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L Qiu,
H P Low,
C-I Chang,
W C Strohsnitter,
M Anderson,
K Edmiston,
H-O Adami,
A Ekbom,
P Hall,
P Lagiou,
D Trichopoulos, C-C Hsieh
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ABSTRACT: The size of the breast stem-cell pool could underlie the intrauterine roots of breast cancer. We studied whether breast stem cells exist in umbilical cord blood and if they correlate with hematopoietic stem-cell measurements that have been positively associated with perinatal risk factors for breast cancer.
We isolated mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood of 170 singleton full-term pregnancies and determined, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the presence of genes of putative breast epithelial stem-cell/progenitor markers [including epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), CD49f (α6-integrin), CD117 (c-kit receptor), CD24, and CD29 (β1-integrin)]. By immunocytochemistry, we colocalized protein expressions of EpCAM+CD49f+, CD49f+CD24+, and CD24+CD29+. We correlated concentrations of putative breast stem-cell/progenitor subpopulations, quantified by flow cytometry, with concentrations of hematopoietic stem cells.
Mammary stem-cell phenotypes were identified in umbilical cord blood. The measured EpCAM+ subpopulation was positively correlated with concentrations of CD34+ and CD34+CD38- hematopoietic stem cells (both P=0.006). Additionally, EpCAM+CD49f+ and CD49f+CD24+ subpopulations were positively correlated to the CD34+ cells (P=0.03 and 0.008, respectively).
The positive association between measurable breast and hematopoietic stem cells in human umbilical cord blood suggests plausible mechanisms for a prenatal influence on breast cancer risk.
Annals of Oncology 04/2011; 23(1):245-50. · 6.43 Impact Factor
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P Lagiou,
E Samoli,
W Okulicz,
B Xu,
A Lagiou,
L Lipworth,
C Georgila,
L Vatten,
H O Adami,
D Trichopoulos, C C Hsieh
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ABSTRACT: Breast cancer is less common in China than in the United States and perinatal characteristics predict breast cancer risk in the offspring. We determined levels of pregnancy hormones in Boston and Shanghai to identify those possibly involved in the intrauterine origin of breast cancer. Participants and methods: We compared maternal and cord blood levels of estradiol, estriol, testosterone, progesterone, prolactin, insulin-like growth factors (IGF) 1 and 2, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, adiponectin and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in 241 Caucasian and 295 Chinese women.
In both centers, hormone levels at the 16th were predictive of those at the 27th gestational week, but there was little correlation between maternal and cord blood levels. In cord blood, we found significantly (P < 0.01) higher levels of estradiol (44.2%), testosterone (54.5%), IGF-2 (22.7%) and strikingly SHBG (104.6%) in Shanghai women, whereas the opposite was true for IGF-1 (-36.8%).
Taking into account the current understanding of the plausible biological role of the examined endocrine factors, those likely to be involved in the intrauterine origin of breast cancer are SHBG and IGF-2, with higher cord blood levels among Chinese, and IGF-1, with higher cord blood levels among Caucasian women.
Annals of Oncology 10/2010; 22(5):1102-8. · 6.43 Impact Factor
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P Lagiou, C C Hsieh,
L Lipworth,
E Samoli,
W Okulicz,
R Troisi,
B Xu,
P Hall,
A Ekbom,
H O Adami,
D Trichopoulos
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ABSTRACT: Breast cancer incidence and birth weight are higher among Caucasian than Asian women, and birth size has been positively associated with breast cancer risk. Pregnancy hormone levels, however, have been generally lower in Caucasian than Asian women. We studied components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in cord blood from 92 singleton babies born in Boston, USA, and 110 born in Shanghai, China, in 1994-1995. Cord blood IGF-1 was significantly higher among Caucasian compared with Chinese babies (P<10(-6)). The opposite was noted for IGF-2 (P approximately 10(-4)). IGF-1 was significantly positively associated with birth weight and birth length in Boston, but not Shanghai. In contrast, stronger positive, though statistically non-significant, associations of IGF-2 with birth size were only evident in Shanghai. The associations of birth weight and birth length were positive and significant in taller women (for IGF-1 in Boston P approximately 0.003 and 0.03, respectively; for IGF-2 in Shanghai P approximately 0.05 and approximately 0.04, respectively), among whom maternal anthropometry does not exercise strong constraints in foetal growth. The documentation of higher cord blood levels of IGF-1, a principal growth hormone that does not cross the placenta, among Caucasian than in Asian newborns is concordant with breast cancer incidence in these populations.
