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ABSTRACT: Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter infections in humans, chickens and crows was determined in a cross-sectional study that was carried out in urban and rural areas of Morogoro region, Tanzania during the period of January 2003 to December 2004. A total of 632 human stool samples, 536 cloacal swabs from local and broiler chickens and 22 intestinal contents from crows were screened for presence of thermophilic campylobacters using Skirrow's protocol. Representative Campylobacter jejuni isolates from human and chicken samples were also analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a definitive identification method. The overall prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters was 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2-11.9), 69.8% (95% CI: 65.7-73.6) and 72.7% (95% CI: 49.8-89.3) in humans, chickens and crows respectively. In humans, 59 thermophilic campylobacters were isolated of which 96.6% were C. jejuni and 3.4%Campylobacter coli. There was a significantly (P<0.001) higher prevalence in young individuals (16%) than in adults (7%). Of 341 isolates from chickens, 91.2% were C. jejuni and 8.8% were C. coli. A significantly (P<0.05) higher infection rate was observed in rural local chicken (76%) than in broilers (60%). In crows, of 16 isolates, 93.8% were C. jejuni and 6.2% were C. coli. Definitive identification of C. jejuni by PCR revealed positive results in 74.1% of 243 analysed isolates. Findings in this study indicate high prevalence of thermophilic campylobacters in humans, chickens and crows in Morogoro, and a higher infection rate of C. jejuni than that of C. coli in different animal species. Age of humans and location of chickens were identified as risk factors for thermophilic Campylobacter infections. Positive isolates to biochemical tests that indicated negative results on PCR indicates the additional value of PCR for definitive diagnosis of C. jejuni.
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B 04/2006; 53(3):116-21. · 1.48 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A molecular epidemiological study to determine the zoonotic importance of bovine tuberculosis was carried out in Tanzania. Specimens from human cases of tuberculosis as well as from slaughtered cattle were collected from regions with a high proportion of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In order to determine the similarity of strains from the two sources, molecular typing techniques, namely RFLP and spoligotyping, were used to determine the genetic profile of the strains involved. The results of pTBN12 typing of M. bovis from cattle and man has shown a rather heterogeneous population of this species spread all over Tanzania, assuming that the present sample is representative. There were 13 different pTBN12 RFLP types encountered. The genetic relatedness between the pTBN12 RFLP patterns indicated a high degree of relatedness (86%) between the dominant pTBN12 genotypes existing in Tanzania. There were 13 different spoligotypes found in this study, whose genetic relatedness was also high (79%). DNA profiles were also confirmed by IS986 RFLP, which revealed that strains have 1-13 copies of IS986. Geographically, there was overlap between pTBN12 RFLP and spoligotypes amongst strains isolated from various parts of Tanzania. The diversity of the RFLP and spoligotype patterns observed in Tanzania probably reflects the extensive internal movements of cattle belonging to pastoralists. The evidence of overlap between DNA fingerprints of M. bovis from cattle and man has once more highlighted a need for synergy of veterinary and medical policies in the control of tuberculosis in Tanzania and probably in other developing countries.
Veterinary Microbiology 03/2006; 112(2-4):201-10. · 3.33 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a pathogen of growing concern in free-ranging wildlife in Africa, but little is known about the disease in Tanzanian wildlife. Here, we report the infection status of Mycobacterium bovis in a range of wildlife species sampled from protected areas in northern Tanzania. M. bovis was isolated from 11.1% (2/18) migratory wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and 11.1% (1/9) topi (Damaliscus lunatus) sampled systematically in 2000 during a meat cropping program in the Serengeti ecosystem, and from one wildebeest and one lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) killed by sport hunters adjacent to Tarangire National Park. A tuberculosis antibody enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used to screen serum samples collected from 184 Serengeti lions (Panthera leo) and 19 lions from Ngorongoro Crater sampled between 1985 and 2000. Samples from 212 ungulates collected throughout the protected area network between 1998 and 2001 also were tested by EIA. Serological assays detected antibodies to M. bovis in 4% of Serengeti lions; one positive lion was sampled in 1984. Antibodies were detected in one of 17 (6%) buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Tarangire and one of 41 (2%) wildebeest in the Serengeti. This study confirms for the first time the presence of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife of northern Tanzania, but further investigation is required to assess the impact on wildlife populations and the role of different wildlife species in maintenance and transmission.
Journal of wildlife diseases 05/2005; 41(2):446-53. · 1.08 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To assess diagnostic delay, knowledge and practices related to tuberculosis among patients with mycobacterial adenitis.
A cross sectional study involving comparison analysis of high-risk groups.
