-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Rising public expectations and health care costs along with demographic ageing raise questions about whether individuals should consider the drain on community resources when deciding whether to have expensive, life-extending medical interventions towards the end of their lifespan. All respondents (n = 208) in this novel, policy-capturing study were prepared to nominate an age along their life trajectory where they would likely decline a life-extending medical intervention indicating a "sense of limits" or "reasonableness" associated with the concept of a natural lifespan. The results showed that individuals altered end-of-life decisions in circumstances of higher opportunity cost and competing need but their propensity to do so was affected by their age, gender, and their expectations of medical progress. Other within-person factors (type of scarcity, treatment side effects, and health at diagnosis) affected the age one would decline a medical intervention in the face of a life threatening illness. Between-person predictors of this age included subjective life expectancy and attitude to health spending. The results suggest possibilities for building on this sense of reasonableness in public discussions of the opportunity cost of current health care resource allocation and by having physicians consider appropriate ways of presenting cost of treatment in end-of life contexts.
Social Science [?] Medicine 05/2013; 85:66-73. · 2.70 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The objective was to develop and test a framework based on a biopsychosocial model that can be used to identify factors associated with subjective (self-estimated) life expectancy (SLE). SLE predicts important work and retirement decisions so a better understanding of the factors that contribute to an individual's thoughts about their likely age at death is essential for late-career and financial planning and for developing interventions aimed at addressing inappropriate estimates. This is a sub-study of the Australian 45 and Up Study cohort. Survey data were collected at two time points (3 years apart) from 2579 participants aged over 55 years. Correlations and regression analyses tested the relationship of SLE with biomedical/genetic factors (age, health diagnoses, parental longevity), socioeconomic factors (income, education) health behaviors (exercise, smoking, alcohol use, diet), and psychosocial factors (optimism, distress, social connectedness). Variables within each set of factors except the socioeconomic set were significantly related to SLE. Healthy lifestyle behaviors significantly moderated the effect of parental longevity. The findings indicate that individuals construct an understanding of their personal life expectancy based on similar factors that predict actual life expectancy, but not all mortality risk factors appear to be weighted realistically. The findings imply that, at least to some extent, SLE is not a stable construct and might be amenable to intervention.
Social Science [?] Medicine 04/2013; 82:79-86. · 2.70 Impact Factor
-
Educational Gerontology 01/2012; 38:887-889. · 0.39 Impact Factor
-
Journal of Vocational Behavior 01/2012; 81:129–137. · 2.82 Impact Factor
-
Journal of Vocational Behavior 01/2011; 79:303-314. · 2.82 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This research investigates the prediction of post-retirement work. Unlike prior research, we examined both paid and volunteer post-retirement work, showing the similarities and differences in their prediction. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis, a framework based on image theory was tested, which included evaluations of pre-retirement work, attitudes to retirement, behavioural style and demographics, and used to predict both intentions to work in retirement in a pre-retiree sample (N = 987) and actual work in retirement in a sample of retirees (N = 725). Both volunteer and paid post-retirement work were strongly related to people's evaluation of their preretirement work and for pre-retirees, a proactive style of behaviour was also predictive. However, gender, health and retirement satisfaction more related to volunteer work and education to paid work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology is the property of British Psychological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology. 03/2008; 81(1):101-121.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Three experiments are reported that examined the process by which trainees learn decision-making skills during a critical incident training program. Formal theories of category learning were used to identify two processes that may be responsible for the acquisition of decision-making skills: rule learning and exemplar learning. Experiments 1 and 2 used the process dissociation procedure (L. L. Jacoby, 1998) to evaluate the contribution of these processes to performance. The results suggest that trainees used a mixture of rule and exemplar learning. Furthermore, these learning processes were influenced by different aspects of training structure and design. The goal of Experiment 3 was to develop training techniques that enable trainees to use a rule adaptively. Trainees were tested on cases that represented exceptions to the rule. Unexpectedly, the results suggest that providing general instruction regarding the kinds of conditions in which a decision rule does not apply caused them to fixate on the specific conditions mentioned and impaired their ability to identify other conditions in which the rule might not apply. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Journal of Applied Psychology 12/2006; 91(6):1276-91. · 4.31 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: On s’est demandé, dans cette recherche, si un séminaire exploitant les erreurs pouvait améliorer les performances. 59 pompiers expérimentés en formation sur les problèmes de commandement ont participéà cette étude. Des scènes de guerre ont été conçues à partir d’évènements réels pour illustrer des décisions hiérarchiques dont les suites furent heureuses ou malheureuses. Deux méthodes de formation ont été comparées et évaluées. Un premier groupe a été confrontéà des études de cas contenant des erreurs de management aux conséquences graves sur l’intervention contre l’incendie (formation avec erreurs) alors qu’un second groupe était soumis à la même série d’études de cas, sinon que les cas décrivaient des situations gérées correctement avec leurs conséquences (formation sans erreur). Les résultats confortent l’hypothèse qu’il vaut mieux apprendre à partir des erreurs des autres plutôt qu’à partir de leurs réussites. On analyse les leçons à en tirer pour la formation.The study examines whether error exposure training can enhance adaptive performance. Fifty-nine experienced fire-fighters undergoing training for incident command participated in the study. War stories were developed based on real events to illustrate successful and unsuccessful incident command decisions. Two training methodologies were compared and evaluated. One group was trained using case studies that depicted incidents containing errors of management with severe consequences in fire-fighting outcomes (error-story training) while a second group was exposed to the same set of case studies except that the case studies depicted the incidents being managed without errors and their consequences (errorless-story training). The results provide some support for the hypothesis that it is better to learn from other people's errors than from their successes. Implications for training are discussed.