British Journal of Cancer 05/2009; 100(11):1794-8. · 5.04 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Birth size of a woman has been positively associated with her breast cancer risk, particularly before menopause, but no study has investigated neonatal growth in relation to this risk. We conducted a case-control study nested within a population-based cohort of women, born in Sweden between 1901 and 1961, covering all 405 breast cancer patients and 1081 age- and hospital-matched controls, who were born after newborn charts became available. Compared to neonates who lost <200 g after birth and grew at a rate <25 g day(-1) after reaching postnatal weight nadir (ie, the minimum, before starting to regain weight), those who either lost >/=200 g after birth or grew >/=25 g day(-1) after nadir, or both, were at an approximately 50% increased breast cancer risk. The excess risk was striking and statistically significant among women below 50 years of age, but was not evident among older women. Immediate postnatal weight loss (an indicator of water loss, likely to reflect water retention associated with pregnancy hormones) as well as neonatal weight gain rate after the nadir (known to reflect growth hormone levels) was significantly positively associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk.
British Journal of Cancer 10/2008; 99(9):1544-8. · 5.04 Impact Factor
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W C Strohsnitter,
T M Savarese,
H P Low,
D P Chelmow,
P Lagiou,
M Lambe,
K Edmiston,
Q Liu,
I Baik,
K L Noller,
H-O Adami,
D Trichopoulos, C-C Hsieh
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ABSTRACT: We examined the relation with birth weight and umbilical cord blood concentrations of haematopoietic stem and progenitor populations in 288 singleton infants. Across the whole range of birth weight, there was a positive relation between birth weight and CD34+CD38(-) cells, with each 500 g increase in birth weight being associated with a 15.5% higher (95% confidence interval: 1.6-31.3%) cell concentration. CD34+ and CD34+c-kit+ cells had J-shaped relations and CFU-GM cells had a U-shaped relation with birth weight. Among newborns with >or=3000 g birth weights, concentrations of these cells increased with birth weight, while those below 3000 g had higher stem cell concentrations than the reference category of 3000-3499 g. Adjustment for cord blood plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 levels weakened the stem and progenitor cell-birth weight associations. The positive associations between birth weight and stem cell measurements for term newborns with a normal-to-high birth weight support the stem cell burden hypothesis of cancer risk.
British Journal of Cancer 02/2008; 98(3):660-3. · 5.04 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: We have evaluated the effects on mortality of habitual low carbohydrate-high-protein diets that are thought to contribute to weight control.
Cohort investigation.
Adult Greek population. SUBJECTS METHODS: Follow-up was performed from 1993 to 2003 in the context of the Greek component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition. Participants were 22 944 healthy adults, whose diet was assessed through a validated questionnaire. Participants were distributed by increasing deciles according to protein intake or carbohydrate intake, as well as by an additive score generated by increasing decile intake of protein and decreasing decile intake of carbohydrates. Proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relation between high protein, high carbohydrate and the low carbohydrate-high protein score on the one hand and mortality on the other.
During 113 230 persons years of follow-up, there were 455 deaths. In models with energy adjustment, higher intake of carbohydrates was associated with significant reduction of total mortality, whereas higher intake of protein was associated with nonsignificant increase of total mortality (per decile, mortality ratios 0.94 with 95% CI 0.89 -0.99, and 1.02 with 95% CI 0.98 -1.07 respectively). Even more predictive of higher mortality were high values of the additive low carbohydrate-high protein score (per 5 units, mortality ratio 1.22 with 95% CI 1.09 -to 1.36). Positive associations of this score were noted with respect to both cardiovascular and cancer mortality.