Seven hospitals in rural and semi-rural districts of Arusha.
Four hundred and twenty six clinically diagnosed adenitis patients.
Biopsy specimens were processed for culture, histology, and sera for HIV testing. A questionnaire was used to assess knowledge, practice, and diagnostic time.
Tribal comparisons were made using proportions and means.
About 90% (387/423) of patients first visited medical facilities within a mean time of 10.1(SD, 15.7) weeks after becoming aware of their illness, and a diagnosis was made at a mean of 27 (SD, 25) weeks. Non-Iraqw patients, especially the Datoga, practised drinking raw milk (35.2% 43/122), eating raw animal products (18.8% 24/128) and living in houses with poor ventilation (33.6% 44/131), more than Iraqw patients. Of the investigations done, 14.5% (60/415) were culture positive, 11.3% (16/142) were HIV positive, and 73.6% (128/174) had histological features consistent with tuberculosis. The knowledge of TB spread by air droplets was poorer in Iraqw (74.1%, 203/274) than in non-lraqw (61.1%, 77/126) patients. About 35.0% (45/129) of non-lraqw and 27.3% (79/289) of Iraqw patients were not aware that TB could be transmitted from animals to humans.
The health system diagnostic delay is about twice the patient delay. The knowledge and practices related to both human and bovine TB transmission were poor in all patients, especially in the patients from nomadic tribes.
East African medical journal 05/2005; 82(4):173-80.
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ABSTRACT: To assess risk factors and mycobacterial agents in mycobacterial adenitis.
Cross sectional involving comparison analysis of high-risk groups.
Seven hospitals in rural and semi-rural districts of Arusha.
The study comprised of 457 patients of clinically diagnosed mycobacterial adenitis.
Biopsy materials were cultured and identification of mycobacterial isolates, and HIV infection testing were performed using standard methods. A questionnaire was used to establish information for assessing risk factors.
Proportions of mycobacterial isolates, risk factors and odds ratios.
Of the 457 specimens, 65(14.2%) were culture positive. Isolates identified were M. bovis, 7(10.8%) M. tuberculosis, 27(41.5%) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria 31(47.7%). HIV infection and ingestion of raw milk were linked with increased risk of M. bovis infection by OR of 13.6 (95% CI, 1.7 - 109.9) and 15.28 (3.26 - 71.7), respectively. On multivariate analysis, an OR of 16.2 (1.3 - 201.3) for having M. bovis adenitis was linked to HIV infection, raw milk and houses with poor ventilation. An OR of 5.2 (1.2 - 20.6) for non-tuberculous mycobacterial adenitis was linked to history of TB in the family, HIV infection, raw milk, raw animal products and poor knowledge on transmission of tuberculosis.
M. bovis caused one out of ten cases of culture positive mycobacterial adenitis. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria were more common than M. tuberculosis (50% and 40% of the cases, respectively). HIV infection and raw animal products are among the risk factors identified for M. bovis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial adenitis.
East African medical journal 05/2004; 81(4):171-8.
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ABSTRACT: Arusha, Tanzania.
To determine tribal differences in knowledge and practices that might influence tuberculosis control.
Twenty-seven villages were selected randomly out of 242 villages in four districts. In each village, a general and a livestock keeping group were selected at random. The households were home-visited and 426 family members were interviewed.
On average, 40% of respondents practised habits that might expose them to both bovine and human tuberculosis. The Barabaig tribe had a significantly higher number of respondents (50%, chi2(2) = 5.1, P = 0.024) who did not boil milk. Eating uncooked meat or meat products was practised by 17.9% of all respondents. The habit was practised more by Iraqw (21.1%, chi2(2) = 6.9, P = 0.008) and Barabaig (31.6%, chi2(2) = 5.6, P = 0.016) than other tribes. About 75% of the respondents had a poor knowledge of tuberculosis.
All tribes had habits and beliefs that might expose them to both bovine and human tuberculosis. The Iraqw and Barabaig tribes practised such habits more than other tribes. Knowledge of tuberculosis was limited in all tribes.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 11/2003; 7(10):933-41. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Arusha, Tanzania.
To assess risk factors that might influence TB control in the general population and in livestock-keepers.
Of 242 villages in four districts, 27 were selected randomly. In each village, a general and a livestock-keeping group were selected at random. The households were home-visited and 426 family members were interviewed.
On average, three-quarters of households practised at least one risk activity for transmission of zoonotic tuberculosis, and respondents had poor knowledge about tuberculosis. In the livestock-keeping group, the risks of having a tuberculosis patient in the family were determined by poor ventilation (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.5), confining livestock indoors with people (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-5.0) and multiple determinants including poor ventilation (OR 13.5, 95% CI 2.5-71.7). Risk activities and the risks of having a tuberculosis patient in a family were significantly higher in the livestock-keeping group.
