F. Shankar

Publications (5)6.02 Total impact

• Article: Bolometric luminosities and Eddington ratios of X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei in the XMM-COSMOS survey

  E. Lusso, A. Comastri, B. D. Simmons, M. Mignoli, G. Zamorani, C. Vignali, M. Brusa, F. Shankar, D. Lutz, J. R. Trump, [......], V. Mainieri, J. D. Silverman, A. M. Koekemoer, A. Bongiorno, A. Merloni, S. Berta, E. Le Floc'h, B. Magnelli, F. Pozzi, L. Riguccini
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  ABSTRACT: Bolometric luminosities and Eddington ratios of both X-ray selected broad-line (Type-1) and narrow-line (Type-2) AGN from the XMM-Newton survey in the COSMOS field are presented. The sample is composed by 929 AGN (382 Type-1 AGN and 547 Type-2 AGN) and it covers a wide range of redshifts, X-ray luminosities and absorbing column densities. About 65% of the sources are spectroscopically identified as either Type-1 or Type-2 AGN (83% and 52% respectively), while accurate photometric redshifts are available for the rest of the sample. The study of such a large sample of X-ray selected AGN with a high quality multi-wavelength coverage from the far-infrared (now with the inclusion of Herschel data at 100 micron and 160 micron) to the optical-UV allows us to obtain accurate estimates of bolometric luminosities, bolometric corrections and Eddington ratios. The kbol-Lbol relations derived in the present work are calibrated for the first time against a sizable AGN sample, and rely on observed redshifts, X-ray luminosities and column density distributions. We find that kbol is significantly lower at high Lbol with respect to previous estimates by Marconi et al. (2004) and Hopkins et al. (2007). Black hole masses and Eddington ratios are available for 170 Type-1 AGN, while black hole masses for Type-2 AGN are computed for 481 objects using the black hole mass-stellar mass relation and the morphological information. We confirm a trend between kbol and lambda_Edd, with lower hard X-ray bolometric corrections at lower Eddington ratios for both Type-1 and Type-2 AGN. We find that, on average, Eddington ratio increases with redshift for all Types of AGN at any given Mbh, while no clear evolution with redshift is seen at any given Lbol.
  06/2012;
• Article: The Population of High-redshift Active Galactic Nuclei in the Chandra-COSMOS Survey

  F. Civano, M. Brusa, A. Comastri, M. Elvis, M. Salvato, G. Zamorani, P. Capak, F. Fiore, R. Gilli, H. Hao, [......], J. S. Kartaltepe, D. Masters, T. Miyaji, M. Mignoli, S. Puccetti, F. Shankar, J. Silverman, C. Vignali, A. Zezas, and A. M. Koekemoer
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  ABSTRACT: We present the high-redshift (3 <z < 5.3) 0.5-2 keV number counts and the 2-10 keV (rest-frame) space density of X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) detected in the Chandra Cosmic Evolution Survey. The sample comprises 81 X-ray-detected sources with available spectroscopic (31) and photometric (50) redshifts plus 20 sources with a formal z phot < 3 but with a broad photometric redshift probability distribution, such that z phot + 1σ > 3. Eighty-one sources are selected in the 0.5-2 keV band, fourteen are selected in the 2-10 keV and six in the 0.5-10 keV bands. We sample the high-luminosity (log L (2-10 keV) > 44.15 erg s–1) space density up to z ~ 5 and a fainter luminosity range (43.5 erg s–1 < log L (2-10 keV) < 44.15 erg s–1) than previous studies, up to z = 3.5. We weighted the contribution to the number counts and the space density of the sources with photometric redshift by using their probability of being at z > 3. We find that the space density of high-luminosity AGNs declines exponentially at all the redshifts, confirming the trend observed for optically selected quasars. At lower luminosity, the measured space density is not conclusive, and a larger sample of faint sources is needed. Comparisons with optical luminosity functions and black hole formation models are presented together with prospects for future surveys.
  The Astrophysical Journal 10/2011; 741(2):91. · 6.02 Impact Factor
• Source

  Available from: Paola Santini

  Article: Faint high-redshift AGN in the Chandra Deep Field South: the evolution of the AGN luminosity function and black hole demography