Prolonged consumption of diets low in carbohydrates and high in protein is associated with an increase in total mortality.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 06/2007; 61(5):575-81. · 2.46 Impact Factor
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G. R. Howe,
P. Ghadirian,
H. B. Bueno de Mesquita,
W. A. Zatonski,
P. A. Baghurst,
A. B. Miller,
A. Simard,
J. Baillargeon,
F. de Waard,
K. Przewozniak,
A. J. McMichael,
M. Jain, C. C. Hsieh,
P. Maisonneuve,
P. Boyle,
A. M. Walker
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ABSTRACT: Case-control studies of pancreatic cancer were conducted in 5 populations with moderate to high rates and differing dietary practices, using a common protocol and questionnaire. Comprehensive diet histories were completed for a total of 802 cases and 1669 controls identified in Adelaide (Australia), Montreal and Toronto (Canada), Utrecht (The Netherlands) and Opole (Poland). Positive associations were observed with intake of carbohydrates and cholesterol, and inverse associations with dietary fiber and vitamin C. These relationships were generally consistent among the 5 studies, and showed statistically significant and generally monotonic dose-response relationships. The relative risks for highest vs. lowest quintile of intake were estimated for carbohydrates to be 2.57 (95% confidence interval 1.64–4.03), cholesterol 2.68 (1.72–4.17), dietary fiber 0.45 (0.30–0.63), and vitamin C 0.53 (0.38–0.76). The consistency, strength, and specificity of these associations provides evidence for the hypothesis that some or all of these dietary factors may alter the risk of pancreatic cancer.
International Journal of Cancer 07/2006; 51(3):365 - 372. · 5.44 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In unperturbed mice, the marrow cell numbers correlate with the stem cell numbers. High levels of long-term marrow engraftment are obtained with infusion of high levels of marrow cells in untreated mice. To address the issue of stem cell competition vs 'opening space', knowledge of total murine marrow cellularity and distribution of stem and progenitor cells are necessary. We determined these parameters in different mouse strains. Total cellularity in BALB/c mice was 530+/-20 million cells; stable from 8 weeks to 1 year of age. C57BL/6J mice had 466+/-48 million marrow cells. Using these data, theoretical models of infused marrow (40 million cells) replacing or adding to host marrow give chimerism values of 7.5 and 7.0%, respectively; the observed 8-week engraftment of 40 million male BALB/c marrow cells into female hosts (72 mice) gave a value of 6.91+/-0.4%. This indicates that syngeneic engraftment is determined by stem cell competition. Our studies demonstrate that most marrow cells, progenitors and engraftable stem cells are in the spine. There was increased concentration of progenitors in the spine. Total marrow harvest for stem cell purification and other experimental purposes was both mouse and cost efficient with over a four-fold decrease in animal use and a financial saving.
Leukemia 04/2004; 18(3):575-83. · 9.56 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Maternal weight gain has been consistently linked to birth weight but, beyond maternal energy intake, no macronutrient has been associated with either of them. We have examined whether maternal energy-adjusted intake of macronutrients is associated with either maternal weight gain or birth-size parameters.
Cohort study.
University hospital in Boston, USA.
A total of 224 pregnant women coming for their first routine prenatal visit. The women were followed through delivery.
None. Pregnant women's dietary intake during the second trimester was ascertained at the 27th week of pregnancy through a food frequency questionnaire.
Intake of neither energy nor any of the energy-generating nutrients was significantly associated with birth size. In contrast, maternal weight gain by the end of the second trimester of pregnancy was significantly associated with energy intake (+0.9 kg/s.d. of intake; P approximately 0.006) as well as energy-adjusted intake of protein (+3.1 kg/s.d. of intake; P<10(-4)), lipids of animal origin (+2.6 kg/s.d. of intake; P<10(-4)) and carbohydrates (-5.2 kg/s.d. of intake; P<10(-4)).