The respondents had limited knowledge about tuberculosis, and the households had practices that posed potential risks for both human and bovine tuberculosis infection. Poor ventilation and confining livestock indoors were associated with tuberculosis spread in the households. These risks were observed more in the livestock-keeping group than in the general population group.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 08/2003; 7(7):695-704. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) infection in cattle was investigated in pastoral and intensive production systems in the eastern zone of Tanzania. The prevalence of BTB infection as determined by single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT) was 1.3%, whereas the non-specific infection prevalence was 6%. In the pastoral sector, the prevalences were 1 and 7%; under intensive systems, they were 2 and 6% for BTB and non-specific infections, respectively. The prevalences were significantly higher in the intensive than pastoral production systems. However, the prevalence of BTB infection was higher in the small-scale (3%) than in other production systems (0.6-1.1%). Non-specific infections were lowest in the small-scale dairy sector (4%) than in other dairy-production systems (6-11%). Out of 143 herds tested, 10 and 28% of herds in the intensive systems (small, medium and large farms) and 17 and 88% of the herds in the extensive system (pastoral farms) had both BTB and non-specific infections, respectively.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine 04/2003; 57(3):167-72. · 2.05 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to assess community awareness, perceptions, knowledge and attitude to zoonoses in various livestock production systems in Arusha and Iringa regions in Tanzania. Open-ended questionnaires, focus group discussions and matrix ranking techniques were employed. Nineteen diseases considered to be zonooses were reported by respondents with rabies, tuberculosis, anthrax and brucellosis ranked as the top four diseases in pastoral, agro-pastoral and smallholder dairy farming systems. Respondents from all villages reported rabies as the major problem in all localities. Eighty percent of respondents thought tuberculosis and anthrax being a problem whereas, 74% thought brucellosis was a major problem. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) was reported to be the major problem by respondents in Masaai pastoralist communities. Of the conditions, 37% were actually not zoonotic eg. malaria, East Coast Fever (ECF), mastitis, allergies, typhoid fever, trachoma and cancer. Fifty three percent of respondents thought that tuberculosis, brucellosis and anthrax were difficult to diagnose clinically in animals. Rabies in humans was reported by respondents to be characterised by madness, barking, and death whereas, emaciation, coughing, recurrent fever, weakness and adenitis manifested tuberculosis. Clinical signs reported for brucellosis were recurrent fever, joint pains, miscarriages and diarrhoea. Many respondents reported cutaneous lesions, diarrhoea, vomiting and deaths as major clinical features of anthrax in humans. Foot and Mouth Disease in humans was reported to be characterised by fever, flue, diarrhoea, headache, coughing and miscarriage. Ninety three percent of the respondents thought that 63% of all conditions are transmitted to humans via ingestion of animal products whereas, 37% thought via direct contact, aerosols and bites. All respondents in the maasai pastoral communities thought blood was still consumed in the majority of households. Seventy five percent of respondents from agro-pastoral communities thought that raw blood was still consumed by some communities in the study area. In the smallholder dairy sector, 29% of respondents cooked blood and prepared blood meal for their animals while, 70% of the respondents left unused. Eating cooked meat was common in all farming systems. When milk was plenty boiling prior drinking was not uncommon in pastoral societies. Ninety percent of milking and manure handling performed by women in both pastoral and agro-pastoral communities while all family members were involved in the smallholder dairy households. Slaughtering weak, sick or small ruminants and preparation of full term aborted foetuses for human consumption were done by women in pastoral households. Low awareness and poor knowledge of zoonoses combined with food consumption habits and poor animal husbandry in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities is likely to expose them to an increased risk of contracting zonooses. Public health promotion on education may be useful in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities to improve awareness of important zoonoses in Tanzania.
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 01/2003;
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ABSTRACT: A study was conducted in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease in cattle of different categories and in different climatic zones. The overall prevalence of the disease was 13.2%, and 51% of the herds tested contained reactor cattle. Assessment of risk factors was based on comparisons of the reactivity of the cattle in the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT). Older cattle were more affected by the disease than yearlings and calves (p<0.0001). There were significant differences between male and female cattle (p<0.05) and between cattle with exotic blood compared to indigenous Short Horn Zebu (SHZ) cattle (p<0.05). The castrated bulls, often used for draught power, were more frequently (p<0.01) affected than the entire bulls, mainly used for breeding. Reactivity to tuberculin did not appear to be influenced by the reproductive status of the animal. The reactivity to tuberculin of pregnant cattle was not significantly different from that of the rest of the cows (p>0.05). However, significantly more (14.6%) lactating cattle reacted in the SCITT than did non-lactating cows (12.0%) (p<0.05). There was a highly significant difference (p<0.001) between reactivity in the SCITT among cattle grazing in the hot and dry lower lands (14.0%) and that in those grazing in the cool and wet highlands (8.7%).