Applied Psychology 03/2006; 55(2):282 - 302. · 1.52 Impact Factor
-
Australian Journal of Management 01/2005; 30(2):1-15. · 0.38 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recent meta-analyses investigating the relationship between personality and job performance have found that openness to experience is the least predictive of the Big Five factors. Unlike other research that has sought to explain the low criterion-validity with relation to job performance, this study explores the actual construct of openness to experience, suggesting that it consists of two dimensions that relate differentially to job performance, thus reducing correlations between overall measures of openness to experience and performance criteria. Exploratory factor analysis of the six sub-dimensions, or facets, of the NEO PI-R (a popular measure of the Big Five factors) produced two factors of openness to experience corresponding to different areas to which people are open. A confirmatory factor analysis on a second set of data provided some support for this result. A pattern of differential relationships between the two factors and other variables including personality, biodata and supervisor-rated performance offered further support for the multidimensionality of openness to experience. The implications of these findings for future research in the selection context are discussed.
International Journal of Selection and Assessment 10/2004; · 1.30 Impact Factor
-
Australian Journal of Psychology 01/2003; 55(2):65-73. · 1.08 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Using an occlusion paradigm, estimates of the time taken to reach a point with the target-only in motion (approaching vehicle judged by a stationary observer), self-only in motion (moving observer judgment of a stationary target), and both self-and-target in motion (moving observer judgment of an approaching vehicle), were contrasted. Judgments were made in built-up urban and textureless rural roadsides and on straight and curved roads. Thirty drivers with an average experience of 3.3 years drove a simulator and estimated when they should have passed vehicles that were occluded when the vehicles were 2.5 sec away. Target-only in motion estimates were more accurate (less underestimated) than self-only and self-and-target in motion estimates, which in turn were more accurate than self-only in motion judgments. The roadside manipulation only influenced estimates when participants were moving. Judgments were more accurate in the urban environment when other vehicles were stationary, but in the rural environment accuracy was greater when the other vehicles were approaching. Self-and-target in motion judgments were less accurate on curves than on straight roads. Possible theoretical explanations for the results are highlighted.
Ecological Psychology 07/2002; 14(3):111-125. · 1.19 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Areas of agreement and disagreement regarding knowledge representation and consciousness within implicit learning research
are reviewed. It is argued that further progress in the field requires more precise definitions of abstract and episodic knowledge,
and of conscious and unconscious forms of cognition. In particular, we argue that implicit learning research should be informed
by more general theories of memory and performance, and that concepts such as consciousness are unlikely to act as explanatory
constructs within this approach.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 04/1997; 4(1):73-78. · 2.61 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Despite nearly 20 years of controversy, researchers are still divided over the contributions of abstract and episodic knowledge
to performance on implicit learning tasks, and whether these types of knowledge exert their effects unintentionally or unconsciously.
The present paper reviews the evidence taken to support the episodic account of implicit learning. Although substantial evidence
suggests that episodic knowledge influences performance on implicit learning tasks, at present there are no techniques for
testing whether these influences occur outside of awareness. It is argued that future research should investigate whether
the retrieval of episodic knowledge in implicit learning tasks is insensitive to intentional control, rather than focus on
the issue of awareness. Preliminary evidence suggesting that episodic knowledge can exert a nonintentional influence on task
performance is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the status of consciousness as an explanatory construct in psychology.
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 04/1997; 4(1):24-37. · 2.61 Impact Factor
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Two experiments are reported which attempt to disentangle the relative contribution of intentional and automatic forms of
retrieval to instance-based categorization. A financial decision-making task was used in which subjects had to decide whether
a bank would approve loans for a series of applicants. Experiment 1 found that categorization was sensitive to instance-specific
knowledge, even when subjects had practiced using a simple rule. L. L. Jacoby’s (1991) process-dissociation procedure was
adapted for use in Experiment 2 to infer the relative contribution of intentional and automatic retrieval processes to categorization
decisions. The results provided (1) strong evidence that intentional retrieval processes influence categorization, and (2)
some preliminary evidence suggesting that automatic retrieval processes may also contribute to categorization decisions.
Memory & Cognition 04/1995; 23(2):227-242. · 1.92 Impact Factor
-
Innovations in Education and Training International 05/1989; 26(2):156-165.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Faking good by applicants threatens the validity of using personality measures in selection. Previous research suggests that Conscientiousness is the most easily faked while Openness to Experience is the least easily faked of the Big 5 measures. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the effect of faking on the NEO PI-R facets of these measures. When comparing applicant with student responses, differential item functioning (DIF) was found in four of the Conscientiousness facets and in all the Openness to Experience facets. The practical implications of these findings for the use of personality tests in selection are discussed, together with ideas for future research.
Personality and Individual Differences.
-
[show abstract]
[hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This research examined the influence of delay and anticipated health and enjoyment on the amount of retirement savings sacrificed for early retirement. In addition to testing and supporting predictions that willingness to sacrifice retirement savings would be less with shorter delays to retirement, greater anticipated health, and greater anticipated enjoyment, an individual difference delay discounting measure derived from experimental studies was used to extend the Beehr, Glazer, Nielson, and Farmer’s (2000) model of retirement age. We predicted and found that oldest preferred retirement age related to personal characteristics, current work factors, future retirement factors, and individual differences in delay discounting, with greater delay discounting being associated with a younger preferred retirement age. Findings suggest that delay discounting is an important consideration in retirement planning and also highlight the significance that retirement expectations and being tired of work have in affecting one’s preferred retirement age.
Journal of Vocational Behavior.
-
Faculty of Education - Papers.
-
Faculty of Education - Papers.