Although maternal weight gain is strongly associated with birth size, the indicated nutritional associations with weight gain are not reflected in similar associations with birth-size parameters. The pattern is reminiscent of the sequence linking diet to coronary heart disease (CHD) through cholesterol: diet has been conclusively linked to blood cholesterol levels and cholesterol levels are conclusively linked to this disease, even though the association of diet with CHD has been inconclusive and controversial.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 02/2004; 58(2):231-7. · 2.46 Impact Factor
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B Xu,
L Lipworth,
L Wide,
J Wuu,
S-Z Yu,
P Lagiou,
H Kuper,
S E Hankinson,
K Carlström,
H-O Adami,
D Trichopoulos, C-C Hsieh
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to determine correlates of prolactin and growth hormone levels among pregnant women in the USA and China. We studied 304 pregnant Caucasian and 335 pregnant Chinese women. Levels of prolactin and growth hormone were measured at weeks 16 and 27 of gestation, and correlated with maternal, gestational and perinatal characteristics. Both growth hormone and, to a lesser extent, prolactin were inversely associated with pregnancy weight and body mass index, history of a previous live birth and newborn size, whereas educated women had higher levels of both hormones. Growth hormone levels were lower in women who gained more weight, smoked and had nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, whereas prolactin increased with longer total gestation. We found robust associations between maternal and newborn characteristics on the one hand and prolactin and growth hormone during pregnancy on the other.
European Journal of Cancer Prevention 03/2003; 12(1):35-42. · 2.13 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Although a number of tools have been developed to measure 'quality of life' in patients with malignant glioma, there remains no completely satisfactory technique that incorporates a quality of life measure into survival analysis. We propose that a patient's ability to maintain independent activity offers a way to accomplish this goal.
An independent living score (ILS) is generated by awarding points on a monthly basis based on Karnofsky score and weighing the score based on the particular month of the clinical course. The ILS has a large range for any given survival, and can discriminate important treatment effects to which standard survival analyses are completely insensitive. Using this score and several variations, we were able to retrospectively analyze a patient cohort to assess what correlated with ILS.
We found a strong correlation with survival of all the measures tested. Interestingly, we found that patients for whom a total resection was performed and those who were most intensively treated had significantly higher ILS values, suggesting that not only did more aggressive treatment improve survival but that it did not simply increase survival at the expense of the time a patient remained independent.
Since the general course for patients with malignant glioma is one of increasing disability and loss of independence, we feel that these measures can serve as a way to distinguish between those therapies that increase survival at the expense of quality of life versus those that do not. Consideration should be given to incorporating these measures into prospective trials.
Journal of Neuro-Oncology 02/2003; 61(2):127-36. · 3.21 Impact Factor
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J Wuu,
S Hellerstein,
L Lipworth,
L Wide,
B Xu,
G-P Yu,
H Kuper,
P Lagiou,
S E Hankinson,
A Ekbom,
K Carlström,
D Trichopoulos,
H-O Adami, C-C Hsieh
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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to examine perinatal correlates of oestradiol (E2), oestriol (E3), progesterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) among pregnant women in the USA and China. Three hundred and four Caucasian women in Boston and 335 Chinese women in Shanghai were studied. Levels of E2, E3, progesterone and SHBG were measured in maternal blood at weeks 16 and 27 of gestation, and correlated with maternal, gestational and perinatal characteristics. Height, weight and body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy is inversely associated with E2 and SHBG, whereas E3 is inversely associated with height and progesterone is inversely associated with weight and BMI. A previous live birth is associated with lower E2 and SHBG in the index pregnancy. Total gestation duration is inversely associated with E2, E3 and progesterone, whereas weight gain during pregnancy is inversely associated with progesterone and SHBG. In the US, pregnancies with female fetuses are characterized by significantly reduced progesterone. Pregnancy hormones are associated with several maternal, gestational and neonatal characteristics.
European Journal of Cancer Prevention 07/2002; 11(3):283-93. · 2.13 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Epidemiological findings indicate that hormonal influences may play a role in the etiology of renal cell cancer (RCC). The possible effect of childbearing remains enigmatic; while some investigators have reported a positive association between number of births and renal cell cancer risk, others have not. A case-control study, nested within a nation-wide Fertility Register covering Swedish women born 1925 and later, was undertaken to explore possible associations between parity and age at first birth and the risk of renal cell cancer. Among these women a total of 1465 cases of RCC were identified in the Swedish Cancer Register between 1958 and 1992 and information on the number of live childbirths and age at each birth was obtained by linkage to the Fertility Database. For each case, five age-matched controls were randomly selected from the same register. Compared to nulliparous women, ever-parous women were at a 40% increased risk of RCC (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.42; 95% CI 1.19-1.69). The corresponding OR for women of high parity (five or more live births) was 1.91 (95% CI 1.40-2.62). After controlling for age at first birth among parous women, each additional birth was associated with a 15% increase in risk (OR=1.15; 95% CI 1.08-1.22). The observed positive association between parity and renal cell cancer risk is unlikely to be fully explained by uncontrolled confounding, but warrants further evaluation in large studies, with allowance for body mass index.