Veterinary Research Communications 12/2001; 25(8):609-14. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A study was conducted in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease in cattle of different categories and in different climatic zones. The overall prevalence of the disease was 13.2%, and 51% of the herds tested contained reactor cattle. Assessment of risk factors was based on comparisons of the reactivity of the cattle in the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT). Older cattle were more affected by the disease than yearlings and calves (ppppp>0.05). However, significantly more (14.6%) lactating cattle reacted in the SCITT than did non-lactating cows (12.0%) (pp
Veterinary Research Communications 11/2001; 25(8):609-614. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Pastoralist communities in the Northern and Southern zones of Tanzania.
Observational study.
To determine the involvement of Mycobacterium bovis in tuberculosis cases presenting at tuberculosis (TB) clinics in rural areas in these zones.
A total of 149 tuberculosis cases identified on the bases of clinical manifestation were sampled. Appropriate specimens were cultured on two Löweinstein Jensen slants with respectively glycerol and pyruvate added. Forty-one isolates were cultured and subjected to biochemical typing.
Overall, 31 (70.5%) of the mycobacterial isolates recovered from all forms of tuberculosis were identified as M. tuberculosis, seven (16.0%) were identified as M. bovis, and six (13.6%) were other mycobacterial species. There was a significantly higher isolation rate (P < 0.05) of M. bovis among strains recovered from extra-pulmonary (26.8%) than pulmonary tuberculosis samples (4.3%).
Based on these findings, it is imperative that M. bovis be considered as a pathogen of concern to people living in rural areas of Tanzania. Further work is required to establish a zoonotic link between cattle and the people in these communities who rear them.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 02/2001; 5(1):87-91. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A microbiological study of the mycoplasma flora in the respiratory tracts of cattle and goats in selected regions of Tanzania is described. In the examination of cattle, mycoplasmas were isolated from 60 (17.8%) of the 338 examined lung samples, 8 (47.1%) of the 17 lymph nodes, 4 (13.3%) of the 30 pleural fluid samples and 4 (3.9%) of the 103 nasal swabs examined. All the isolates were identified as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type except for one isolate from pleural fluid which was identified as Mycoplasma arginini. M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type was isolated from samples originating from Dodoma, Iringa, Mbeya, Morogoro and Shinyanga regions where outbreaks of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia had been reported. In the examination of goats, mycoplasmas were isolated from 54 (34.0%) of the 159 examined lung samples, 41 (18.1%) of the 226 nasal swabs and 4 (40.0%) of the 10 pleural fluid samples. The species demonstrated were Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and M. Capricolum subsp. arginini. The isolation of M. capripneumoniae in the Coast and Morogoro regions confirmed the presence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the regions.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica 02/2000; 41(3):299-309. · 1.37 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: An outbreak of caprine pleuropneumonia involving about 1200 goats in the Coast and Morogoro regions of eastern Tanzania is reported. The major clinical findings were severe respiratory distress, fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and high mortality involving all age groups and both sexes of goats. The morbidity and mortality rates were 45%-90% and 14%-50%, respectively. The principal pathological lesions were confined to the thoracic cavity and comprised hydrothorax and serofibrinous pleuropneumonia. The histopathological features consisted of a necrotizing fibrinous pleuropneumonia characterized by different degrees of vasculitis, and fibrinocellular exudation into the alveolar septae and lumina, and into interlobular septae and pleura. Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini were isolated from some of the examined goats including a case with a sequestrum which yielded Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type. This work reports the first description of an outbreak of caprine pleuropneumonia in Tanzania in which M. capripneumoniae and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, Small Colony type were concurrently isolated.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica 02/2000; 41(3):311-9. · 1.37 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A study to determine the secretion of Mycobacterium spp. in milk from indigenous cattle was carried out in pastoral cattle reared in the Southern Highlands to Tanzania. The study was aimed at elucidating the dangers associated with milk-borne zoonoses in a society where milk is normally consumed raw. Out of 805 milk samples, 31 (3.9%) were positive for mycobacteria. There was a preponderance of atypical mycobacteria (87%) whereas only two isolates (6.5%) were confirmed as M. bovis. Atypical mycobacteria included: M. terrae (n = 7), M. fortuitum (n = 2), M. flavescens (n = 13), M. gordonae (n = 1) and M. smegmatis (n = 4). Although the number of M. bovis positive samples was low, the habit of pooling milk may still pose great public health dangers to milk consumers in this part of the world. Moreover, isolation of atypical mycobacteria should also be considered to be a danger to human health in countries such as Tanzania, where the number of people with lowered immunity due to HIV infection is on the increase.