  F. Fiore, S. Puccetti, A. Grazian, N. Menci, F. Shankar, P. Santini, E. Piconcelli, A. M. Koekemoer, A Fontana, K. Boutsia, M. Castellano, A. Lamastra, C. Malacaria, C. Feruglio, S. Mathur, N. Miller, M. Pannella
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  ABSTRACT: We present detection and analysis of faint X-ray sources in the Chandra deep field south (CDFS) using the 4 Msec Chandra observation and adopting a new detection algorithm, based on a targeted search at the position of known high-z galaxies. This optimized technique results in the identification of 54 z>3 AGNs, 29 of which are new detections. Applying stringent completeness criteria, we derive AGN luminosity functions in the redshift bins 3-4, 4-5 and >5.8 and for 42.75<log L(2-10 keV)<44.5. We join this data with the luminous AGN luminosity functions from optical surveys and find that the evolution of the high-z, wide luminosity range luminosity function can be best modeled by pure luminosity evolution with L* decreasing from 6x10^44 ergs/s at z=3 to L*=2x10^44 ergs/s at z=6. We compare the high-z luminosity function with the prediction of theoretical models using galaxy interactions as AGN triggering mechanism. We find that these models are broadly able to reproduce the high-z AGN luminosity functions. A better agreement is found assuming a minimum Dark Matter halo mass for black hole formation and growth. We compare our AGN luminosity functions with galaxy mass functions to derive high-z AGN duty cycle using observed Eddington ratio distributions to derive black hole masses. We find that the duty cycle increases with galaxy stellar mass and redshift by a factor 10-30 from z=0.25 to z=4-5. We also report on the detection of a large fraction of highly obscured, Compton thick AGN at z>3 (18+17-10%). Their optical counterparts are not strongly reddened and we thus conclude that the size of the X-ray absorber is likely smaller than the dust sublimation radius. We finally report the discovery of a highly star-forming galaxy at z=3.47. If confirmed, this would be one of the farthest objects in which stellar sources are detected in X-rays.
  09/2011;
• Source

  Available from: Henry Joy McCracken

  Article: The XMM-Newton Wide field survey in the COSMOS field: redshift evolution of AGN bias and subdominant role of mergers in triggering moderate luminosity AGN at redshift up to 2.2

  V. Allevato, A. Finoguenov, N. Cappelluti, T Miyaji, G. Hasinger, M. Salvato, M. Brusa, R. Gilli, G. Zamorani, F. Shankar, J. B. James, H. J. McCracken, A. Bongiorno, A. Merloni, J. A. Peacock, J. Silverman, A. Comastri
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  ABSTRACT: We present a study of the redshift evolution of the projected correlation function of 593 X-ray selected AGN with I_AB<23 and spectroscopic redshifts z<4, extracted from the 0.5-2 keV X-ray mosaic of the 2.13 deg^2 XMM-COSMOS survey. We introduce a method to estimate the average bias of the AGN sample and the mass of AGN hosting halos, solving the sample variance using the halo model and taking into account the growth of the structure over time. We find evidence of a redshift evolution of the bias factor for the total population of XMM-COSMOS AGN from b(z=0.92)=2.30 +/- 0.11 to b(z=1.94)=4.37 +/- 0.27 with an average mass of the hosting DM halos logM [h^-1 M_sun] ~ 13.12 +/- 0.12 that remains constant at all z < 2. Splitting our sample into broad optical lines AGN (BL), AGN without broad optical lines (NL) and X-ray unobscured and obscured AGN, we observe an increase of the bias with redshift in the range z=0.7-2.25 and z=0.6-1.5 which corresponds to a constant halo mass logM [h^-1 M_sun] ~ 13.28 +/- 0.07 and logM [h^-1 M_sun] ~ 13.00 +/- 0.06 for BL /X-ray unobscured AGN and NL/X-ray obscured AGN, respectively. The theoretical models which assume a quasar phase triggered by major mergers can not reproduce the high bias factors and DM halo masses found for X-ray selected BL AGN with L_BOL ~ 2e45 erg s^-1. Our work extends up to z ~ 2.2 the z <= 1 statement that, for moderate luminosity X-ray selected BL AGN, the contribution from major mergers is outnumbered by other processes, possibly secular such as tidal disruptions or disk instabilities.
  05/2011;
• Source

  Available from: Peter L. Capak

  Article: The Population of High Redshift AGNs in the Chandra COSMOS survey

  F. Civano, M. Brusa, A. Comastri, M. Elvis, M. Salvato, G. Zamorani, P. Capak, F. Fiore, R. Gilli, H. Hao, [......], J. S. Kartaltepe, D. Masters, T Miyaji, M. Mignoli, S. Puccetti, F. Shankar, J. Silverman, C. Vignali, A. Zezas, A. M. Koekemoer
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  ABSTRACT: We present the high redshift (3<z<5.3) 0.5-2 keV number counts and the 2-10 keV (rest frame) space density of X-ray selected AGNs detected in the Chandra COSMOS survey. The sample comprises 81 X-ray detected sources with available spectroscopic (31) and photometric (50) redshifts plus 20 sources with a formal z_phot<3 but with a broad photometric redshift probability distribution, such that z_phot+1sigma>3. 81 sources are selected in the 0.5-2 keV band, 14 are selected in the 2-10 keV and 6 in the 0.5-10 keV bands. We sample the high luminosity (log L_(2-10 keV)>44.15 erg/s) space density up to z~5 and a fainter luminosity range (43.5<log L(2-10 keV)<44.15 erg/s) than previous studies, up to z=3.5. We weighted the contribution to the number counts and the space density of the sources with photometric redshift by using their probability of being at z>3. We find that the space density of high-luminosity AGNs declines exponentially at all the redshifts, confirming the trend observed for optically selected quasars. At lower luminosity, the measured space density is not conclusive, and a larger sample of faint sources is needed. Comparisons with optical luminosity functions and BH formation models are presented together with prospects for future surveys.
  03/2011;