British Journal of Cancer 06/2002; 86(9):1425-9. · 5.04 Impact Factor
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British Journal of Cancer 05/2002; 86(8):1363-4. · 5.04 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The hypothesis that birth weight is positively associated with adult risk of breast cancer implies that factors related to intrauterine growth may be important for the development of this malignancy. Using stored birth records from the two main hospitals in Trondheim and Bergen, Norway, we collected information on birth weight, birth length and placenta weight among 373 women who developed breast cancer. From the same archives, we selected as controls 1150 women of identical age as the cases without a history of breast cancer. Information on age at first birth and parity were collected from the Central Person Registry in Norway. Based on conditional logistic regression analysis, breast cancer risk was positively associated with birth weight and with birth length (P for trend=0.02). Birth weights in the highest quartile (3730 g or more) were associated with 40% higher risk (odds ratio, 1.4, 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.9) of breast cancer compared to birth weights in the lowest quartile (less than 3090 g). For birth length, the odds ratio for women who were 51.5 cm or more (highest quartile) was 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.8) compared to being less than 50 cm (lowest quartile) at birth. Adjustment for age at first birth and parity did not change these estimates. Placenta weight was not associated with breast cancer risk. This study provides strong evidence that intrauterine factors may influence future risk of breast cancer. A common feature of such factors would be their ability to stimulate foetal growth and, simultaneously, to influence intrauterine development of the mammary gland.
British Journal of Cancer 02/2002; 86(1):89-91. · 5.04 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Considerable progress has been made in improving the control of chemotherapy-induced emesis. The impact of available antiemetic options for patients receiving stem cell transplants is unclear, as few prospective data have been collected. We prospectively evaluated antiemetic outcome in patients receiving stem cell transplantation over a 7-day period following the initiation of chemotherapy. The primary endpoints were the number of emetic episodes and the extent of nausea measured on a four-point scale. Eighty-two patients were evaluated. Ninety-five percent of patients had nausea during the first week of treatment; 80% had at least one emetic episode. The percentage of patients with emesis was as follows: day 1: 13%, day 2: 21%, day 3: 30%, day 4: 38%, day 5: 44%, day 6: 39%, day 7: 18%. In multivariate analysis, gender, emesis with prior chemotherapy, history of morning or motion sickness, type of transplant (auto vs allo), use of total body irradiation, or use of dexamethasone did not effect emesis control. Most patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy experience incompletely controlled emesis. Control of nausea and emesis progressively worsened with each subsequent day following initiation of chemotherapy, reaching a nadir on day 5. New treatment approaches are needed to improve emesis control in this patient population.
Bone Marrow Transplantation 01/2002; 28(11):1061-6. · 3.75 Impact Factor
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V W Setiawan,
Z F Zhang,
G P Yu,
Q Y Lu,
Y L Li,
M L Lu,
M R Wang,
C H Guo,
S Z Yu,
R C Kurtz, C C Hsieh
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ABSTRACT: In a population-based case-control study in Yangzhong, China, we investigated the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of GSTP1 and susceptibility to gastric cancer and its premalignant lesion, chronic gastritis. The possible gene-gene interactions between GSTP1 polymorphisms and GSTM1, GSTT1 genes were explored.
Epidemiologic data were collected by standard questionnaire from 133 gastric cancer cases, 166 chronic gastritis cases, and 433 cancer-free population controls. Blood samples for Helicobacter pylori and molecular marker assays were collected from 84 gastric cancer cases, 146 chronic gastritis, and 429 population controls. GSTP1 polymorphisms were determined by the PCR-RFLP method and H. pylori infection was measured by the ELISA method. Associations between certain GSTP1 genotypes and both gastric cancer and chronic gastritis were assessed by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) derived from logistic regression.