Tropical Animal Health and Production 09/1998; 30(4):233-9. · 1.12 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A study to determine the secretion of Mycobacterium spp. in milk from indigenous cattle was carried out in pastoral cattle reared in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. The study was aimed at elucidating the dangers associated with milk-borne zoonoses in a society where milk is normally consumed raw. Out of 805 milk samples, 31 (3.9%) were positive for mycobacteria. There was a preponderance of atypical mycobacteria (87%) whereas only two isolates (6.5%) were confirmed as M. bovis. Atypical mycobacteria included: M. terrae (n=7), M. fortuitum (n=2), M. flavescens (n=13), M. gordonae (n=1) and M. smegmatis (n=4). Although the number of M. bovis positive samples was low, the habit of pooling milk may still pose great public health dangers to milk consumers in this part of the world. Moreover, isolation of atypical mycobacteria should also be considered to be a danger to human health in countries such as Tanzania, where the number of people with lowered immunity due to HIV infection is on the increase.
Tropical Animal Health and Production 07/1998; 30(4):233-239. · 1.12 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The Tuberculosis in Animals Subsection of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) recently identified a need to standardize the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strain typing of Mycobacterium bovis. The standard method for strain typing of M. tuberculosis isolates cannot be directly extrapolated to M. bovis due to the low copy number of IS6110 identified in the majority of M. bovis strains, particularly from cattle. To improve the resolution of M. bovis strains, alternative methods and additional DNA probes have been investigated. In combination with studies of published literature, laboratories performing M. bovis DNA fingerprinting were surveyed. Results of these surveys allowed us to reach consensus and to make recommendations for DNA typing of M. bovis isolates, which hopefully will lead towards a standardized approach to the DNA fingerprinting of this organism. This approach, in conjunction with conventional epidemiological traceback approaches, should facilitate more accurate and effective investigations into the epidemiology, maintenance and transmission of M. bovis within and between man and domesticated, feral and wild animals, both at a local and a global level.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 07/1998; 2(6):471-8. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The Tuberculosis in Animals Subsection of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) recently identified a need to standardize the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strain typing of Mycobacterium bovis. The standard method for strain typing of M. tuberculosis isolates cannot be directly extrapolated to M. bovis due to the low copy number of IS6110 identified in the majority of M. bovis strains, particularly from cattle. To improve the resolution of M. bovis strains, alternative methods and additional DNA probes have been investigated. In combination with studies of published literature, laboratories performing M. bovis DNA fingerprinting were surveyed. Results of these surveys allowed us to reach consensus and to make recommendations for DNA typing of M. bovis isolates, which hopefully will lead towards a standardized approach to the DNA fingerprinting of this organism. This approach, in conjunction with conventional epidemiological traceback approaches, should facilitate more accurate and effective investigations into the epidemiology, maintenance and transmission of M. bovis within and between man and domesticated, feral and wild animals, both at a local and a global level.
The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease: the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 05/1998; 2(6):471-478. · 2.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A total of 8190 cattle from 42 well-managed herds in the Lake Victoria zone of Tanzania were tested for bovine tuberculosis by a single comparative intradermal test (SCITT) using avian and bovine purified protein derivative (PPD) antigens. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in this area was found to be 0.2%. There was significant variation (p < 0.001) among the herds tested in the four regions in this zone (Kagera, Mara, Mwanza and Shinyanga). The highest prevalence (2.12%) was in a herd of 566 cattle which had recently arrived in Kagera region from Dar-es-Salaam. None of the 915 cattle tested in Shinyanga or of the 254 resident cattle in the Kagera region were positive by SCITT. This area, and particularly the Kagera region, has the highest human morbidity and mortality due to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Tanzania. Therefore, the presence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle necessitates further investigations on the role of animal-derived tuberculosis in human health.
Veterinary Research Communications 12/1997; 21(8):533-9. · 0.82 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A total of 8190 cattle from 42 well-managed herds in the Lake Victoria zone of Tanzania were tested for bovine tuberculosis by a single comparative intradermal test (SCITT) using avian and bovine purified protein derivative (PPD) antigens. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in this area was found to be 0.2%. There was significant variation (p
Veterinary Research Communications 10/1997; 21(8):533-539. · 0.82 Impact Factor
