. Smith, K.R. Peters
  01/2011: pages 260-272;
• Source

  Available from: M. Elaasar

  Article: Probing quark-gluon interactions with transverse polarized scattering.

  K Slifer, O A Rondón, A Aghalaryan, A Ahmidouch, R Asaturyan, F Bloch, W Boeglin, P Bosted, C Carasco, R Carlini, [......], W Vulcan, K Wang, G Warren, F R Wesselmann, S Wood, C Yan, L Yuan, J Yun, M Zeier, H Zhu
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  ABSTRACT: We have extracted QCD matrix elements from our data on doubly polarized inelastic scattering of electrons on nuclei. We find the higher twist matrix element d˜2, which arises strictly from quark-gluon interactions, to be unambiguously nonzero. The data also reveal an isospin dependence of higher twist effects if we assume that the Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule is valid. The fundamental Bjorken sum rule obtained from the a0 matrix element is satisfied at our low momentum transfer.
  Physical Review Letters 09/2010; 105(10):101601. · 7.37 Impact Factor
• Article: Activity induced changes in the distribution of Shanks at hippocampal synapses.

  J H Tao-Cheng, A Dosemeci, P E Gallant, C Smith, T Reese
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  ABSTRACT: Dendritic spines contain a family of abundant scaffolding proteins known as Shanks, but little is known about how their distributions might change during synaptic activity. Here, pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy is used to localize Shanks in synapses from cultured hippocampal neurons. We find that Shanks are preferentially located at postsynaptic densities (PSDs) as well as in a filamentous network near the PSD, extending up to 120 nm from the postsynaptic membrane. Application of sub-type specific antibodies shows that Shank2 is typically concentrated at and near PSDs while Shank1 is, in addition, distributed throughout the spine head. Depolarization with high K+ for 2 min causes transient, reversible translocation of Shanks towards the PSD that is dependent on extracellular Ca2+. The amount of activity-induced redistribution and subsequent recovery is pronounced for Shank1 but less so for Shank2. Thus, Shank1 appears to be a dynamic element within the spine, whose translocation could be involved in activity-induced, transient structural changes, while Shank2 appears to be a more stable element positioned at the interface of the PSD with the spine cytoplasm.
  Neuroscience 06/2010; 168(1):11-7. · 3.38 Impact Factor
• Article: Selecting bulls across countries to maximize genetic improvement in dairy cattle

  G. Banos, C. Smith
  Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 04/2010; 108(1‐6):174 - 181. · 1.46 Impact Factor