The distributions of three GSTP1 genotypes, Ile/Ile, Ile/Val, and Val/Val, were similar in gastric cancer cases, chronic gastritis, and controls. After adjusting for age, gender, education, body mass index, pack-year of smoking, alcohol drinking, H. pylori infection, salt and fruit intakes, the adjusted ORs of Val/Val were 1.3 (95% CI: 0.1-11.2) for gastric cancer and 0.9 (95% CI: 0.2-4.8) for chronic gastritis. Combining the Val alleles (Val/Val and Ile/Val) into one group, no association was observed between GSTP1 and both gastric cancer and chronic gastritis. In addition, the allelism at the GSTP1 locus did not increase gastric cancer and chronic gastritis risks associated with the GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotypes.
Our data suggest that the GSTP1 genotype seems not to be associated with the risk of gastric cancer and chronic gastritis in a high-risk Chinese population.
Cancer Causes and Control 11/2001; 12(8):673-81. · 2.88 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Umbilical cord blood is an alternative stem cell source for patients without matched family donors. In this study, we examined several parameters that have not been studied in detail -- radiation dose, cell dose, age of mice, and maternal and neonatal characteristics of the cord blood donor -- that affect engraftment of cord blood in non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient (NOD--scid) mice. Engraftment, measured using flow cytometry analyses of human CD45(+) cells, was highest in 400 cGy-treated mice. Successful engraftment was demonstrated up to 6 months, with a mean engraftment of 31% (range 0--67%) of human cells in recipient bone marrow. Engraftment was skewed to B lymphocytes. The radiation dose of 350 cGy resulted in superior survival of the murine recipients compared with 400 cGy (P = 0.03). The sex of the NOD--scid recipients had a significant effect on survival (female superior to male, P = 0.01), but not on engraftment. There were high levels of variability among different cord units and among animals injected with the same cord unit. This variability may limit the clinical usefulness of the NOD--scid mice as hosts for the quantification of human stem cells.
British Journal of Haematology 08/2001; 114(1):211-8. · 4.94 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To explore possible associations between the reproductive history amongst women and the risk of parathyroid adenoma (PA).
Two nationwide Swedish registries. The Fertility Register included data on more than 3.4 million livebirths between 1943 and 1992 amongst Swedish females born 1925-72. The Cancer Register encompasses more than 1800 women with a diagnosis of PA 1960 until 1992.
All women resident in Sweden 1960-92.
Cases were all 1800 women born 1925-72 reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry with a histopathological diagnosis of PA. Five controls were selected at random for each case by matching for the month and year of birth. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks of PA.
Parathyroid adenoma.
High parity (four or more live births) was associated with an increased risk of PA. Amongst women with a diagnosis of PA before menopause (i.e. the age of 50 years) there was an increased risk of PA with younger age at first childbirth. Nulliparous women were at increased risk for PA before menopause, and at decreased risk after menopause.
There is an association between childbearing and the risk of PA, which has not previously been demonstrated, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain to be determined.
Journal of Internal Medicine 08/2001; 250(1):43-9. · 5.48 Impact Factor
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V W Setiawan,
Z F Zhang,
G P Yu,
Q Y Lu,
Y L Li,
M L Lu,
M R Wang,
C H Guo,
S Z Yu,
R C Kurtz, C C Hsieh
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ABSTRACT: Despite the declining trend, stomach cancer remains the second most common cancer worldwide. We examined the role of green tea consumption on chronic gastritis and stomach cancer risks. A population-based case-control study was conducted in Yangzhong, China, with 133 stomach cancer cases, 166 chronic gastritis cases, and 433 healthy controls. Epidemiologic data were collected by standard questionnaire and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression models in SAS. Inverse association was observed between green tea drinking and chronic gastritis and stomach cancer risks. After adjusting for age, gender, education, body mass index, pack-years of smoking and alcohol drinking, ORs of green tea drinking were 0.52 (95% CI: 0.29-0.94) and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.31-0.77) for stomach cancer and chronic gastritis, respectively. In addition, dose-response relationships were observed with years of green tea drinking in both diseases. The results provide further support on the protective effect of green tea against stomach cancer. This is the first time that green tea drinking was found to be protective against chronic gastritis, which may be of importance when designing intervention strategies for stomach cancer and its pre-malignant lesions in the high-risk population.
International Journal of Cancer 06/2001; 92(4):600-4. · 5.44 Impact Factor
